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Tests to find Circuit Parameters

Considering the armature per-phase circuit diagram, the following information is required to be able to analyze machine performance: 1. 2. 3. Armature resistance, RA Voltage induced by the field winding, E Synchronous reactance, XS

Armature resistance is often neglected, as in large machines it is small relative to synchronous reactance. If needed, armature resistance can be obtained by a DC resistance test. Open Circuit Voltage test The open circuit test is carried out with the terminals of the machine disconnected from any external circuit. The basic test procedure is: 1. 2. 3. Open circuit the generator terminals Drive the machine at synchronous speed using an external mechanical system Slowly increase the field current and measure the open circuit terminal voltage

As there is no armature current, the measured terminal voltage is the induced voltage: If the machine is wye connected, the measure voltage will be a line-line voltage and the per-phase induced voltage can be found from

Remember from the armature winding notes that the induced voltage vs. field current plot will have a similar shape to the flux vs. field current plot.

In the plot above, the air gap line (dotted blue) gives the relationship between mmf and flux density in the air gap. (Induced voltage is proportional to flux density). At higher field current levels, the iron in the machine saturates and the percentage of field mmf applied to the air gap is reduced. As a result, the induced voltage falls below the air gap line. As synchronous machines operate at effectively constant speed, the open circuit voltage test provides the relationship between field current and induced voltage for all load conditions. The induced open circuit voltage is sometimes known as the "excitation voltage", or even simply as the "excitation". Short-Circuit Test As the name suggests, the short circuit test is carried out with the terminals of the machine short circuited. The basic test procedure is as follows:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Set the field current to zero Short circuit the armature terminals Drive the generator at synchronous speed with external mechanical system Slowly increase the field winding current until the short circuit armature current reaches the rated design value

Note that very low field current levels are required to achieve rated short circuit armature current When short circuited, armature reaction prevents the machine from saturating. The short-circuit per-phase equivalent circuit and phasor diagrams are shown below.

Synchronous reactance is usually significantly larger than armature resistance. As a result, the armature current significantly lags the induced voltage. The stator flux density phasor produced by the armature current lags the armature current by 90 and consequently will lag the rotor field flux density by almost 180.

The net magnetic field, Bnet is too low to cause saturation and the armature current increases linearly with field current

Summary Open and short circuit test data can be used to determine synchronous reactance. Detailed open and short circuit tests are also carried out on newly constructed or refurbished generators to provide information about losses and induced voltage harmonics.

As you know, open and short circuit tests are done for generator saturation reactance calculation. Also open circuit voltage-ampere curve of generators is non liner; therefore those mentioned test shall be done at rated voltage as nearest point to machine saturation voltage. For more information about those basic conceptions please note to following description: The following circuit diagrams illustrate the per phase equivalent circuits of a round rotor synchronous machine in the generator mode.

In the per phase equivalent circuit model illustrated above, there are three parameters need to be determined: winding resistance Ra, synchronous reactance Xs, and induced emf in the phase winding Ea. The phase winding resistance Ra can be determined by measuring DC resistance of the winding using volt-ampere method, while the synchronous reactance and the induced emf can be determined by the open circuit and short circuit tests. Open Circuit Test Drive the synchronous machine at the synchronous speed using a prime mover when the stator windings are open circuited. Vary the rotor winding current, and measure stator winding terminal voltage. The relationship between the stator winding terminal voltage and the rotor field current obtained by the open circuit test is known as the open circuit characteristic of the synchronous machine. Short Circuit Test Reduce the field current to a minimum, using the field rheostat, and then open the field supply circuit breaker. Short the stator terminals of the machine together through three ammeters; Close the field circuit breaker; and raise the field current to the value noted in the open circuit test at which the open circuit terminal voltage equals the rated voltage, while maintain the synchronous speed. Record the three stator currents. (This test should be carried out quickly since the stator currents may be greater than the rated value).

Under the assumptions that the synchronous reactance Xs and the induced emf Ea have the same values in both the open and short circuit tests, and that Xs >> Ra, we have

For some machines, the short circuit current is too high if the machine is driven at the synchronous speed. In this case, short circuit test can be performed at a reduced speed say half synchronous speed nsyn/2 or frated/2. Since Ea f, the induced emf in the short circuit test is halved. Thus

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