Campus QoS Design

Campus QoS Design
BRKRST-2500
Agenda Business and Technical Drivers for QoS Design Update Components of QoS Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X AutoQoS Catalyst 4500/4900 and 6500/6500-E QoS Design (Hidden)
Campus QoS Design
WAN and Branch QoS Design

BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Architectural Framework
Align with Business Drivers
QoS Lives Here

Why Campus QoS Designs Is Important Business and Technical Drivers

New Applications and Business Requirements
Explosion of Video Apps Impact of HD Blurring of Voice/Video/Data application boundaries
New Standards and RFCs

RFC 4594, FCoE
New Platforms and Technologies

New Switches, Supervisors, Linecards, features, syntax
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html#wp60730
New Business Requirements

Internet video is now over one-third of all consumer Internet traffic, and will approach 40 percent of consumer Internet traffic by the end of 2010 (not including video exchanged through P2P file sharing). The sum of all forms of video (TV, video on demand, Internet, and P2P) will continue to exceed 91% of global consumer traffic by 2014.
Cisco Visual Networking Index Findings
Internet video alone will account for 57% of all consumer Internet traffic in 2014.
Real-time video is growing in importance. By 2014, Internet TV will be over 8% of consumer Internet traffic, and ambient video will be an additional 5% of consumer Internet traffic. Globally, P2P TV is now over 280 petabytes per month.
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html
New Application Requirements

The Impact of HD on the Network
5 4 Mbps 3 Min 2 1 0 (H.323) DVD (H.264) 720p (H.264) 1080p Max
User demand for HD video has a major impact on the network

(H.264) 720p HD video requires twice as much bandwidth as (H.263) DVD
(H.264) 1080p HD video requires twice as much bandwidth as (H.264) 720p
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New Application Requirements

Trends in Voice, Video and Data Media Applications
Data Convergence Media Explosion
Internet Streaming Internet VoIP Unmanaged YouTube MySpace Other IP Video Conf Surveillance Video Video Telephony HD Video Conf VoD Streaming
Collaborative Media
Ad-Hoc App TelePresence
Video
IP Video Conf
Voice Web Email Messaging
IP Telephony
Voice
IP Telephony HD Audio Softphone Other VoIP

App Sharing Web/Internet Messaging Email
WebEx
Data Apps
App Sharing Web/Internet Messaging Email
Data Apps
Connectivity
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Leveraging 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Investment
Co-Existence
Cisco Public
Experience Assurance
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Borderless Medianet Architecture

for Video & Collaboration New SRND 4.0 Deliver the network optimised for video anytime, anywhere, any device
webex
Cisco Video & Voice Applications
Middleware/API Management Policy SIP, ICE/STUN
SAF/XMPP/Bonjour
RTCP/SNMP/FNF RSVP/QoS
IGMPv3
802.1x CDP, LLDP-MED
Media Services Interface (MSI) APIs

Enable Rich Media Solutions Media Aware Routing
Multicast
NetFlow RSVP
Optimise User Experience Media Monitoring
SAF
Resource Control
PfR
IPSLA QoS
Media Optimisation
Media Services Interface (resides at the video endpoint):

API
Middleware Host Stacks / Protocols
Seamless Security
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Evolving Business Requirements

Business Requirements Will Evolve and Expand over Time
4-Class Model 8-Class Model Voice Interactive Video 12-Class Model Voice Realtime Interactive Multimedia Conferencing Broadcast Video Multimedia Streaming Call Signaling Network Control Network Management Transactional Data Bulk Data Best Effort Scavenger
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Realtime
Streaming Video
Signaling / Control Call Signaling Network Control
Critical Data
Critical Data
Best Effort
Best Effort
Scavenger
Cisco Public
Time http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html#wp61135
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Compatible Four-Class and Eleven-Class Queuing Models Following Realtime, Best Effort, and Scavenger
Queuing Rules
Scavenger 1%
Bulk 4% Streaming-Video
Scavenger/ Bulk 5%
Best Effort 25%
Recommended Guidelines:
Best Effort 25% Real-Time 33%
Voice 18%
Best Effort (BE) Class - 25% minimum

Priority Queue (PQ) given maximum of 33% for all LLQs Scavenger - minimal bw allocation ~ 5% (RFC 3662) Less than best effort during congestion
Critical Data NW Management
Transactional Data
Mission-Critical Data Call-Signalling
Interactive Video 15%
Congestion Avoidance should be enabled on select TCP flows (eg WRED, DBL)
InternetworkControl Cisco Public
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Campus QoS Design

Agenda Business and Technical Drivers for QoS Design Update
Components of QoS Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X AutoQoS WAN and Branch QoS Design
BRKRST-2500
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
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Components of QoS
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Components of QoS - Classification

