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INSECT-BORNS AIiTIPEBSONNEL BI'J (U)

i
:

Insect-Borne Antipersonnel Bi{ (U)

r.

rt)

.S)

Puroose.

To furnish broad research and developnent guidance as an aid to the achievenent of an insect-borne antipersoanel Bitl capability for use in suppori of nilitary operations.

be a definite asset to El{ operations provided additional needed infornation conceraing iasect control, casualty effectiveness, environmental conditions, and logistics substantiates this conclusion.

Itr. I,S) qels$iqr The enploynent of '

tu)

insect-vectors

will

(U)n. This report be accepted as long range research and developnent guidance for the achievenent of an operational capability with insect-borne
BWo

IU) C" A logistics plan be forrnulated for insect-borne Bi,i which includes insect and agent production, insect infection, storage, nunition filling, procurenent, shipnent, and dissenination. r
(U) O. That additional support be given to the entomological research and developnent progran in order to achieve an operational capability rvith

of the

insect-borne BW in the shortest possible tirne following tbe deternination degree of nilitary operational feasibility.

Antipersonnel Br{ (u)-'

r. pl
achievenent

,"ror:::"ct-Borne

To furnish broad research and developrcnt guidance as an aid to the

of an insect-borne

antipersonnel Bli capability

for

use

in suppori

of military operations.

rr. (B] scopeo

(Ut)A" This report contains a prelirninary evaluation of possible applications of insect-bcrne antipersonnel Bltl in support of military o.oerations.
Suggested concppts

of

use and enployrent considerations including types

and sizes

and

of targets, general types of desirable agent-yector conrbinations, and delivery systeu needs will be indicated. In
areas

of operations, types

addition, an attenpt is nade to indicate general subject areas, together with specific questions, where knotuledge requirements existo

in this report is to assur!-6 favorable characieristics, such as control, effectiveness, logistics, and cost for the ultit

rr) v'r

B.

The approach taken

nats insect-borne BII systetro Accordingly, the concepts involved will incluie

of types and sizes of targets. It is important to enphasize that the justification for using insect-borne BiV in practice in the
an extensive spectrum

various situations depicted rvill depend upon the factual ultimate character-

istics of this rrI\A. \"

systen"

Advantasesn An insect-borne Bi'I capability

weapon because

is

being considered

for addition to the biological

of the follorving three najor

advantages which have been postulated.

,L) T<aiik,^qr
(U) 3. Diversification of
Bill in terms

of

methods

of

eqployrntr
defensive

agents selectedr ?tld diseases produced, with

all the conconittant

and diagnostic problens inposed upon the enetryo

i B. Technical Feasibility. \"'

rr

Successful development of nass rearing and mass infecting tech-

nique$, together with nass transmission studies with anj.nals and insect

survival tests, have

that insect-borne Bli is technically feasible.I"2'3''l Co Bioloqical Feasibilitv.

shown

TnlP'*{htr.V "'to

ry,r lo,^\t\o

I
5

I t

i I
t
? i

I
t,
I

r t

E. Lesea!q[ and Delrelgprent

concerned

Guidance

Needo and

{f,r.) An urgency presently exists for research \v

development guidance

with insect-borne Bif needs to support nilitary operations.

No

F.

formal insect-borne Biii requirenent exists at the present tiineo

il

f i?le-.i $ U'. tJ i't L'!., ,'i', . ".

rv. t/

rl)
Assunprions.

An Definitions.

D'T

definitio's are acceptable: (U)r. rnsect vector is the arthropod carrier used to transnit agents to the hunan host. (Arthough technicarly incorrect, ,insect,,

That the following

is used synonynously with rtartbropod',.)

to tralrsnit

tu,)

2. J

nicroorganisms which infect and cause

of insect carriers disease or death in nan.

t,he use

B. Control Feasibility. tui That reasonable control lleasures, in terns of tine of persistence and subsequent indication rvithin a target arear and in terns of prevention of for consideration in
the
.

possible spread of disease outside the primary target areat can be exercisecl over insect-borne tslf in order to make it acceptabre
B:ii

systemc C.
ifeaoon

Feasibilitv.

{t\) fi'"t insect-borne Bli r';i11 be an effective rr,eapon in terms L'' of input effort casualty-area coverage return when erployed where applicable to support a military operation.

D.

Environnent Feasibilitv.

will not sufficiently limit the tinre and location of insect-borne Br,l e.nproyment so as to oarre it ulacceptable for use in nilitary operations a najor percentage of the time.
,rL,0 That environxnent

of capability of production, storage, atid transportation with a cost com_ parable to that estin:ated for aerosol

E. Loqistic Feasibilitv. fn"t insect-borne BiI can $f.)

be supported

logistically in

terms

liitt

Ci 11 r::

{.-l i,

f i'.-''"

i'.-'

F.

