The internet in the year 2009 0:09 0:13 we send e-mails, make calls over the internet, 0:13

:13 0:16 and discuss topics we take interest in. 0:16 0:18 Even our baking is going virtual. 0:18 0:21 But what we take for granted today 0:21 0:25 was only a vague idea 50 years ago. 0:25 0:28 In order to understand how bit got this far 0:28 0:32 lets go back to 1957 when everything began. 0:32 0:37 Before 1957 computers only worked one task at a time. 0:37 0:39 This was called "Batch Processing". 0:39 0:42 Of course this was quite ineffective. 0:42 0:44 With computers getting bigger and bigger 0:44 0:47 they had to be stored in special cooled rooms 0:47 0:51 but then the developers couldn't work directly on the computers any more 0:51 0:54 Specialists had to be called in to connect them. 0:54 0:57 Programming at that time meant a lot of manual work 0:57 1:00 and the indirect connection to the computers 1:00 1:02 led to a lot of bugs wasting time 1:02 1:07 and fraying developers' nerves. 1:07 1:10 The year 1957 marked a big change. 1:10 1:12 A remote connection had to be installed, 1:12 1:16 third developers could work directly on the computers. 1:16 1:20 At the same time the idea of time sharing came up. 1:20 1:23 This is the first concept in computer technology 1:23 1:26 to share the processing power of one computer 1:26 1:29 with multiple users 1:32 1:36 On October 4th 1957 during the Cold War 1:36 1:39 the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik I, 1:39 1:41 was sent into orbit by Soviet Union 1:41 1:46 The fear of "Missile Gap" emerged. 1:46 1:49 In order to secure America's lead in technology, 1:49 1:52 The US founded the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency 1:52 1:56 in February 1958. 1:56 2:00 At that time knowledge was only transfered by people. 2:00 2:04 The DARPA planed a large scale computer network 2:04 2:06 in order to excelerate knowledge transfer 2:06 2:10 and avoid doubling up of already existing research. 2:10 2:13

This network would become the ARPANET. 2:13 2:16 Furthermore three other concepts were to be developed, 2:16 2:18 which are fundamental for the history of the internet 2:18 2:23 The concepts of a military network by the RAND Corporation in America, 2:23 2:28 the commercial network of National Physical Laboratory in England, 2:28 2:33 and the scientific network, CYCLADES, in France. 2:33 2:38 The scientific, military, and commercial approaches of these concepts 2:38 2:43 are the foundations for our modern Internet. 2:43 2:45 Let's begin with the ARPANET, 2:45 2:48 the most familiar of these networks. 2:48 2:51 Its development began in 1966 2:51 2:55 Universities were generally quite cautious about sharing their computers. 2:55 2:59 Therefore small computers were put in front of the mainframe 2:59 3:02 This computer, the Interface Message Processor 3:02 3:05 took over control of the network activities, 3:05 3:10 while the mainframe was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files. 3:10 3:14 At the same time, the IMP also served as interface for the mainframe. 3:14 3:17 Since only the IMPs were inter-connected in the network, 3:17 3:20 this was also called IMP subnet. 3:20 3:23 For the first connections between the computers, 3:23 3:27 the Network Working Group developed the Network Control Protocol 3:27 3:30 Later on, the NCP was replaced by the more efficient 3:30 3:33 Transmission Control Protocol 3:33 3:38 the specific feature of TCP is the verification of the file transfer. 3:38 3:41 Let's take a short detour to England. 3:41 3:44 Since the NPL network was designed on a commercial basis, 3:44 3:49 a lot of users and file transfer were expected. 3:49 3:51 In order to avoid congestion of the lines, 3:51 3:55 The sent files were divided into smaller packets, 3:55 3:58 which were put together again at the receiver. 3:58 4:01 Packet-Swiching was born. 4:06 4:10 In 1962 American ferret aircraft discovered 4:10 4:12 middle and long range missiles in Cuba 4:12 4:16 which were able to reach the United States. 4:16 4:19 This stoked fear of an atomic conflict. 4:19 4:25 At that time information systems had a centralized network architecture, 4:25 4:28 To avoid breakdown during an attack, 4:28 4:32

a de-centralized network architecture had to be developed, 4:32 4:38 which in case of loss of node would still be operative. 4:38 4:41 Communication still used to work through the radio waves 4:41 4:47 that would be of course problems in case of an atomic attack 4:47 4:48 The ionosphere would be affected 4:48 4:52 and long-wave radio waves wouldn't work any more. 4:52 4:54 Therefore they had to use direct waves 4:54 4:58 ,which, however, don't have a long range 4:58 5:02 A better solution was the model of a distributed network. 5:02 5:07 Thus long distances could be covered with a minimum of interference. 5:07 5:12 Another milestone followed with the develoment of the French network, CYCLADES. 5:12 5:15 Since CYCLADES had a far smaller budget than ARPANET, 5:15 5:18 and thus also fewer nodes, 5:18 5:22 the focus was layed on communication with other networks. 5:22 5:27 In this way the term "inter-net" was born. 5:27 5:33 Moreover, CYCLADES' concept went further than ARPA's and the NPL's. 5:33 5:36 During communication between sender and receiver, 5:36 5:39 the computers were not to intervene anymore, 5:39 5:42 but simply serve as a transfer node. 5:42 5:47 CYCLADES' protocol went through all machines using a physical layer 5:47 5:49 that was implemented into the hardware, 5:49 5:54 providing a direct connection with the receiver and end-to-end structure. 5:54 6:00 Inspired by the CYCLADES network and driven by the incompatibility between the networks 6:00 6:04 their connection gained importance everywhere. 6:04 6:08 The phone companies developed the x.25 protocol 6:08 6:11 which enabled communication through their servers 6:11 6:16 in exchange for monthly basic charge of cost 6:16 6:23 DARPA's Transmission Control Protocol was to connect the computers through gateways 6:23 6:27 and the International Organization for Standardization 6:27 6:30 designed the OSI reference model 6:30 6:33 The innovation of OSI was the attempt to 6:33 6:36 standardize the network from its ends 6:36 6:40 and the channel's division into separated layers. 6:40 6:45 Finally the TCP assimiliated the preferences of the OSI reference model 6:45 6:49 and gave way to the TCP/IP protocol 6:49 6:53 a standard which guaranteed compatibility between networks 6:53 6:57

and finally merged them, creating the INTERNET 6:57 7:03 By February 28th 1990, the ARPANET hardware was removed, 7:03 7:07 but the internet was up and running.