KEAMANAN PANGAN REGIONAL TANPA KEDAULATAN PANGAN LOKAL: KASUS PERTANIAN INDONESIA DALAM KONTEKS PANGAN ASEAN

Andre Ardi

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Kerangka Keamanan Pangan Regional Melalui ASEAN: ASEAN Integrated Food Security (AIFS)
2009 ASEAN INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY (AIFS) FRAMEWORK AND STRATEGIC PLAN OF ACTION ON FOOD SECURITY IN THE ASEAN REGION (SPA-FS) 2009-2013

CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF THE ASEAN INTEGRATED FOOD SECURTY (AIFS) FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION

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Kondisi Keamanan pangan

TOTAL STOK BERAS ASEAN (ton)

Pasokan relatif aman untuk lima pangan pertanian prioritas ASEAN (beras, jagung, kedelai, gula, singkong) Rasio cadangan beras terhadap penggunaan domestik = 20% (22 juta ton), kecuali Indonesia 5% Rasio produksi terhadap penggunaan domestik = 112%
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24,000,000 18,000,000 12,000,000 6,000,000 0 2008

2009

2010

2011

TOTAL PRODUKSI BERAS ASEAN (ton)

128,000,000 126,500,000 125,000,000 123,500,000 122,000,000 2008

2009

2010

2011

Technical annex
World Food Summit & MDGs Target (ASEAN)
ANNEX TABLE Prevalence of undernourishment and progress towards the World Food Summit (WFS)1 and the Millennium Development Goal (MDG)2 targets in developing countries3
WORLD Region/subregion/country Total population 200608

NOTES for Table - table Annex 1

Number of people undernourished 199092 199597 200002 200608

Proportion of undernourished in total population Change Progress so far towards MDG (%) target4

1.

6. World Food Summit goal: halve, between 199092 and 2015, the (millions) number of undernourished people. (millions)
10

South-Eastern Asia 564.0 105.8 86.0 89.6 2. Uzbekistan Millennium Development Goal 1, target 1C: halve, between 1990 and 26.9 1.1 1.2 4.7 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Indicator 1.9 Cambodia 14.3 3.8 4.7 3.8 Proportion Eastern Asia of population below minimum level of dietary energy149.5 1 410.8 215.6 141.8 consumption (undernourishment). The results are obtained following a Indonesia 224.7 28.9 22.0 30.4 China 1 336.5 210.0 141.7 7 harmonized methodology and are based on the latest globally available 132.8 more Lao data averaged over three years. Some countries may have1.3 recent Peoples Dem. Rep. 6.1 1.4 1.4 Dem. Peoples Rep. of Korea 23.7 4.2 6.6 7.8 data which, if used, could lead to different estimates of the prevalence Malaysia 26.6 ns ns of undernourishment and consequently of2.6 progress 0.6 the achieved. 0.8ns Mongolia 0.6

Philippines 88.7 15.3 14.1 14.6 3. Republic ofreport period refers to 200608 estimates and baseline refers Latest Korea 48.0 ns ns ns to 199092. For countries that did not exist in the baseline period, the Thailand 67.0 15.0 11.1 11.5 Eastern Asia proportion of China 5.5 9.0 199092 - excluding undernourished 74.3 on 199395 and7.9 is based the and Vietnumber of undernourished is based on their 199092 population 16.7 Nam 86.1 21.0 13.3 9.6 54.5 31 22 17 Southern Asia9 1 642.8 267.5 269.0 307.9 330.1 23.4 22 20 21 Developing countries for which there were insufcient data are not included his proportion. in the table. Bangladesh 157.7 44.4 54.2 42.3 41.4 6.8 38 41 30 8. In addition to the countries listed in the table, includes: Democratic 4. The colour indicator shows the progress that is projected to be Rep. Guinea Indiaachieved by year 2015, if current trend continues: 177.0 1 164.6 167.1 208.0 224.6 of the Congo, Somalia, Cape Verde, Comoros, Djibouti,20 26.9 20 17 Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, and Seychelles. Target already met or expected to be met by 2015 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 72.4 ns ns na 9. In ns addition to the countries listed in the table includes: Afghanistan Progress insufcient to reach the target if prevailing trends ns and the Maldives. persist Nepal 28.3 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.7 13.3 20 18 10. In addition to the countries listed in the21 table, includes: Myanmar, No progress, or deterioration Brunei Darussalam and Timor-Leste. Country has a proportion of undernourishment29.5 below 26.8 Pakistan 173.2 36.3 42.8 45.0 25 20 24 11. In addition to the countries listed in the table, includes: Iraq and 5 percent Occupied Palestinian Territories. Sri Lanka 19.9 4.8 4.5 3.9 3.9 18.4 28 25 20 Tuesday, October 23, 12 12. In addition to the countries listed in the table, includes: Antigua and Countries revise their ofcial statistics regularly for the past as well as the

Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, 77.4 26.9 24 17 Lesotho, Macedonia (The former Yugoslav Republic),18 Mali, 2.8 152.6 5 5 Malawi,19 Republic of Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, 3.6 4.5 38 40 29 Swaziland, 35.3 Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Zambia and 139.4 18 12 10 Zimbabwe. 29.7 2.9 16 11 15 129.6 38.3 18 12 10 Includes: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cape Verde, Comoros, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji Islands, 1.4 3.1 31 29 26 8.4 99.6 21 30 34 French Polynesia, Grenada, Guinea Bissau, Guyana , Haiti, Jamaica, ns na Kiribati, Maldives, Mauritius, Netherlands Antilles, 33 Caledonia, New 0.7 11.4 28 27 Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint 11.8 22.9 24 18 Vincent/Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, 20 ns na Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago and 10.7 28.9 26 18 18 9.8 8 11 13 Vanuatu. 77.1

199092 199597 200002 200608 Change Progress so far towards Includes: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia (Plurinational State WFS (%) of), Botswana, Burkina Faso, 4Burundi, Central African (%) Republic, Chad, target

11 10 10 35 27 13 20 26 19 17 25 20

14 25 13 22 13 16 11

42 97 33 44 17 46 27 72
5

na

44 na 39 57 64 8
30 4 na 22 1 28

Perkembangan Konsep Keamanan Pangan

Keamanan Pangan & Pasokan Pangan (krisis 1974)

Keamanan Pangan & Entitlement

Kedaulatan Pangan

Ketersedian pasokan pangan pokok sepanjang waktu

Kondisi dimana setiap orang memiliki akses secara sik, sosial, dan ekonomi terhadap pangan sesuai dg kebutuhan gizi

hak masyarakat untuk memperoleh pangan yang sehat dan sesuai budayanya, yang diproduksi melalui metode berkelanjutan dan hak mereka untuk menentukan pangan serta sistem pertanian mereka sendiri

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Keamanan Pangan (Neoliberal) vs Kedaulatan Pangan

HAK TERHADAP PANGAN Entitlement individu terhadap makanan yang aman, sehat , dan sesuai budaya AKSES TERHADAP SUMBER DAYA PRODUKTIF Akses terhadap tanah, air, genetik, dan sumber daya alam lainnya

Neolib

Liberalisasi perdagangan, privatisasi, dan deregulasi Berdampak terhadap spesialisasi dan homogenisasi pertanian lokal. Pertanian skala kecil ditransformasi kepada model pertanian besar yang mempraktekkan monocropping, padat modal, dan merusak keanekaragaman hayati.

VS

KEDAULATAN PANGAN

= SMALL FARM
PERTANIAN AGROEKOLOGI Aplikasi prinsipprinsip ekologi ke dalam manajemen agroekologi

PERDAGANGAN DAN PANGAN Untuk mencegah praktek subsidi ekspor, dumping, kejatuhan harga, dan elemen negatif lainnya dari perdagangan

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2.0
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

2010

1.5 1.0

25 20

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

2011

2012 (forecast)

Pertanian Indonesia: Mau Kemana?