R B Policer R Strict priority queue Tail Drop Weighted queue
Scheduler
R
B
Link FIFO
Classifier
B Policer
Link
WRED Weighted queue RED
Shaper
Admission Control - Local, Measurement and Resource Based (CAC and RSVP). Classification and Marking - CoS, DSCP, Port Num, Packet Len, Protocol, VLAN etc Policing - Pre Queuing includes Marking, Policing, Dropping (Tail Drop and WRED)
Queuing and Scheduling Priority, Queue Length (Buffers)

Shaping generally outbound, also sharing. Post Queuing Fragmenting, Interleaving, Compression
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QoS Components - Classification

Layer 2- Ethernet 802.1Q Class of Service
Pream. SFD DA SA Type
TAG 4 Bytes
PT
Data 802.1Q/p Header
FCS
Ethernet Frame
Three Bits Used for CoS (802.1p User Priority) PRI
CFI
VLAN ID
Layer 3- IP Precedence and DiffServ Code Points

Version Length ToS Byte
Len
ID
Offset
TTL
Proto
FCS
IP SA
IP DA
Data
IPv4 Packet
7 6 5 4 3 2 IP Precedence Unused DiffServ Code Point (DSCP)
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Standard IPv4 DiffServ Extensions - WRED

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IP ECN
Cisco Public
DSCP is backward-compatible with IP precedence

Standards and RFCs

Cisco Medianet DiffServ QoS Recommendations (RFC 4594-Based)
Application
Class VoIP Telephony Broadcast Video Realtime Interactive Multimedia Conferencing Multimedia Streaming Network Control
Per-Hop
Behavior EF CS5 CS4 AF4 AF3 CS6
Admission
Control Required Required Required Required Recommended
Queuing &
Dropping Priority Queue (PQ) (Optional) PQ (Optional) PQ BW Queue + DSCP WRED BW Queue + DSCP WRED BW Queue
Application
Examples Cisco IP Phones (G.711, G.729) Cisco IP Video Surveillance / Cisco Enterprise TV Cisco TelePresence Cisco Unified Personal Communicator, WebEx Cisco Digital Media System (VoDs) EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, HSRP, IKE
Call-Signaling
Ops / Admin / Mgmt (OAM)
CS3
CS2
BW Queue
BW Queue
SCCP, SIP, H.323

SNMP, SSH, Syslog
Transactional Data
Bulk Data Best Effort Scavenger
AF2
AF1 DF CS1
BW Queue + DSCP WRED

BW Queue + DSCP WRED Default Queue + RED Min BW Queue (Deferential)
ERP Apps, CRM Apps, Database Apps

E-mail, FTP, Backup Apps, Content Distribution Default Class YouTube, iTunes, BitTorent, Xbox Live
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html#wp61104
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QoS Components - Marking

Marking (a.k.a. colouring) is the process of setting the value of the DS field so that the traffic can easily be identified later, i.e. using simple classification techniques.
Marking occurs at L3 or L2 e.g. 802.1P user priority field
Traffic marking can be applied unconditionally, e.g. mark the DSCP to 34 for all traffic received on a particular interface, or as a conditional result of a policer Conditional marking can be used to designate in- and out-of-contract traffic:
Conform action is mark one way Exceed action is mark another way
Single rate policer has 2 states conform or exceed.

BRKRST-2500
Dual Rate Policer has 3 states conform, exceed and violate

2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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QoS Components - Buffers and Queues

FIFO Queue Arrival Rate Servicing Rate Head Tail
Congestion can occur whenever there are speed mismatches (oversubscription) When routers receive more packets than they can immediately forward, they momentarily store the packets in buffers (full buffers = packets dropped)
Difference between buffers and queues

Buffers are physical memory locations where packets are temporarily stored whilst waiting to be transmitted
Queues do not actually contain packets but consist of an ordered set of pointers to locations in buffer memory where packets in that particular queue are stored
Buffer memory generally shared across different queues (so more Qs is not necessarily better)
Routers generally use IOS-based software queuing BRKRST-2500 switches generally use hardware queuing Catalyst 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Campus QoS Considerations

Allocating Buffer Capacity
Each port has a finite amount of memory that is specifically reserved for buffering traffic during times of contention. Although the total amount of buffer capacity for egress traffic may be fixed for a given port, how that memory is distributed amongst the queues is configurable.
SP Queue Real Time Traffic Queue 3 Queue 2

Transactional TCPbased applications with specific strict latency requirements.
Control Traffic Critical Data
B/W SP Queue B/W Queue 3
B/W Queue 2
Low Priority/ BE
B/W Queue 1
Large buffer allocation for BE traffic (queue 1), with minimal bandwidth weighting (more latency)
Small buffer allocation for critical data (queue 2), with heavier bandwidth weighting
Queue 1
Mixed TCP and UDP applications with no real latency requirements.
BRKRST-2500
***Allocating more memory to a given queue can increase packet latency, which could impact application performance. 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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QoS Components - Dropping

Queues cannot grow to an infinite length as buffer memory space is not infinite
Dropping algorithms are used to drop packets as queue depths build, how we drop is important.
Two main type of dropping algorithm are used today: Tail drop normally the default behaviour (Thresholds) Normally applied to VoIP/Video (UDP) traffic
If applied to TCP traffic, can cause Global Synchronisation