Utilization

and DeIiverv.

QT That insect-borne ts!{ will be utilized, and will be delivered by Army, Na vYr and Air Force systelns presently available or progranuneti for the
fut ure.

Gn General

Concepts

lUit
valid

That proposed general concepts

where applicable,

vo fc) \5)
?J

and

lv,iil apply,
Generalo

n v to the insect- born e type of Bl1.

of

use

for ant ipersonnel

tslf are

Discussion

A.
f f t)I
\L/\

I. This discussion will be concerned with needs for producing an operational capability utilizing insect-borne Blfr and not a discussion of
the characteristics of tbe systemr or with postulations of what could
done
be

technologically. Consequently, in order to indicate yrhere and horv this

assuroe

systen can fiest be utilizedt it is necessary to

that

knol'lledge require:rcnts

already havc been fulfilleCr ?rd that the discussion r.rilI attempt to visualize

situations tlhere the military

weacon

conunander would

select insect-borne Bij as his

of choice if the answers to the knorvledge requirenents indicateci a favorable operational utilityo and if it were operationally availableo It is believed that ttris technique will serve to enrphasize areas r,lhere knorvledge
requirer:ents actually exist, and wilI result in the redefinition of those
assunptions concerned
n3nts
"

tlith technical int'oroation as actual

knoivledge require-

(Lt) z. This discussion includes the 19o0-i970 tine franeo Since rap id technical advancenent ca.l be eleected in the field of insect-borne BlI
4

Ut,lCL.r.

.)

this period, the ciiscussion is not'tied'to specific agents, vectors, or otber lreapon system colaponents. Only general types of systens
throughout
and conponents are

indicated, Conversely, it is believed that basic general

operational concepts

will not changer Therefore,

an attenpt is nade to

indicate specific types of operations, targetsl e.tist.

r {\t) \''

anci geographical areas which

might be suitable for insect-borne Bl{, and where a need for this neapon woulC

S.

The characteristics

of insect-borne

B'i'f

wil.l present

sore

variation from the concepts of use and employment considrrations of aerosol

B';'.4'5'7/ Horever,
"nent. ilsect-borne

many

similarities exist with both methods of

Bil enploythe

Therefore only those concepts and considerations peculiar

B;'f systen

to

are discussed.
Considerations"

B.
O

rDse Conceots and Emolovnent

Yal[1ws

t-

PAGES

TO

WERE CLASSIFItrD N TFItrIR EI{TIRETY.

hIO RELEASABLE II{F' ORMATIOI{ WITHf}tr.
TFIESE PAGES WERE

REMOVED.

7. Agent-vector

uo

n\

corpbinatians.

should be nade, fron a long range \ viewpoint, to provide a spectrun of agent-Tector conbinations which will yield a naxinum conbination of effects, naximize the probability of success

{ U-) .. General. An effort

Ir

of

any given operationl and keep eneny sedical and intelligence personnel
The developnents

off balance.

of nultiple agent-single vector..sr_nglg

are

agent-nultiple vectorr and a nu&ber of single agent-vector conbinations

of equal irnportance. Again it is realized that the above requirerent is the ultinate long range goal. Consequently it is necessary to indicate specific
characteristics
needed and general types

of

agent-?ector conbinations which@y

be

to acconplish operational taskso

/^\

(ir)tu Tine tc reach useful casuatry level - This tine 4 delay should be reduced as nuch as practicable, ideally to-l dal,; however, situations will exist, such as in lol grade linited wats or in attacks on
certain strategic targets where
Thereforer an agant should not
a

delay of one or two weeks may be acceptable.

be

eliniuated fron selection nerly on the

basis of its lengthy tine required to cause useful casualties"

'r

tur) rel rnfectivity - It is desirable to select the nost highly infectious strains of agents for euploynent in insect-borne Bi'l to
insura a high rate of return in ternrs of
populatoion
nurnbers

of infections

anong the

of the target arear

liowever, infectious strains

of high and low

virulence

rnay be

equally desirable, highly virulent_infectious organisns

tning utilized for general war and linited war, strains of lower virulence
agraph

(2),

,.\ [Ll]r.

a5oveo

Vectors.

The

vector needs

will

vary with the tyPe

target and geograpbical location of tbe target arear Therefore,

be said

it
in

nay

that a series of vectors should be available for

enployment over

a range

of conditions.

