EXERCISE : ATOMS, MOLECULES AND STOICHIOMETRY 1 Determine the number of subatomic particles of the following species.

(a) 2
2

1 D2 8 O

16

(b)

18 28O

(c) [ 14 N 8 O3]7

16

A beam of 1H+ and 16O- ions is passed into an electric field as shown in the diagram below:
+ path X beam of H
1 +

and 16O- ions path Y

(a) Identify the ions that follo path X and path Y. (b) Explain the size of the angles of deflection x and y. 3 Three atoms are given below :
24 12 X 54 26 56

Y 26 Z 24 (a) State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom of 12 X. (b) Which two atoms are isotopes of an element? Explain your answer. 54 (c) What would be the relative mass of the ion formed when the 26Y atom loses two electrons? 4 Complete the table below. You can use any single alphabet to represent a species where appropriate. Species L2X X3Number of protons 12 Number of electrons 15 13 8 12 5 The information of a species of an element is given in the table below: Element Nucleon number Proton number charge Chlorine 35 17 -1 10 10 12

Based on the information provided, write the chemical symbol of the particle given and hence, name the particle of the element. How many protons, electrons amd neutrons does this particle have? 6 A sample of carbon contains isotopes 12C and 14C while a sample of oxygen gas contains isotopes 16O and 17O. Write down the molecular formulae of all the possible carbon dioxide molecules that can be formed from the chemical reaction between the carbon and the oxygen above. Give the appropriate relative masses of each molecules. Which of the molecules is the heaviest?

An element Pravin, Pr exists in 3 isotopic forms; 40Pr, 43Pr and 44Pr in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. Find the relative atomic mass of the element Pravin. The table below shows the various isotopes of element X and their percentage abundances. Find the relative atomic mass of X. Isotope 57 X 59 X 60 X Relative isotopic mass Percentage abundances

Based on the atomic mass spectrum of an element L provided below, answer the questions that follow: abundance 25 20 15 10 5 Relative mass 32 34

(a) How many types of isotopes of L are there? (b) Complete the table below: Isotopes (symbols) Relative abundance (c) 10 Hence, calculate the relative atomic mass of L.

Two isotopes 70X2+ and 65 X+ are analyzed in a mass spectrometer. The path taken by each 40 40 isotopic ion is shown below. Identify each line of the curvature shown. B A ion detector

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A mass spectrum of hydrogen chloride produces four peaks at m/e of 35, 36, 37 and 38. Identify each peak in the spectrum. (chlorine exists in two forms of isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl) The mass spectrum of ethanol shows a number of peaks. Identify the species that causes following peaks: m/e: 28 29 31 45 46 An element Z has two isotopes 6Z and 7Z. If the relative atomic mass of Z is 6.93, what is the percentage abundance of the lighter isotope?

12

13

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Find the number of moles of the following samples of substances. (a) 20 g of sulphur atoms (b) 15 g of oxygen atoms (c) 20 g of sulphur, S8 (d) 6.1 g of phosphorus, P4 [RAM : S, 32; O, 16; P, 31] Find the mass of the following samples. (a) 0.35 mol of silver (argentum) (b) 1.2 mol of hydrogen sulphate (c) 6 mol of water [RAM : Ag, 108; H, 1; S, 32; O,16] Find the amount of solutes dissolved in the following solutions: (a) 100 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 of sodium carbonate solution (b) 250 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric solution (c) 2 dm3 of 0. 5 M of lead (II) nitrate solution (d) 0.2 dm3 of 2.5 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution 10 g of calcium chloride is dissolved in 50 cm3 of water. Find the concentration of the calcium chloride solution. [RAM : Ca=40, Cl=35.5] What is the amount of water that is needed to prepare a standard solution of 1.5 M hydrochloric acid? Given the mass of hydrogen chloride powder = 1.825 Calculate the mass of potassium chloride found in 150 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 of potassium chloride solution. [RAM : K = 39; Cl = 35.5] If 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid is mixed with 50 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid, what is the concentration of the resultant solution of hydrochloric acid? 32.2 g of barium hydroxide powder is completely dissolved in 200 cm3 of water. Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions. A sample of carbon dioxide gas has a volume of 200 cm3 at room temperature. Find the number of moles of carbon dioxide in the sample. [Vm at room temperature is 24 000 cm3 mol-1] A sample of nitrogen gas occupies a space of 112 cm3 at s.t.p. Find the mass of the nitrogen gas in the sample. [RAM: N = 14 and Vm at s.t.p is 22 400 cm3 mol-1] A round bottom flask consists of 20 cm3 of carbon dioxide, 30 cm3 of oxygen gas and 120 cm3 of nitrogen gas. If the number of moles of oxygen gas is X, calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases. Calculate the mass of chlorine that will react with 6 g of sodium. [RAM: Na=23; Cl=35.5] 2.3 g of sodium metal was completely oxidised in air. The resultant oxide was then dissolved in a sample of distilled water to produce an alkaline solution of 2.5 mol dm-1. Calculate the volume of the distilled water used.

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25 26

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What is the maximum mass of iron that can be extracted from 40.0 g of Fe3O4? [RAM : O, 16; Fe, 55.8] 50 cm3 of hydrogen gas is burnt in 10 cm3 of oxygen gas. What is the maximum reduction in volume after this experiment? [All volumes of gasesare measured at 298 K and 1 atm]. The pressure of nitrogen gas in a food can is 1.5 atm at 25C. What is the pressure of nitrogen gas if the can is heated to 45C? Calculate the density (in g dm-3) of carbon dioxide at a pressure of 99.33 kPa and 65C. The volume of a gas at 60C and 1.0 105 Nm-2 is 62.0 cm3. Calculate its volume at s.t.p. Calculate the number of nitrogen atoms in a container of volume 0.50 dm3 at 0C. [The pressure of the gas is 101 Nm-2] Cyanogen is a compound of carbon and nitrogen. If 25 cm3 of cyanogen is burnt in excess oxygen, 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide and 25 cm3 of nitrogen are produced. What is the formula of cyanogen? The density of a gas is 2.6 g dm-3 at a temperature of 25C and a pressure of 101 kPa. What is the relative molecular mass of the gas? 0.245 g of compound X occupies a volume of 112 cm3 at a temperature of 293 K and a pressure of 5.20 104 Pa. Calculate the relative molecular mass of X. When 0.048 g of a metal, X, reacts with chlorine in excess, 0.19 g of the metal chloride with molecular formula, XCln, is produced. The vapour of the metal chloride occupied a volume of 41.4 cm3 at a temperature of 500K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Calculate (a) the relative molecular mass of XCln (b) the number of moles of XCln produced and hence determine the molecular formula of the metal chloride (c) the relative atomic mass of the element X.

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