Random Early Discard designed to improve throughput for TCP based applications
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Dropping- Congestion Avoidance Algorithms

TAIL DROP WRED
3
3 1
Queue
0 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 3 2 1 3
Queueing algorithms manage0 front of the queue ( Which packets get sent first ) the 3 Congestion avoidance algorithms manage the tail of the queue (Which packets get 0 dropped first when queuing buffers fill) 3 Variants based on Tail Drop and RED (Random Early Discard) based on weight Weighted Tail-drop and Weighted RED WRED - Drops packets according to their DSCP markings WRED works best with TCP-based applications, like data
Congestion Avoidance helps prevent Global Sync

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TCP Global Synchronisation and RED

Tail Drop RED
[Courtesy of Sean Doran, then at Ebone] Without RED, below 100% throughput
Simple FIFO with tail drop Tail drop results in session synchronisation RED enabled starting 10:00 second day, ~100% throughput
With RED - Session synchronisation reduced

RED distributes drops over various sessions to desynchronise TCP sessions improving average 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. TCP session goodput BRKRST-2500 Cisco Public
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Queuing and Scheduling

Strict priority queue
Scheduler
N Weighted queues
Link
Schedulers determine which queue to service next - Different schedulers service queues in different orders
Queued packets
Most common types of schedulers FIFO is the most basic queuing type and is default when no QoS is enabled Priority scheduling the queue is serviced if a packet is present Weighted bandwidth scheduling Weighted Round Robin (WRR), simple, each queue is weighted e.g. Custom Qing
Weighted Fair2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Queuing e.g. (FB)WFQ, CBWFQ, LLQ (a.k.a. PQ-CBWFQ) BRKRST-2500 Cisco Public
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Virtual Output Queues

HOL Blocking
Problem: Cars going to Pub are forced to wait for congested stadium traffic to clear.
Footy
Beer/Chips/Beer
Pub
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Virtual Output Queues (Cont.)

Solution: Add another lane dedicated to Pub customers!
Footy
Beer/Chips/Beer
Pub
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Policing vs. Shaping

Traffic Policing Traffic
Policing typically drops out-ofcontract traffic
Policed Rate
Effectively policing acts to cut the peaks off bursty traffic

Shaping typically delays out of contract traffic Shaping acts to smooth the traffic profile by delaying the peaks
Resulting packet stream is smoothed and net throughput for TCP traffic is higher with shaping
Shaping delay may have an impact on some services such as VoIP and video
Time Traffic Shaping Traffic
Time Shaped Rate
Time
Time
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Shapers can be applied in a number of ways, e.g. :

To enforce a maximum rate across all traffic on a physical or logical interface
R
B
Shaping
Link
Shaper
To enforce a maximum rate across a number of traffic classes
Scheduler
R
B
Link
Shaper
To enforce a maximum rate to an individual traffic class Hierarchical QoS

R
B
Shaper
Scheduler
Link
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Link-Specific Operations- Compression and Link-Fragmentation / Interleaving

Serialisation Can Cause Excessive Delay
Voice
Data Data Data Data Voice Data
Fragmentation and Interleaving minimises Serialisation Delay Serialisation delay is the finite amount of time required to put frames on a wire For links 768 kbps serialisation delay is a major factor affecting latency and jitter For such slow links, large data packets need to be fragmented and interleaved with smaller, more urgent voice packets
Compression can reduce L3 VoIP BW by: 20% with G.711 and 60% with G.729 Public BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco
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Signalling and CAC - MediaNet Resource Reservation Needs Protocol (RSVP) This App
Protect Voice from Voice etc 3 Types Gway, Probes (IPSLA) and RSVP. RSVP QoS services
Topology Aware CAC Uses existing Routing Protocols Dynamically adjusts to link and topology changes
16K BW and 100 msec Delay
Handset
Multimedia Station
I Need 16K BW and 100 msec Delay
Reserve 16K BW on this Line
RSVP provides the policy to WFQ and LLQ to maintain Voice quality
Handset
Multimedia Server
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Agenda Business and Technical Drivers for QoS Design Update Components of QoS Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X AutoQoS WAN and Branch QoS Design
Campus QoS Design
BRKRST-2500
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Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models
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Campus Network Design

Infrastructure Services Required of the Campus Video-conferencing TelePresence
High Availability - Implement strategy for sub-second failover - Implement HA architecture with NSF/SSO, VSS, VPC etc. Live Latency and Bandwidth Optimisation Broadcasts - GigE access & VOD - 10GigE distribution/core - Implement IP multicast and/or stream splitting services Confidentiality Digital - Authentication of endpoints and users (e.g. 802.1x) Signage -Comply to security policies with data protection strategies, -such as encryption (e.g. Cisco TrustSec)
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Surveillance
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Campus Network Design

