M143 Final Exam June 4, 2009 There are 50 questions worth 2 point each; please answer them all

using simple phrases. Please write legibly Correct spelling is important 1. In general, what stage of nematodes is most harmful? 1,14,11,11 [larvae cause extensive damage by migration through organs] 2. What trait do Toxoplasma and Trichinella share? 2,12,12,12 [they are both infectious in undercooked/raw meat] 3. Which nematode, pinworm or hookworm, is more pathogenic and why? 3,10,13,13 [hookworm, causes bleeding and anemia] 4. In addition to horses, guns and swords, what does Jared Diamond say was imported by Pizarro and the conquistadors to the Incan empire? 4,11,14,17 [infectious disease, small pox] 5. What is a symptom of Schistosoma haematobium? 5,15,10,15 [difficult urination] 6. What is a sign of Schistosoma haematobium? 6,6,6,6 [bloody urine] 7. What clinical condition is shared by humans infected with Plasmodium spp., fish tapeworm and hookworm? 7,7,7,10 [anemia] 8. What do the bacteria Wolbachia and Neorickettsia do to the parasitic worms that they infect? 8,8,5,8 [make them more pathogenic] 9. Why does Jared Diamond say that the Europeans were more resistant to many infectious diseases than Native American populations? 9,9,9,9 [long exposure to animal pathogens, (most human infectious diseases evolved from these) selected for resistance] 10. What parasitic worm predisposes chronically infected people to cancer? 10,13,15,7 [Schistosoma haematobium/Chlonorchis spp.] 11. Does it take fewer or more genes to be a pathogenic rather than free living worm? 11,1,41,41 [more]

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M143 Final Exam June 4, 2009 12. What weak link in the Schistosome transmission cycle can be targeted? 12,2,42,42 [larval stage growth in snails which can be killed with molluscicides] 13. What parasitic worm illustrates the long co-evolution of humans with domestic animals? 13,3,43,43 [pork tapeworm, bovine tapeworm, Trichinella] 14. Why do dams promote the spread of infectious disease? 14,4,40,44 [still water is a breeding ground for insect vectors/is favorable for snail growth] 15. What pathology is associated with Onchocerca infection? 15,5,45,45 [dermatitis and eye lesions/blindness] 16. How are guinea worm (Dracunculus) eggs released from an infected human? 16,16,16,16 [the female causes cutaneous ulceration and eggs are released when the exposed female contacts water] 17. How are Shistosoma japonicum eggs released? 17,17,17,14 [eggs migrate to the intestine and are excreted in feces] 18. How is tapeworm morphology distinct from morphology of other worms? 18,18,18,18 [tapeworms can grow an indefinite number of independent segments which crossfertilize and are shed from the posterior end of the worm] 19. What important function does the tapeworm scolex play? 19,19,19,19 [point of attachment to host] 20. What important function does the tapeworm neck region play? 20,20,20,20 [site of formation of new segments] 21. Which beef tapeworm host harbors the adult stage? 21,31,31,31 [humans] 22. Which beef tapeworm host harbors the metacestode stage? 22,32,32,32 [cattle] 23. Which pork tapeworm stage do humans with neurocisticercosis have? 23,39,33,33 [metacestode/cysticercus(i)]

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M143 Final Exam June 4, 2009 24. Which pork tapeworm stage might humans with neurocisticercosis have? 24,38,34,34 [adults] 25. What trait of the fish tapeworm is associated with human pathogenesis? 25,35,38,35 [vitamin B12 affinity] 26. How does Schistosome infection influence human susceptibility to other infections? 26,26,48,46 [Th2 downregulation of Th1 increases susceptibility to other types of pathogens (germs)] 27. Do the Schistosome larval stages cause the worst aspects of pathology? Why? 27,25,47,47 [no, migrating eggs cause the most serious pathology] 28. What does proline secretion do for Fasciola hepatica? 28,28,46,48 [stimulates proliferation of bile duct epithelium, which the flukes eat] 29. How are Nanophytes salmincola and Diphyllobothrium latum spread to humans? 29,23,49,49 [by eating raw or undercooked fish] 30. What property of a set of anti-parasitic drugs makes them specific for Plasmodium red cell stage parasites? 30,30,50,50 [inhibition of heme detoxification/heme polymerization/heme pigment generation] 31. How does chloroquine resistance affect Plasmodium fitness? 31,21,21,1 [in the absence of chloroquine selection/treatment, resistant parasites are less fit/lost from the population in competition with parasites that are sensitive] 32. Why are new anti-parasitic drugs given as combination therapies? 32,22,22,2 [to slow/prevent parasite mutations that confer drug resistance] 33. How do parasitic infections in the developing world affect HALE? 33,29,23,3 [health adjusted life expectancy is much lower in countries with serious parasitic diseases] 34. What drug is given away free by a large pharmaceutical company to treat river blindness? 34,24,24,4 [Merck gives away ivermectin/mectazan to any country in need] 35. Why is Mefloquine/Lariam a controversial drug?

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M143 Final Exam June 4, 2009 35,27,25,5 [it is used to prevent/treat malaria but seems to be associated with psychiatric side effects] 36. What does tetracycline target when used to treat Plasmodium? 36,33,36,36 [the apicoplast/plastid] 37. What do anti-bacterials target when used to treat Onchocerca? 37,37,37,37 [the Wolbachia endosymbiont] 38. What is a risk factor for halzoun? 38,34,35,38 [eating raw sheep liver] 39. What makes the Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle distinct from other nematodes? 39,36,39,39 [parasites can be free-living in the soil or pathogenic] 40. What does parthenogenic reproduction involve? 40,43,44,40 [asexual generation of offspring/no male needed for fertilization] 41. How do aquatic plants promote some trematode infections? 41,41,1,21 [metacercariae encyst on them and are eaten with plant vegetation, eg in watercress, waterchestnuts, lotus root] 42. What public health measure would eliminate most parasitic worm infections? 42,42,2,22 [appropriate sewerage disposal/treatment and access to clean water] 43. What nematode remodels host cell(s) to live inside them? 43,40,3,23 [Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) or Trichinella spiralis] 44. Why is Echinococcus granulosus considered a metastatic parasite? 44,44,4,24 [parasite infection can be reestablished from the germinal layer of the hyaline membrane which encloses the larval stages] 45. What important group of trematodes is not hermaphroditic? 45,45,8,25 [the schistosomes] 46. What is an example of an anti-malarial that is a natural product (plant compound)? 46,46,26,26 [quinine/artemisinin] 47. How does multi-drug resistance work in Plasmodium?

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M143 Final Exam June 4, 2009 47,47,30,27 [transporters pump drug out of the cytoplasm before it can act on its target] 48. Why does inhibiting folate synthesis inhibit parasites without killing us? 48,48,28,28 [we can scavenge folate from dietary sources, but parasites need to synthesize] 49. Do ovoviviparous worms lay eggs? 49,49,29,29 [no, they produce live offspring] 50. How do benzimidazoles kill helminths? 50,50,27,30 [they inhibit microtubule polymerization in worms]

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