0.0
10
ASEAN Indonesia Malaysia Singapore

0.5

15

ASEANOthers Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Vietnam Philippines 5 0.0

Brunei

Others

ASEAN Indonesia Malaysia Vietnam Th

Figure 8 Amount of rice import (million tons) by selected countries Figure 39 Amount of sugar import (million tons) by selectedAmount of maize import (million tons) by s in ASEAN in 2011-2012 Figure 24 countries in ASEAN in 2011-2012 in ASEAN in 2011-2012 Million Tons
Singapore 354,456 9.61%
Philippines 911,300 24.71%

7.0 6.0 5.0

Others 51,516 1.40%
Philippines 500,000 13%

4.0
Indonesia 1,620,000 3.0 43.93%

MalaysiaT 750,000 20.34%

2.0

Singapore 350,000 9% T

Others Vietnam Others Others Vietnam 20,596Figure 63 Cassava yield of countries in ASEAN, 2010-2012 Indonesia 547,371 100,000 5,500Thailand Others 150,000 0.59% 1,689,000 Singapore14% 2.68% 0.15% 300,000 51,818 Million Tons 4.26% 2011 2012 (forecast) Indonesia 420,000 0.85% 45.35% 4.93% Vietnam 30 2,682,000 11.94% Singapore 1,000,000 44.07% 480,000 16.43% Indonesia 12.89% 25 2011 2012 (forecast) Indonesia 1,620,000 1,689,000 42% Malaysia Malaysia 20 48.00% 1,238,791 1,450,000 Malaysia 35.21% Malaysia 38.93% 15 850,000

Vietna 1,200,0 19.51%

22%

2,052,553 33.72%

10

Total 3.69 Million Tons

1.0

Total 3.37 Million Tons

Total 4.32 Million Tons

5

Total Total Million Tons 3.53 5.98 Million Tons

Figure 41 ShareShare of maize import (tons) Figure 25 of sugar import (tons) 2012 Among ASEAN Thailand among ASEAN countries, Others 2011 Vietnam Cambodiacountries,

0.0 Figure 9 Share of rice import (tons) among ASEAN ASEAN countries, 2011

Figure 10 Shareamong ASEAN countries, 2011 of rice import (tons) 0 among Vietnam Thailand Indonesia Malaysia Others ASEAN ASEAN countries, 2012

Figure 40 Share of sugar import (tons)

Figure 2

Figure selected countries in ASEAN Million (million Million Tons (Milled Rice) 53 Amount of soybean import (million tons) by Figure 64 Amount of cassava exportTons tons) of selected countries in in 2011-2012
Malaysia 468,544 7.21%

25
20
Indonesia 1,440,659 22.16%

3.5
Others 3.0 54,677 Vietnam 0.84% 2011 2,650,000 2.5 40.76%
Indonesia 1,440,659 21.72%

ASEAN in 2011-2012

Malaysia 511,333 7.71% Vietnam

5,163,750 20.77%

15
10 5
Thailand 1,888,186 29.04%

2012 (forecast) 2.0

Others Cambodia Others 21,049920 2011 Thailand (forecast) 2012 1,665,444 0.32% 0.00% 5.0 Vietnam 6.70% Vietnam 18,028,000 2,700,000 5,164,90 72.52% 40.70% 20.70%

6.0

Cambodia 1,781,550 7.14%

Others 347 0.00%

4.0

Thailan 18,000, 72.15% 2011

1.5 1.0
0.5
Thailand 1,961,000 29.56%

3.0
2.0

Total 6.50 Million Tons

0.0

0
ASEAN

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Figure 54 Share of soybean import (ton) among ASEAN countries, 2011 Thailand Vietnam Philippines Indonesia Myanmar Figure 42 Amount of ending stock of Sugar in ASEAN countries Figure 27 Amount of ending stock of maize in ASEAN

ASEAN

0.0 of Thailand Vietnam Figure 55 Share of soybean import (ton) ASEAN Myanmar Indonesia cassava export (tonsM among ASEAN countries, 2011 among ASEAN countries, 201 among ASEAN countries, 2012 Others
Thailand Indonesia Vietnam Philippines Malaysia Brunei Figure 65 Share of cassava export (tons) Figure 66 Share

Total 6.63 Million Tons Tons Total 25.41 Million

1.0

Total 26.05 Million Tons

Pertanian Indonesia: Mau Kemana?