Infrastructure Services Required of the Campus Video-conferencing TelePresence -Network Virtualisation
-Implement VRF-Lite (or other) Path Isolation for sensitive -video application segregation
Live Broadcasts & VOD
Si Si
Real-Time Application Delivery

- Implement granular QoS service policies to manage application service levels - Access layer protection, ensures endpoints are fair consumers
Si
Si
Digital Signage
Si Si
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Surveillance
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Campus QoS Design

Strategic QoS Design Principles Always perform QoS in hardware rather than software when a choice exists (eg in Switches) Classify and mark applications as close to their sources as technically and administratively feasible Police unwanted traffic flows as close to their sources as possible (waste of resource) Enable queuing policies at every node where the potential for congestion exists (control Loss!)
Have a QoS Policy Defined for your business

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1098008
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Campus QoS Design

QoS Design Considerations Where is QoS Applied Internal DSCP Trust States and Operations Trust Boundaries Endpoint-Generated Traffic Classes AutoQoS
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Campus QoS Considerations

Where Is QoS Required Within the Campus?
FastEthernet GigabitEthernet TenGigabitEthernet No Trust + Policing + Queuing
Trust DSCP + Queuing

Conditional Trust + Policing + Queuing Per-User Microflow Policing Cisco Catalyst Switches
WAN Aggregator
Server Farms
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IP Phones + PCs
IP Phones + PCs
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Consider where Trust Boundries might be extended to.

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Trust Boundaries
Conditionally Trusted Endpoints Example: IP Phone + PC [mls] qos trust device cisco-phone Secure Endpoint Example: Software-protected PC With centrally-administered QoS markings [mls] qos trust dscp Unsecure Endpoint no [mls] qos trust
Trust Boundary
Campus QoS Design Considerations

Access-Edge Switches
Trust Boundary
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Internal DSCP Derivation by Trust Options
CoS = 5 DSCP = 46 CoS = 5 DSCP = 46
Untrusted
no [mls] qos trust
Internal DSCP = 0
CoS-to-DSCP Mapping Table
CoS = 0 DSCP = 0
Trust CoS
[mls] qos trust cos
CoS 0 0 CoS 4 32 CoS 1 8 CoS 5 40 CoS 2 16 CoS 6 48 CoS 3 24 CoS 7 56 [mls] qos map cos-dscp 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56
Internal DSCP = 40
CoS = 5 DSCP = 46
Trust DSCP
[mls] qos trust dscp
CoS = 5 DSCP = 40 CoS = 5 DSCP = 46
Internal DSCP = 46
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Campus Endpoint-Generated Traffic Classes
Application Class PHB Application Examples Present at Campus Access-Edge (Ingress)? Trusted Endpoint? Untrusted Endpoint? Network Control VoIP Broadcast Video Realtime Interactive Multimedia Conferencing Multimedia Streaming Signaling Transactional Data OAM Bulk Data Best Effort Scavenger CS4 AF4 AF3 CS3 AF2 CS2 AF1 DF CS1 CS6 EF EIGRP, OSPF, HSRP, IKE Cisco IP Phones Cisco IPVS, Enterprise TV Cisco TelePresence Cisco CUPC, WebEx Cisco DMS. IP/TV SCCP, SIP, H.323 ERP Apps, CRM Apps SNMP, SSH, Syslog Email, FTP, Backups Default Class YouTube, Gaming, P2P Yes Yes Yes Untrusted Untrusted Untrusted Yes Yes Trusted Untrusted Untrusted Yes Yes Trusted Untrusted Yes Trusted
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Campus QoS Design

QoS Deployment Steps and Options
Must Globally Enable QoS
On all Catalyst switch platforms (except the 4500 Sup6-E)
Apply Ingress QoS Model

Trust / Classification & Marking / Policing / (Ingress Queuing)
Define and Apply Egress QoS Model

Egress Queuing / Congestion-Avoidance
Define and Apply Control Plane Policing

Enable QoS Apply Ingress QoS Model Apply Egress QoS Model
Enable Control Plane Policing (if supported)

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Campus Ingress QoS Models

No Trust (Untrusted) Trust CoS Trust DSCP Ingress Queuing Policies (if required and supported)
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Trust Device / Conditional Trust Marking Policies

VoIP Classifier Signalling Classifier Multimedia Conf Classifier Signalling Classifier Transactional Data Classifier Mark EF Mark CS3
(Optional) Policing Policies VVLAN

VoIP Policer (<128 kbps) Signalling Policer (<32 kbps)
Yes No Yes No
Drop Drop
Mark AF41 Mark CS3 Mark AF21
MM-Conf Policer (<5 Mbps)
Yes No
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Drop Drop Remark to CS1 Remark to CS1 Drop Remark to CS1
DVLAN
Signalling Policer (<32 kbps) Trans-Data Policer (<10 Mbps)
Bulk Data Classifier

Scavenger Classifier Best Effort (Class-Default)
BRKRST-2500
Mark AF11
Mark CS1 Mark DF
Bulk Data Policer (<10 Mbps)