The follorving characteristics

r,lill

apply

selec-

tion of the appropriate vectoro

THIS PAGE WAS CLASSIFIED IN ITS EI{TIRETY.

NIO RELEASABLE

II{F ORMATION WITHfI\tr.

THIS PAGE V/AS REMOVED.

PAGE #
nf

I>

utilizing the sarF type of vector presently

\\C

$i

ft) Priority

1.

An incapacitating agent capability

under cievelopment

to cover

!m

in Iinited war situations, with a capability for xparsion of use to general war if requirecl. fn this instance, use of tbe sate type of vector nay preclude sore additional logistical problems associate,l
with a change in the type of-vectoro

aPpropriate targets

(U) frl Friority ? util izing

paragraph
d

An incapacirating agent capability

different conbination of both vector and agent than nentioned in above, but with the same linited war to general war capability,

(tt) ttt Priority

purpose

- A highly lethal agent

use along

capability for

of deterrence to general warr or for

1L\)

nuclear attacko

with an,rarl out,' L--''

cal Priority 4 * A spectrun of agent-vector combinations which can be ury\ov"o .n;;;;;pes of targets suitabre for insectiborne
BilI

in linited and general

war situations, and thus nost effectively

fulflrl

the requirenent for a capability to support all roilitary operationso

fn developing a capability
speclfic characteristics of

based on the

priority indicated above, the desired the agent-rector combinations which it is

believed can be practicably achieved are indicated by the follorving table;

$) U.

lfeapons

svsten!.

The

utilization of insect-borne Bil against

The

the types of targets locatdC in the geographical areas previously indicated points to a neeci for a diversified nunition-cielivery system capabil.ity.
following general types of systems are visualized for fulfillment of this

need,

THIS PAGE V/AS CLASSIFIED N ITS

ENITIRETY.
NIO RELEASABLE

INIFORMATIONI WITHN{.

THIS PAGE WAS REMOVED.

PAGE

\,1

aircraft should be considered for attack of large diffuse targets several thousand square niles in area in situations where air superiority is naintained by friendl_v forces. The possibility for achiev(s)
Cargo

rblt of adequate coverage over these areas utilizing a large insect nunition carrying capacity of these aircraft should be investigated. LU\ O. Missiles. Delivery of insect-borne Bi'i by ballistic and level flight rnissiles should also be considered.
.

THIS PAGE V/AS CLASSIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY.

NIO RELEASABLE

INFORMATION WITH[I{.
THIS PAGE WAS
REMOVEDO

PAGE #

2-I

-'-'?---'---

l.

, clj
:..,

'.'i...,1

.,3

':

J;

j'.'i)

'i

i/

.,. : t.)

tU\.

Surnmary. An attenpt has been nade

to indicate areas
systen

irhere needs might exist

.-; "7

for

developnent

of munition and deliver,''

capabilities for inseci-borne BlJo Tbe foltotving is a suggesteci priority

,.!9

for

neapon systen development which

is

believed would be necessary to satisfy

the insect-borne Bi'J needs.

,!

eq UT{C [,i\. r.I r*l EF ED

covert rnunitions should

folbw or take place simultaneously with insect-borne

B!'J

clustered nunitions.

tur) rt1 Priority 3 - Developnent of a self dispersing bonblet capability, if feas ible, for release fron bornber aircraft for coveraqe of
large areas.

LU) Cnl

ttf"rt?

- Future adaptation of ctusters or

BiI capability; design and prociuction

self

d"ispersing bo!"rblets

to programed flight rnissiles and cargo type aircraftl

developnrent

of rotaly wing insect-borne

BiY

for ballistic nissiles; design, for long range planning purposes, of components which will reduce volurne and increase insect payload vleight of presently existing systems or of systeins prograruaed for future, including possible developnent of delivery systen designed specifically.,
warhead

of insect-borne

if feagible, for insect-borne in the produciionr storager

insect-borne Bi'l nust be

Bif.

(U) 9o Loqistical considerations. The logistical effort

in,.,olvei

procurement, transportation and dissemination of.

sufficiently sinple to allow a coiiuaander to consider this tleapons systen as an integral part of his fireplan agains.t the targets located in the areas of operations previously described. ff logistically
insect-borne Bl'l can not satisfy

this desire it then will

be relegated

to

special situation type

Consequentlyt nuch

weapon tvhose use

nust be plann-ed for r,lelI in advance,

of its

eraployment value

r^lill be lost. Thus, it must be

be

stated that in the logistic plan for tbis systen consideration should
given to development of a nethod of supply which will give the

cor,manCer

--J --r

. r:rrIf?Ff

Ui{CL455iil'iilD
an innediate capability, certainly no longer th-an 49 to 72 horirs foffd

the decision to enploy insect-borne

available.

