M1.

(a)

oxygen / O2 (do not allow air) for 1 mark

1

(b)

idea that (it is a) catalyst / it increases the rate of reaction for 1 mark
1

(c)

water H2O and oxygen / O2 (need both) (in either order) for 1 mark
1

(d)

ammonia / NH3 (do not allow ammonium) (allow ammonium hydroxide / NH4OH or ammonia solution) nitric acid / NHO3 in any order for 1 mark each
2

(e)

14 + 4 + 14 + 48 or

Mr = 80

gains 1 mark

but

or 35% gains 2 marks

2

[7]

M2.

(a)

lithium = Li (ignore mass / atomic numbers) fluorine = F (do not allow if case is incorrect) for 1 mark each
2

(b)

(alloworo for electrons) (allow any positions for the seven electrons added provided they are on the outer ring) for 1 mark
1

(c)

(2,8)+ or (2,7) (brackets not required) gains 1 mark but (2,8) gains 2 marks
2

[5]

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M3.

(a) electrons neutrons protons for 1 mark each

3

(b)

mass number no. of neutrons 14 8 for 1 mark each

2

[5]

M4.

idea that contains nitrogen atoms contains hydrogen atoms atoms are chemically bonded NOT linked/joined

ratio of one nitrogen to three hydrogen (atoms) formula of ammonia is NH3 for 1 mark each
[4]

M5.

(a) (ii)

(i) 13

27

each for 1 mark

2

(b)

each proton has a/1 positive charge and each electron has a/1 negative charge OR electrons and protons have (equal but) opposite charges there are equal numbers of protons and electrons in the atom/ so charges cancel or balance (each other) each for 1 mark
2

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(c) PARTICLE Fluorine atom Fluoride atom 9 NUMBER OF PROTONS NUMBER OF NEUTRONS 10 10 NUMBER OF ELECTRONS

each for 1 mark

3

[7]

##
(a) positive for 1 mark
1

(b)

any reference to loss of electrons for 1 mark reference to charge being +2 (in (a)) or to loss of 2 electrons (in (b)) for 1 mark
2

[3]

M7.

(a)

LHS lithium + water accept Li and H2O accept hydrogen oxide for water
1

RHS hydrogen + lithium hydroxide accept H2 and LiOH ignore attempts at balancing ignore charges
1

(b)

Quality of written communication One mark for the correct use of any three of the terms atom, covalent, bond(ing), saturated, hydrocarbon or alkane
1

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any three from: one / the carbon (atom) reject molecules once four hydrogen (atoms) shape / properties neutral CH4 hydrocarbon saturated / single bond covalent bond / shared electrons alkane reject ionic bond
3

[6]

M8.

(a)

Group 2 / Alkaline Earth Metals for 1 mark

1

(b)

(i)

MgCl2/Mg2+ (Cl)2 (or equation with correct answer) for 1 mark

1

(ii)

ionic / electrovalent for 1 mark

1

[3]

M9.

(a)

(i)

H2SO4 or red (acidic) pH < 7 accept names of compounds accept correct use of acidic
1

NaOH or purple (alkaline) pH > 7 alkaline and neutral without any mention of pH for 1 mark only
1

NaCl or green (neutral) pH 7 ignore high or low pH

1

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(ii)

hydrogen (ion) accept proton accept hydroxonium ion

1

H+ accept H3O+ for hydroxonium ion

1

(b)

(i) (ii)

neutralisation
1

NaOH + HCl ignore state symbols

1

NaCl + H2O ignore state symbols maximum of 1 mark if incorrectly balanced

1

(c)

(i)

sodium 2 . 8 . 1 accept 2.8.1 written

1

chlorine 2 . 8 . 7 accept 2.8.7 written

1

(ii)

ion(s)
1

(iii)

attraction between oppositely charged particles (ions) accept attraction between + and particles (ions) accept electrostatic attraction
1

(d)

chloride ions lose electrons to form chlorine Cl e Cl

1

hydrogen ions gain electrons to form hydrogen H+ + e H

1

sodium hydroxide remains in solution Na + and OH remain in solution to form sodium hydroxide
1

[15]

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M10.

(a)

all electrons correct (inner shell need not be shown) three bond pairs and two electrons anywhere else can use dots, crosses or es in any combination
1

(b)

covalent accept phonetic spelling do not accept convalent

1

[2]

M11.

(a)

any one from: they are made of layers do not accept line / rows / lattice atoms / ions / particles / layers (of atoms) can slide over each other
1

(b)

any one from: smaller / tiny or very small do not allow small alone correct size range 1 to 100 nanometres a few hundred atoms in size if they state smaller and give a size outside range ignore size if it is less than 20,000
1

Page 6 of 9

(c)

harder
1

plus one from: so does not wear as quickly / erode as quickly ignore corrode less vulnerable to damage owtte harder to wear down = 1 mark because they have a high surface area to volume ratio

or

stronger (1) plus one from: (1) less likely to break / do not break accept withstand pressure not as vulnerable to damage owtte harder and stronger alone gains 1 mark do not bend out of shape because they have a high surface area to volume ratio
1

[4]

M12.

(a)

(i)

or
1

allow any arrangement of electrons on the shells accept o, x, - or e as representing electrons (ii) nucleus accept nucleus (protons plus neutrons) do not accept protons plus neutrons on its own allow nuclei / nucles / neucleus / phonetic spelling do not accept neutron
1

Page 7 of 9

(b)

it has 2 more neutrons or converse accept it has more neutrons or different number of neutrons for 1 mark 2 more protons / electrons + correct number of neutrons = max 1 mark or O-16 has 8 neutrons (1 mark)(*) O-18 has 10 neutrons (1 mark)(*) (*)if incorrectly calculated but shows more neutrons in 0-18 allow for 1 mark accept it has more particles or it has 2 more particles for 1 mark ignore any reference to charges just 2 more without reference to particles = 0 marks
2

[4]

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Page 9 of 9