Scavenger Policer (<10 Mbps) Best Effort Policer (<10 Mbps)
Cisco Public
Campus Egress QoS Models

Queuing and Dropping and Buffer-Sizing Recommendations
Catalyst Queuing is done in hardware and varies by platform/linecard and is expressed as: 1PxQyT
Example: 1P3Q8T means: 1 PQ 3 non-priority queues, each with 8 drop-thresholds per queue
Minimum queuing capabilities for medianet is 1P3QyT Realtime (PQ) should be less than 33% of link Best-Effort Queue should be guaranteed at 25% of link Scavenger/Bulk queue should be minimally provisioned WRED is preferred congestion-avoidance mechanism Buffers for BE and Guaranteed BW queues can be directly proportional to BW allocation
Example: 25% BW for BE Queue can be matched with 25% Buffer Allocation
Best Effort 25%
Realtime 33%
Scavenger/Bulk 5%
Guaranteed BW
Buffers for PQ and Scavenger/Bulk Queue can be indirectly proportional to BW allocation

Examples: 30% BW for PQ can be complemented with 15% Buffer Allocation 5% BW for Scavenger/Bulk queue can be complemented with 10%+ Buffer Allocation
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Campus QoS Design

Agenda Business and Technical Drivers for QoS Design Update Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design Catalyst 4500/4900 & 4500-E/4900M QoS Design (In Deck) Catalyst 6500/6500-E QoS Design (In Deck)
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Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design
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Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design - QoS Architecture Egress Stack

Policer Policer Traffic Classify Policer Policer Marker Marker Ingress Queue/ Schedule Marking Congestion Control Two queues/port Act on policer ASIC shared decision servicing Reclass or drop One queue is out-of-profile configurable for strict priority servicing WTD for congestion control (three thresholds per queue) SRR is performed Marker Marker
Ingress Queues
SRR
Ring
Queues
SRR
Ingress
Classification Inspect incoming packets Based on ACLs or configuration, determine classification label
Egress
Egress Queue/ Schedule Congestion Control Four SRR queues/port shared or shaped servicing One queue is configurable for strict priority servicing WTD for congestion control (three thresholds per queue) Egress queue shaping Egress port rate limiting
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Policing Ensure conformance to a specified rate On an aggregate or individual flow basis Up to 256 policers per Port ASIC Support for rate and burst
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1098508 BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design -Platform-Specific Considerations
Traffic is classified on ingress, based on trust-states, access-lists, or class-maps. Because the total inbound bandwidth of all ports can exceed the bandwidth of the stack or internal ring, ingress queues are supported
The Catalyst 2960 and 2975 can police to a minimum rate of 1 Mbps; all other platforms within this switch product family can police to a minimum rate of 8 kbps.
The Catalyst 3560 and 3750 support multilayer switching and as such correspondingly support per-VLAN or per-port/per-VLAN policies. The Catalyst 3560 and 3750 support IPv6 QoS. The Catalyst 3560 and 3750 support policing on 10 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces. The Catalyst 2960/2975/3650/3750 support Shaped Round Robin (BW limits), Shared Round Robin (shares unused BW), as well as strict priority queue scheduling The Catalyst 2011 Cisco and/or itsand 3750-E/X support SRR shaping weights on 10 GE ints 3560-E/X affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKRST-2500 Cisco Public
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1. Traffic classification
class-map
Modular QoS and the Hierarchical Queuing Framework (HQF) class-map match-any VOIP
identify traffic and assign to classes match ip dscp 40 match access-group 100 class-map match-any BUS match access-group 101 class-map match-all CTRL match access-group 103 match access-group 104 ! policy-map DIFFSERV_POLICY class VOIP priority police 64000 class BUS bandwidth remaining percent 90 ! interface Serial0 ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 service-policy output DIFFSERV_POLICY
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2. Define the Diffserv policy

policy-map Assign classes to a policy
Define the Diffserv treatment for each class
3. Attach the Diffserv policy to a logical/physical interface

service-policy
The point of application of a QOS policy
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Hierarchical Queuing Framework Structure

policy-map CHILD class child-c1 Apply class-based queuing to any bandwidth 400 traffic class at the parent or child level class child-c2 bandwidth 400 Allows for different service levels policy-map PARENT class parent-c1 Traffic in class parent-c2 will have bandwidth 1000 more scheduling time than parent-c1 service-policy CHILD Fair-Queue can be applied to a user class parent-c2 defined class bandwidth 2000 service-policy CHILD
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QoS Models
Trust Models
Trust-CoS Model Trust-DSCP Model Conditional-Trust Model
Marking Models (Included in Deck)

Per-Port Marking Model Per-VLAN Marking Model
Policing Models (Included in Deck)