Bltl when

the systen

is

operatdonally

Co ( tl)

Iftrorvledqe Requirements.

The preceding discussion has indicated

the use concepts

and

enployr:ent consiC.erations which are visualized

nust be remerabered that the order of rnagnitude

proposed was based on the assulptions

for insect-bcrne BiiI. It of utilization which was

had

that problerns associated with effective

problens

control, effec'five casualty-area covetages, tine of use, and logistids

already been solved. Iftrowing that

all

in

these roajor areas have

not been answeredr one can now go back, using the previous discussion as a
guide

for priorities of effort to produce an insect-borne Bltl capability, and transposetlhe assurptions into actual knorvledge requirenrents which must be
to justify the priorities, A nu!$er of specific questions relating
The each

ansruered

to

of the four major areas are indicated.

tuy-!" used? If the probabilityoof effecting sufficient control over persistence and possible spread of an infected insect population follor,ling their dissenination is low then insect-horne Ei'l may not be considered asapplicable to military operations. A nuraber of qualitative control r'rethods have been suggested both in classified documents and in unclassified scicntific literature. However, this type of infornation is unsatisfactory from an ofrerational standpoint in that it gives the military cornmander no quantitative idea as to degree of control or as to the duration
whether or not insect-borne Bll

(U) t. &!tror.

first

general question that must be asked is

tine of persistence.

Thus the

folloaing specific questions must be asked.

'.t- >J
Q\t-N"' 0 ..r$' "

,d*
d_.

(u)..

iihat specific control

lfhat

methods could be

utitized to
area?
become

fiuriF$e

DF';A', [u) o.
effeotive?

.-fY31.-.,.

natural persistence

of an infected vector within the target

required for each method to

is tlie tine

4
which rvas

{f,f

F.

I{ow

effective are these

rneasures

in terns of elinina-

ting, within a desired t,ime range, of the entire infected insect population

in!.tiaIIy
(U)

disseminated?

"

o.

ifhgt stringert contror methods could be utilized to also be considered

t'(

elirqinate an infected insect population in a short period of tine -(hours or __.-___

Ss ,W

if the situation
which

arose tthere

it

suddenly becane necessary

to elininate a poputation
rneasures

initially

had been nade

fesistant to sone control

what degree

in order

to

nainta!n persistencyo

assune

that any hazard fron infecte.i insects has been eliminated from a
rneasures?

{U)

ec lilith

of

assurance could a

military

comnander

target area following the application of stringent control

(Lt) t. In orCer to estinate safety distance, what are the estimated distances (miles) that the disseminated infected insect population
might travel outside the confines

of the primary target area? (1.0 go An urgent need exists for the preparation of a docurnent by research and development personnel uhich presents a detail.ed study of the

control of insect .oooulations as applied to nnilitary operatiorS.

information available at this time to prepare such a docunent?

fs sufficient is
whether

(U) a" Effectivenesso A second \--'r

question rthich arises

or not the military effectiveness, in terrns of casualty-area coverage, wiII

UIIC
for support of military operations? Although technical and biological feasibility studies have been conducted, only linited information is available concerning dissenination, spread, area
Bll

justify consideration rif insect-boroe

in terns of production of infection under field conciitionso The follorving specific information is required in this
coverage, and biting effectiveness
area.

*{"N t'l"ro"s

(Lt)

",

Horv

effectively will insect vectors distribute thep.

oter target areas using the type attacks and weapons systens proposed?

,,,$.r*fl

(U) b. i'ihat, is the efficiency of vector transmission of disease to nan under field conditions? (Lt) r. A method for estimation of casualty area effectiveness of insect-borne Bl{ is required. Can such a nethod based on a nathenatical
in
a forn which could be incorporated into a "Bi'l Calculaticn

model be described
.A,id

or hlar

Gaming Handbook" along

i,lith aerosol Bi{?

XotP.,.*d (U) O. Iiorv rvill the naturally or artifically acquired imnunity ,O:ir\""rrd of populations residing in the geographical areas of the world where insect' Y borne tsi'I might be employed influence the effectiveness

of this

system in
ia

,/ ^{o\,LL\' (U) ". 6\ " reducing the expected

v

.rf *fil"n'

.terqs*q.of

per cent of useful casualties

produced? l,ihat effect will s-cecif ic prot,ective

useful casualty levels

neasures have in

in

terms

of

estimated per cent

reduction in the production of casualties?

of insect-borne Bl'l preclude use of this system for other than highly specialized military operations? For exampler insects
cal areas proposed for the
use

