OBJECTIVES
List the types and characteristics of hormones Explain the mechanism of hormone action
Gene activation: steroid hormone Second messenger (cAMP): non steroid hormone (adrenaline and glucagon)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
is a collection of glands that produce chemical messenger called hormones.
Has a rich supply of blood with a relatively large number of blood vessels
HORMONES
is a chemical messenger secreted by cells in the endocrine glands to regulate bodys growth, metabolism, sexual development and function
HORMONE PROPERTIES.
Small soluble organic molecule Travels in the blood Effective in low concentrations Specific for a particular target cells Produces response only when they reach target cells
Endocrine gland and hormone Target tissue Hypothalamus Releasing and inhibiting hormones Hypothalamus (production) Posterior lobe of pituitary (storage and release) Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Anterior lobe of pituitary Growth hormone Anterior lobe of anterior
Stimulates contraction Stimulate ejection of milk into ducts Stimulates reabsorption of water; conserves water
General
Stimulates production of insulin-like growth factors; stimulates growth by promoting protein synthesis Stimulates milk production Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones; stimulates increase in size of thyroid gland
Principal actions
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormones[FSH]; luteinizing hormone[LH] Thyroid gland Thyroxine
Stimulates secretion of adrenal corticol hormones Stimulates gonad function and growth
General
General
Glucagon
Regulate sglucose concentration in blood; stimulates glycogen production;stimulates fat storage and protein synthesis Regulates glucose concentration in blood; stimulates glycogen breakdown; mobilizes fat
Principal actions
Kidney tubules
Cortisol
General
Maintain sodium and potassium balance; increase sodium reabsorption; increase potassium excretion Help body cope with long term stress ; raise blood glucose level; mobilize fat
General; uterus
Uterus; breast
Develop and maintain sex characteristics in female; stimulate growth of uterine lining Stimulates development of uterine lining Develop and maintain sex characteristics in male; promotes spermatogenesis Inhibits FSH release in male
TYPES OF HORMONES
Can be divided into 2 groups: 1) Steroids - large, - Lipid soluble molecules - Enable to permeate the cell membrane easily - Synthesized from cholesterol - Cortisol, aldosterone - Testosterone - Progesterone and estrogen
There are 2 groups of non steroid hormones: a) Amine The simplest hormones Epinephrine, norepinephrine Thyroxine (can enter cell) FSH,LH, prolactin b) Peptide/protein The largest hormone group Oxytocin, ADH, insulin, GH, Glucagon
Secreting cell
Target cell
The two most important effects are by: GENE ACTIVATION CYCLIC AMP ACTIVATION
GENE ACTIVATION
Involved the steroid hormones such as sex hormones Secreted by an endocrine gland and transported to the target cell via the blood circulation Small, lipid soluble molecules
Can pass freely through the plasma membrane
Hormone diffuses through the blood, into the interstitial fluid, and then reaches the target cell .
Binds to the receptors present on the surface of the cell
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP cAMP then activates a variety of protein kinases in the cell
In this mechanism, The hormone acts as the first messenger Brings information to the plasma membrane only A second messenger, cAMP then relays the message of the hormone inside the cell.
Adrenaline/Glucagon G Protein Adenyl cyclase Receptor ATP cAMP Activate protein kinase Activate phosphorylase Glycogen Glucose
Cascade Effect
The action of one enzyme will activates another enzymatic reaction resulting in many product of molecules At each stage in the process, amplification occurs
Each receptor can affect a number of G proteins In turn can activate a number of molecules of adenylate cyclase Then produce thousands of molecules of cAMP per second
Gene Activation
Hormones bind to internal receptor No second messenger
cAMP Activation
Hormones bind to receptor on the cell membrane Involves cAMP as the second messenger
Hormones are permeable to cell Hormones are impermeable to membrane cell membrane
The effects are caused by the The effects are caused by the protein produced by the genes second messenger No cascade effect involved Cascade effect involved
QUESTION:
Steroid hormones:
- lipid soluble - permeable to cell membrane - pass into the cell, bind to an internal receptor and turn on the genes - proteins produced by the genes are responsible for the effects - E.g: male and female sex hormones
Peptide hormones
- water soluble - impermeable to cell membrane - cannot pass through the cell membrane, therefore, bind to the receptors on the cell membrane. This causes the release of second messenger, cAMP inside the cell - the second messengers are responsible for the hormone effects E.g: GH, ACTH, FSH
Critical Thinking.
ary Morgan has just been brought into the emergency room of Ipoh Hospital. She is perspiring profusely and is breathing rapidly and irregularly. Her breath smells like acetone (sweet and fruity), and her blood glucose tests out at 650mg/100ml of blood. She is in acidosis. What hormone drug should be administered, and why?
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