Experiment 2- Stoichiometry: Chemical Reactions of Copper and Percent Yield Lab Outline 1.

Record exact mass of piece of copper wire (from label on Beaker) in notebook. 2. Record observations of the reaction demonstration shown by the TA. 3. Write the balance equation that represents reaction between copper metal and nitric acid in notebook. 4. Using a graduated cylinder add 100mL of distilled water into beaker. 5. While stirring solution in the beaker with stirring rod slowly add approx. 30mL of 3.0 M NaOH to the solution inside the beaker until no more precipitation forms. 6. Add up to 10mL more of NaOH. 7. Describe reaction and write balance chemical reaction that represents what occurs during neutralization of acid w/NaOH and reaction of hydroxide ion w/copper (II) ion. 8. Set up a ring stand with wire gauze and a Meker burner once the precipitation reaction is complete. 9. Place beaker on the wire gauze 10. Add 2 boiling chips (stones) to the solution. 11. Heat the solution to the point of boiling while stirring with a stirring rod. 12. Describe changes that took place during reaction. 13. Remove flame and add 5mL of 3.0 M NaOH while stirring if black precipitate is not formed. 14. Place hot beaker on hot pad or on a towel using large beaker thongs; allow copper (II) oxide to settle 15. Decant supernatant (solution that swims above settled solid) liquid into the sink. 16. Approx. 100mL of distilled water nearly to boiling in a 250mL beaker. 17. Add it to the beaker containing the black precipitate. 18. Stir mixture gently for a few seconds; allow CuO(s) to settle. 19. Decant supernatant (solution that swims above settled solid) solution into the sink. 20. Take beaker containing the black CuO to the hood. 21. Add 1.0mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid). 22. Stir mixture until CuO is dissolved. 23. Write balance chemical equation for reaction that occurred. 24. 1.0mL Sulfuric Acid. 25. Bring volume of solution up to 50-75mL by adding distilled water. 26. Add 2 drops of 0.1 M NaF. 27. Remove boiling stones from solution by using a spatula. 28. Discard them in trash receptacle, NOT IN SINK. 29. Add (all at once) 0.3 g of 30-mesh Zinc metal to beaker in hood. 30. Stir for 2-3 minutes;[Caution: gas is produced] 31. Write balance chemical equation for reaction; show clearly is present in solution by using (aq) subscripts.

32. What gas is formed? How can you tell when all of the copper in copper (II) sulfate solution is reduced to copper? 33. Heat the solution (gently) for a few minutes on a hot plate when the gas evolution has become very slow. 34. Remove beaker from hot plate to cool. 35. Add 5mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (when cool); stir for 2-3 minutes. 36. Record observations. 37. Write balance equation for reaction. 38. [Gas may be liberated] Return to lab bench when gas evolution has stopped and decant solution. 39. Transfer precipitate to a pre-weighed porcelain evaporating dish. 40. Wash precipitate copper with 5mL of distilled water; allow it to settle. 41. Decant solution and repeat process. 42. What chemicals are you removing by washing with water? [CATION: keep acetone away from flames; avoid breathing vapors and work in the hood] 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. Wash precipitate with approx. 5mL of acetone; allow it to settle. Decant acetone; repeat washing process. Place used acetone in the Used Acetone container. Heat evaporating dish on top of hot plate for 5-10 minutes. [CAUTION: dont overheat product] Remove product from heat as soon as it has dried (remove immediately if it the color changes). (if product has a cake-like appearance break it with a stirring rod and repeat acetone washing step). Why? Describe appearance of copper product. What color is the sample? Is it uniform in appearance? Have your instructor look at your product before proceeding. Wipe bottom of evaporating dish. Remove boiling stones. Place boiling stones in waste basket; DO NOT THROW STONES IN SINK. Obtain mass of the evaporating dish and copper when evaporating dish is clean, dry and at room temp. (Never weigh hot or warm objects on the electric balance) Calculate mass of the copper by subtracting the original mass of the evaporating dish. Transfer the copper to a pre-weighed piece of weighing paper if evaporating dish contains moisture inside; weigh when copper is dry. Place copper to be discarded in container labeled Waste Cu. Calculate the percent yield; if yield 90% state definite sources of loss of mass and possible sources of error in experiment. If 100% something is not right (consult instructor).