M 4\

/tt) 3. \'^',

Tine of use. liJill environnental conditions

in the geographi-

Ul{CLI\SSIFiH,ij

which can survive

in cold clinates but do not bite effectively at

threat
because

temperatures_

tlhich are significantly lower than the temperate or tropical variety of tle
'o
.J

sane speciest although they pose as a persistent

of their
ur

abiffty to survive, iof

t
aQ^*ow

practical purposes may not be acceptable from

,ffi (U) Qr itlhat are the estiinated lirnits of climatic and environsqJP,.,N' ..t-'sU..t r \ "t, nental"conditions within which various vectors could be expected to survive
as appJiejl*go various geographical areas

temperatures. Therefore, the following infornation

is

requiredo

of the world?
timits of conditions within
which

,.,F;$F;tt""' (u) t.

!'Ihat are the estinated

the various vectors can be expected to cause the level of casualties acceptable

for a nilitary operationl

$*r4OA\a'

I Lf)

".

lllhat

is

the probability of deveroping vectors which

and

can overcome these

limitations
+a\.

not only survive

luf rrrr also can be

militarily useful?

uq,?[ri;i'#]Y[f\fi:'^;,il'
conditions Limit the use

severety ruould acrverse climaric and environnentar

of

insect-borne Biit in the geographical areas

of

the

world which are being considered

for this

systen

in terns of percent, of total

tine of a year?
cerned with whether

(Lt)a. Loqistics. The final general question to be asked is conor not the logistical effort requfred to produce
and

sustain an operational capability

is

acceptable? The type

of specific
Biir

questions concerned with the logistical aspects

!lr

of insect-borne
__-.-.y

are the

ollolingr

ffu

; ;'L* i, ..i l;,5 i F r

ilil

CtAS,SIilIIiD
tLt)
Iriirat

".

is the approxinate cost of

production of the various

agent -vector conbinations under consideration, including net capital

investment?

Co

<Jzf
to

tL\) U. lfhat is the estinated lead tire thatrould be necessary initiate full scale production assuning production facilities tuere on
standbv readiness?

l6uj l'y
of

-t-D o;11y{h?'v"'- (uuoL'Ldn;between production

\ty't ",

Hhat

is the estinated ratio

rate

nucinun attainable stockpile

Prod

each vector-?gent conbination?

an1'r

R*JR oi t*^,{tah,lela stucK|t

and

r.r"- -) }5v> U^f[YniC* requirecl for the storage and transportation of nunitions? (U) "" Where in relation to the conbat zone would storage of5 facilities be located? Piah^tt 5ta'^^ (U) f. $Ioutd infected insects be stored loaded in nunltions, and if loaded, what is the na:rimum,frii+rT"y could be stored without serious
creterioration?
4 to
ra'

lU) O. l{hat special facilities or conditions, if

b'1tl G

to incorporate insect-borne Bi'i into a connanders fireplan to have infected /eo{' 1'1a' insect munitions read,, for employnent? &76't''J

\U') n.

Eow nuch

tine woulci be requireci from the time of

clecision

vr. f,gl

conctusions.

The employrnent

of insect-vectors will

be

a def inite asset to

6yl

operations provided additional needed information concerning insect control,

casualty effectiveness

environnental conditions t anct logistics substantiaies

this

conclusion.

THIS PAGE WAS CLASSIFIED N ITS ENTIRETY.

NIO RELEASABLE

INFORMATION WITH[I{.
THIS PAGE V/AS REMOVED.
PAGE

21

2, Biological
and

Warfare Laboratories, Technical Study 7Br SECREf,3 "Eeview Analysis of Selected Aspects of Entomological Warfarefr @)t July (t.) I95Br [EABlilL, Ft. Detrickr

4. . 5. 6. 7.

Corps Board.
CCB

Staff Study, TOP SEffim, tConcepts for Enploynent of Antipersonnel Bl'I in Support of Arny Operations" (U)r April 1958, U. S. Army Chenical
CCB

Infornation Report Nunber 1r SEG,EI, "Concepts for Eryloynent of Antipersonnel Biological lilarfare" (U), April 1958r U.S. Arny Chenical . Oorps Board. (
Engineering Connand Beport Nuuber 24, SEBEI, t'Engineering Concept Eeport, Project XTOlt' (U), fSSS, U. S. Arrny Chernicat Corps Engineering
Connand.
OBG

ca1 lUarflre " Besearch Group.

Study Nunber

(U),

2lr

SEBEIT "Operational Effectiveness of BiologiAugus'u 1958r U: S. Arrry Chenical Corps Operations

TOP

.:r
t

; : t
,

'l-,U