Per-Port Policing Model Per-Port/Per-VLAN Policing Model
Queuing Models
Ingress Queuing 1P1Q3T Model
Egress Queuing 1P3Q3T Model
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Enabling QoS and Trust Model Examples
Enabling QoS:
C3750-E(config)#mls qos (I must, I must enable QoS!)
Trust-CoS Model Example:
Verified with:
show mls qos
C3750-E(config)#mls qos map cos-dscp 0 8 16 24 32 46 48 56 ! CoS 5 (the sixth CoS value, starting from 0) is mapped to 46 C3750-E(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 C3750-E(config-if)#mls qos trust cos ! The interface is set to statically trust CoS
Trust-DSCP Model Example:

C3750-E(config-if)#mls qos trust dscp
Conditional-Trust Model Example (can be combined with Trust-CoS/DSCP):

C3750-E(config-if)#mls qos trust device cisco-phone
Verified with:
show mls qos interface show mls qos map cos-dscp
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1P1Q3T Ingress Queuing Model
Application Network Control Internetwork Control VoIP Broadcast Video Multimedia Conferencing Realtime Interactive Multimedia Streaming Signaling Transactional Data Network Management Bulk Data Scavenger Best Effort
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DSCP (CS7) CS6 EF CS5 AF4 CS4 AF3 CS3 AF2 CS2 AF1 CS1 DF
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1P1Q3T EF Q2 CS5 CS4 Priority Queue CS7 CS6 CS6 CS3 Queue 1 Non-Priority AF2 Default Queue CS2 AF1 CS1 AF4 AF3
Q1T3 Q1T2 Q1T1
DF
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1P1Q3T Ingress Queuing Model Example Part 1 of 3
! This section configures the ingress queues C3750-E(config)#mls qos srr-queue input priority-queue 2 bandwidth 30 ! Q2 is enabled as a strict-priority ingress queue with 30% BW C3750-E(config)#mls qos srr-queue input threshold 1 80 90 ! Q1 thresholds are configured at 80% (Q1T1) and 90% (Q1T2) ! Q1T3 is implicitly set at 100% (the tail of the queue) ! Q2 thresholds are all set (by default) to 100% (the tail of Q2)
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1P3Q3T Egress Queuing Model
Application Network Control Internetwork Control VoIP Broadcast Video Multimedia Conferencing Realtime Interactive Multimedia Streaming Signaling Transactional Data Network Management Bulk Data Scavenger Best Effort
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DSCP (CS7) CS6 EF CS5 AF4 CS4 AF3 CS3 AF2 CS2 AF1 CS1 DF
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1P3Q3T CS1 Queue 4 Q4T2 Q4T1 AF1 (5%) Default Queue DF Queue 3 (35%) CS7 CS6
Q2T3
CS3
AF4 AF3 AF2 CS2
Queue 2 (30%)
Q2T2
Q2T1
EF Q1 CS5 CS4 Priority Queue

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Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X AutoQoS
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Simplifies the deployment of QoS Policies Uses a set of Standard configurations that can be modified Currently all switch platforms support AutoQoS-VoIP
Best practice QoS designs for IP Telephony deployments
AutoQoS
Catalyst 2K/3K now supports AutoQoS for Medianet

AutoQoS SRND4
Supports not only IP Phones, but also TelePresence & IPVS cameras
Autoprovisions ingress trust, classification, marking & policing Autoprovisions ingress queuing (as applicable) Autoprovisions egress queuing
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Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X/S QoS Design - AutoQoS for Medianet

QoS auto-configuration for 12 application classes
RFC 4594-based
Ingress trust (static or conditional)

Includes policers for best effort to prevent misuse
Ingress & Egress Buffer & Threshold configuration

Includes modifications from existing AutoQoS-VoIP to new
Ingress & Egress CoS- & DSCP-to-Queue Mappings

Includes modifications from existing AutoQoS-VoIP to new
Feature will include a method to retain legacy Auto-QoS (AutoQoS-VoIP) configuration

An upgrade will not force a configuration change
Released in 12.2(55)SE (2010)

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Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design - AutoQoS SRND4 Models

1P1Q3T Ingress Queuing Policies auto qos trust { cos | dscp } auto qos video [ cts | ip-camera ] auto qos classify
Multimedia Conferencing Classifier Signaling Classifier Transactional Data Classifier Bulk Data Classifier Scavenger Classifier Best Effort (Class-Default) Mark AF41
auto qos classify { police } Yes

MM-Conf Policer (<5 Mbps)
No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Drop Drop Remark to CS1 Remark to CS1 Drop Remark to CS1
Mark CS3
Mark AF21 Mark AF11 Mark CS1 Mark DF
Signaling Policer (<32 kbps)

Trans-Data Policer (<10 Mbps) Bulk Data Policer (<10 Mbps) Scavenger Policer (<10 Mbps) Best Effort Policer (<10 Mbps)
1P3Q3T Egress Queuing Policies

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auto qos voip [ cisco-phone | cisco-softphone | trust ]

AutoQoS SRND4 auto qos trust { cos | dscp }
Layer 2 Switch Port Example:
C3750-E(config-if)#auto qos trust
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1 description L2-ACCESS-PORT switchport access vlan 10 switchport voice vlan 110 mls qos trust cos ! AutoQoS has configured the port to static CoS-trust auto qos trust spanning-tree portfast
Layer 3 Routed Interface Example:

C3750-E(config-if)#auto qos trust interface GigabitEthernet1/0/48 description L3-ROUTED-INTERFACE no switchport ip address 10.0.1.103 255.255.255.0 mls qos trust dscp ! AutoQoS has configured the port to static DSCP-trust auto qos trust
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AutoQoS SRND4 auto qos voip cisco-phone
C3750-X(config-if)#auto qos voip cisco-phone Class-maps omitted for brevity ! This section defines the AutoQoS-VoIP-Cisco-Phone (SRND4) Policy-Map policy-map AUTOQOS-SRND4-CISCOPHONE-POLICY class AUTOQOS_VOIP_DATA_CLASS set dscp ef police 128000 8000 exceed-action policed-dscp-transmit ! Voice is marked to DSCP EF and policed (to remark) if exceeding 128 kbps class AUTOQOS_VOIP_SIGNAL_CLASS set dscp cs3 police 32000 8000 exceed-action policed-dscp-transmit ! Signaling is marked to DSCP CS3 and policed (to remark) if exceeding 32 kbps class AUTOQOS_DEFAULT_CLASS set dscp default police 10000000 8000 exceed-action policed-dscp-transmit ! An explicit default class marks all other IP traffic to DF ! and polices all other IP traffic to remark (to CS1) at 10 Mbps !
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Additional AutoQoS Links

AutoQoS 1P1Q3T Ingress Queuing Policies
AutoQoS Egress 1P3Q3T Queuing Policies

AutoQoS on EtherChannel
Removing AutoQoS
AutoQoS At-A-Glance
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Video/autoqosmediacampus.pdf
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Brief Comment on DC QoS
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Data Centre Ethernet QoS (OverSubsription)

FCoE RFC 3643
Feature
Priority-based Flow Control (PFC) CoS Based BW Management
Congestion Notification (BCN/QCN) Data Centre Bridging Capability Exchange Protocol L2 Multi-path for Unicast & Multicast Lossless Service
Benefit
Provides CoS flow control using Pause. Supports lossless requirement for storage traffic with 8 independent V Lanes Grouping classes of traffic into Service Lanes IEEE 802.1Qaz, CoS based Enhanced Transmission
End to End Congestion Management for L2 network Auto-negotiation for Enhanced Ethernet capabilities DCBX
Eliminate Spanning Tree for L2 topologies Utilise full Bi-Sectional bandwidth with ECMP
Provides ability to transport various traffic types (e.g. Storage, RDMA)

Cisco Public
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Cisco Nexus 1000V Quality of Service

(See DC Specific Sessions)
Nexus 1000V provides traffic classification, marking and policing
Police traffic to/from VMs Mark traffic leaving the ESX host
Can be configured multiple ways

Individual Eths or vEths Port-Channels Port Profiles
Policies can be applied on input or output
Statistics per policy (input/output) per interface

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Nexus 5K/7K - QoS Feature Sets

(See DC Specific Sessions)
Applied at ingress forwarding engine (egress pipe) Applied at egress port ASIC
Egress Classification
Marking CoS IP Prec IP DSCP
Egress Policing 1-rate 2-colour and 2-rate 3-colour aggregate policing Shared policers Colour-aware aggregate policing Policing actions:
Transmit Drop Change CoS/IPPrec/DSCP Markdown
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Egress Mutation CoS mutation IP Prec mutation IP DSCP mutation
Output Queuing & Scheduling

COS-to-queue mapping Bandwidth allocation Buffer allocation Congestion avoidance (WRED & tail drop) Priority queuing SRR (no PQ)
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Class-map matching criteria:

ACL-based (L2 SA/DA, IP SA/DA, Protocol, L4 port range, L4 protocol specific field) CoS IP Precedence DSCP Protocols (non-IP) QoS Group Discard Class
1. 7K Egress only shown
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WAN and Branch QoS Design
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Cisco Medianet WAN/VPN QoS Design

WAN/VPN Services Block WAN Aggregation Routers Private WAN MPLS VPN
Metro Ethernet IPSec VPN
Switch Port to Switch Port or Router Interface:

Trust-DSCP
1P3QyT or 1P7QyT Queuing
Router Interface to Switch Port :
No Trust (IOS Default) (Optional) LLQ/CBWFQ policies (only if potential for congestion exists in WAN-to-LAN direction)
WAN/VPN Edge Router Interface:

No Trust (IOS default)
LLQ/CBWFQ policies Additional VPN-specific QoS policies (as required)
RSVP-Enabled WAN/VPN Edge Router Interface + RSVP policies + (Optional) Application ID RSVP policies
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Scheduling Tools
LLQ/CBWFQ Subsystems
Ingress
Egress
Low Latency Queueing

Police VoIP IP/VC Signalling Critical Bulk Mgmt Default PQ
Link Fragmentation and Interleave