GRAFIK IMPOR PUPUK INDONESIA (2007-2011)(Ribu US$)

3000 2250 1500 750 0 2007

UU 12/1992 & kriminalisasi petani Petani kecil vs Monsanto Monsanto & bibit transgenik Impor pertanian & kejatuhan harga
Kasus 76 63 24 22 120 Luasan Lahan (Ha) 196.179 49.000 328.497, 86 77.015 342.360, 43 Kriminalisasi petani 166 orang 312 orang 84 orang 106 orang 35 orang Tergusur 24.257 KK 31.267 KK 5.835 KK 21.367 KK 273.888 KK

2008

2009

2010

2011

Impor Benih (Ribu US$) 1600 1200 800 400 0 2007

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penangkapan warga yang berujung pada kriminalisasi, dengan melibatkan aparat negar ini berdampak nyata terhadap hilangnya sumber-sumber kehidupan, dan ancaman ter keberlangsungan hidup masyarakat, khususnya perempuan, di mana perempuan lah kemudian harus memikirkan keberlanjutan rumah tangga, keluarga dan anak-anaknya, t tempat tinggal, penyediaan makanan, air bersih dan kebutuhan rumah tangga la Keberlanjutan praktik-praktik tersebut akan semakin memiskinkan masyarakat Indones Tabel 1. Perkembangan Kasus Agraria 2009 - 20112
Tahun 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Tewas 8 orang 6 orang 4 orang 5 orang 18 orang

2008

2009

2010

2011

Sumber: SPI, 2008, 2009, 2010, dan 2011 diolah dari berbagai sumber

Transportation and Telecommunication 6% Electricity, Gas and Clean Water 1%

Kontribusi Pertanian
Trade, Hotel and Restaurant 15%

Construction 8%

Proporsi Tenaga Kerja Indonesia 2011

Structure of Gross Domestic Product by Industrial Origin 2011 (%)

Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fishery 15% Mining and Excavating 12%

JASA 15%

PERTANIAN 38%

KEUANGAN 2% TASI, PERGUDANGAN, KOMUNIKASI 5% PERTAMBANGAN 1% PERDAGANGAN 21% INDUSTRI 12% KONSTRUKSI 5% LISTRIK, GAS, AIR 0%

Manufacture Industry 24% Services 10%

Leasing Financial and Service 7% Transportation and Telecommunication 7%

Electricity, Gas and Clean Water 1%

Trade, Hotel and Restaurant 14%

Construction 10%

Source: Statistics Indonesia sorted by Ministry of Industry

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Petani & Kemiskinan

(2011) Penduduk miskin Indonesia: 30,02 juta= 18,97 juta (miskin pedesaan) + 11,05 juta (miskin perkotaan) petani gurem (hanya punya tanah garapan kurang dari 0,5 ha): (2003) 13,7 juta kk (2008) 15,6 juta kk.
ketersediaan petani di lumbung-lumbung pertanian didominasi oleh struktur usia di atas 45 tahun. Krisis petani muda (2011) terjadi di Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Sulawesi

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..kita semua telah mengacaukannya, termasuk saya sendiri, dengan memperlakukan tanaman pangan seperti TV berwarna dan bukannya sebagai komoditas vital bagi negara-negara miskin. Pangan bukanlah komoditas biasa. Kita harus kembali kepada kebijakan kemandirian pangan secara maksimal. Adalah gila bila kita berpikir bahwa kita dapat membangun suatu negara tanpa meningkatkan kemampuan mereka untuk memberi makan diri mereka sendiri.

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Keamanan Pangan Regional Melalui Kedaulatan Pangan Lokal: Sebuah Kesimpulan

Konsep Keamanan Pangan ASEAN masih merupakan konsep keamanan pangan yang sangat konvensional, yaitu keamanan pangan semata-mata = pasokan pangan Harus ada revisi terhadap konsep Keamanan Pangan ASEAN dengan memasukkan konsep Kedaulatan Pangan Kedaulatan Pangan adalah prasyarat menuju Keamanan Pangan di masa datang
Dibutuhkan pengkajian mendalam dan penajaman strategi, serta koordinasi sehingga konsep ini dapat diterima sebagai landasan kebijakan

Kerawanan Pangan di Indonesia berpotensi menyeret kawasan Asia Tenggara kepada krisis pangan
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