Bonus topics
-oxidation evolution of metabolism
6CO2 + 6H2O
Fig 7.2
The goal of respiration is to produce ATP energy is released from oxidation reactions in the form of electrons electrons are shuttled by electron carriers (e.g. NAD+) to an electron transport chain electron energy is converted to ATP at the electron transport chain
Fig 7.1
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Fig 7.4
2. oxidative phosphorylation: use of ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP
Fig 7.5
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Glycolysis
converts glucose to pyruvate
2 molecules of pyruvate are formed from one glucose
occurs in the cytoplasm a 10-step biochemical pathway net production of 2 ATP molecules by substrate-level phosphorylation 2 NADH produced by the reduction of NAD+
Fig 7.6
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Glycolysis
Step A: priming reactions Step B: cleavage and rearrangement Step C: oxidation Step D: ATP generation
Fig 7.6
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Glycolysis
For each glucose 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyuvate
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when oxygen is present, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle
Fig 7.8
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For glycolysis to continue, NADH must be recycled to NAD+ by either: 1. aerobic respiration : occurs when oxygen is available as the final electron acceptor 2. fermentation : occurs when oxygen is not available; an organic molecule is the final electron acceptor The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen availability.
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The Krebs cycle oxidizes the acetyl group from pyruvate occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria biochemical pathway of 9 steps first step: acetyl group + oxaloacetate citrate (2 carbons) (4 carbons) (6 carbons)
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Fig 7.11
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The remaining steps of the Krebs cycle: release 2 molecules of CO2 reduce 3 NAD+ to 3 NADH reduce 1 FAD (electron carrier) to FADH2 produce 1 ATP regenerate oxaloacetate After glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle, glucose has been oxidized to: six CO2 four ATP ten NADH two FADH2
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a series of membrane-bound electron carriers embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane e-s from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to complexes of the ETC each complex transfers the electrons to the next complex in the chain as the electrons are transferred, some electron energy is lost with each transfer this energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane space a proton gradient is established the higher negative charge in the matrix attracts the protons (H+) back from the intermembrane space to the matrix
the accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space drives protons into the matrix via diffusion
Fig 7.12
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ATP synthase is a membrane-bound enzyme that uses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi
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energy lost by electrons in stage 4 used to create proton gradient protons move down gradient through F0 complex channel this drives the rotation of the F1 complex resulting in phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
Fig 7.15
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Fig 7.14
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Fig 7.17
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Catabolism overview
Fig 7.20
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If O2 not available, either: 1. anaerobic respiration: use of inorganic molecules (other than O2) as final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration by methanogens methanogens use CO2 CO2 is reduced to CH4 (methane) anaerobic respiration by sulfur bacteria reduce inorganic sulphate (SO4) hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
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1. ethanol fermentation
occurs in yeast CO2, ethanol, and NAD+ are produced
Fig 7.19
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Fig 7.19
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