Interleave Fragment TX Ring
Packets In
FQ
Packets Out
CBWFQ
Layer 3 Queueing Subsystem

Layer 2 Queueing Subsystem

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Enterprise WAN QoS Design - Implementation

Dual-LLQ Design and Operation
policy-map WAN-EDGE class VOIP priority 1000 class TelePresence priority 15000 class CALL-SIGNALING bandwidth x class TRANSACTIONAL bandwidth y class BULK-DATA bandwidth z class class-default fair-queue
All LLQ traffic is serviced by a single strict-priority queue. This PQ is serviced on a First-In-First-Out basis VOIP and TelePresence receive an EF PHB, but VIDEO cannot interfere with VOIP. Total 16Mbps PQ shared by VoIP and TelePresence FIFO entrance into the queue
1Mbps VOIP Policer 15Mbps TP Policer
Packets IN
TX Ring
Call-Signalling CBWFQ Transactional CBWFQ Bulk Data CBWFQ Default Queue
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CBWFQ Scheduler
Packets OUT
FQ
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Cisco Medianet WAN & Branch Design

WAN Edge Models Are Not Restricted By Hardware Queues
4-Class Model 8-Class Model Voice Interactive Video 12-Class Model Voice Realtime Interactive Multimedia Conferencing Broadcast Video Multimedia Streaming Call Signaling Network Control Network Management Transactional Data Bulk Data Best Effort Scavenger
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Realtime
Streaming Video
Signaling / Control Call Signaling Network Control
Critical Data
Critical Data
Best Effort
Best Effort
Scavenger
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Cisco Medianet WAN & Branch Design

RFC 4594-Based WAN Edge Models
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References and Key Takeaways
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Resources
Cisco Visual Networking Index http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution. html Overview of a Medianet Architecture http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Video/vrn.html Enterprise Medianet Quality of Service Design 4.0 http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_ SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html
Medianet Campus QoS Design 4.0 http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise /WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html

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Resources
AutoQoS for Medianet Campus Networks At-A-Glance
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Video/autoqosmediacampus.pdf
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Key Takeaways for this Presentation

QoS is necessary where ever there is the possibility of congestion Explosion of video and rich-media applications are requiring a re-engineering of network QoS policies Cisco has a RFC 4595-based end-to-end QoS strategy for medianet
The Campus QoS SRND presents a unified and consistent set of recommendations across platforms
AutoQoS for Medianet is already available on the 2K/3K to simplify and expedite QoS deployment
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Q&A
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Complete Your Online Session Evaluation

Complete your session evaluation:
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Campus QoS Design

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Campus QoS Design

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Campus QoS Design

Campus QoS Design

WAN and Branch QoS Design

QoS Lives Here

Why Campus QoS Designs Is Important Business and Technical Drivers

New Standards and RFCs

New Platforms and Technologies

New Business Requirements

Cisco Visual Networking Index Findings

New Application Requirements

User demand for HD video has a major impact on the network

New Application Requirements

Voice Web Email Messaging

IP Telephony HD Audio Softphone Other VoIP

App Sharing Web/Internet Messaging Email

Borderless Medianet Architecture

Middleware/API Management Policy SIP, ICE/STUN

Media Services Interface (MSI) APIs

Optimise User Experience Media Monitoring

Media Services Interface (resides at the video endpoint):

Evolving Business Requirements

Best Effort 25%

Best Effort 25% Real-Time 33%

Best Effort (BE) Class - 25% minimum

Critical Data NW Management

Interactive Video 15%

InternetworkControl Cisco Public

Campus QoS Design

2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Components of QoS - Classification

WRED Weighted queue RED

Queuing and Scheduling Priority, Queue Length (Buffers)

QoS Components - Classification

Data 802.1Q/p Header

Three Bits Used for CoS (802.1p User Priority) PRI

Layer 3- IP Precedence and DiffServ Code Points

Standard IPv4 DiffServ Extensions - WRED

DSCP is backward-compatible with IP precedence

Standards and RFCs

SCCP, SIP, H.323

BW Queue + DSCP WRED

ERP Apps, CRM Apps, Database Apps

QoS Components - Marking

Single rate policer has 2 states conform or exceed.

Dual Rate Policer has 3 states conform, exceed and violate

QoS Components - Buffers and Queues

Difference between buffers and queues

Campus QoS Considerations

SP Queue Real Time Traffic Queue 3 Queue 2

Control Traffic Critical Data

B/W SP Queue B/W Queue 3

QoS Components - Dropping

If applied to TCP traffic, can cause Global Synchronisation

Dropping- Congestion Avoidance Algorithms

Congestion Avoidance helps prevent Global Sync

TCP Global Synchronisation and RED

With RED - Session synchronisation reduced

Queuing and Scheduling

Virtual Output Queues

Virtual Output Queues (Cont.)

Policing vs. Shaping

Policing typically drops out-ofcontract traffic

Effectively policing acts to cut the peaks off bursty traffic