Pyloric Stenosis

What is pyloric stenosis?

Pyloric stenosis is a problem that affects babies between birth and 6 months of age and causes forceful vomiting that can lead to dehydration. It is the second most common problem requiring surgery in newborns. The lower portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine is known as the pylorus. In pyloric stenosis, the muscles in this part of the stomach enlarge, narrowing the opening of the pylorus and eventually preventing food from moving from the stomach to the intestine.

Click Image to Enlarge

What causes pyloric stenosis?

Pyloric stenosis is considered a multifactorial trait. Multifactorial inheritance means that many factors are involved in causing a birth defect. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental. Often one gender (either males or females) is affected more frequently than the other in multifactorial traits. There appears to be a different threshold of expression, which means that one gender is more likely to show the problem, over the other gender. For example, pyloric stenosis is four times more common in males than females. Once a child has been born with pyloric stenosis, the chance for it to happen again depends on the gender of the child already born with the condition, as well as the gender of the next child.

Which babies are at higher risk for pyloric stenosis?

Whites seem to develop pyloric stenosis more frequently than babies of other races. Boys develop pyloric stenosis more often than girls. Pyloric stenosis may be inherited; several members of a family may have had this problem in infancy.

Why is pyloric stenosis of concern?

Because the stomach opening becomes blocked and babies start vomiting, several problems can happen. The most serious problem is dehydration. When a baby vomits regularly, he or she will not get enough fluids to meet his or her nutritional needs. Babies have smaller bodies than adults

and cannot tolerate losing fluid as easily as adults can. Minerals that the body needs to stay healthy, such as potassium and sodium, are also lost as the baby vomits. Babies who lack the right amount of water and minerals in their bodies can become very sick very quickly. Another problem that occurs is weight loss. A baby who vomits most of (or all of) his or her feedings will not have adequate nutrition to gain weight and stay healthy.

What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

The most common symptoms noted in a baby with pyloric stenosis is forceful, projectile vomiting. This kind of vomiting is different from a "wet burp" that a baby may have at the end of a feeding. Large amounts of breast milk or formula are vomited, and may go several feet across a room. The baby is usually quite hungry and eats or nurses eagerly. The milk is sometimes curdled in appearance, because as the milk remains in the stomach and does not move forward to the small intestine, the stomach acid "curdles" it. Other symptoms may include:

Weight loss Ravenously hungry despite vomiting Lack of energy Fewer bowel movements Constipation Frequent, mucous stools

The symptoms of pyloric stenosis may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child's doctor for a diagnosis.

How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for pyloric stenosis may include:

Blood tests. These tests evaluate dehydration and mineral imbalances. Abdominal X-rays. A diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. Abdominal ultrasound. A diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. Ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various vessels. Barium swallow/upper GI series. A diagnostic test that examines the organs of the upper part of the digestive system: the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). A fluid called barium (a metallic, chemical, chalky, liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up on an X-ray) is swallowed. Xrays are then taken to evaluate the digestive organs.

What is the treatment for pyloric stenosis?

Specific treatment for pyloric stenosis will be determined by your baby's doctor based on:

Your baby's gestational age, overall health, and medical history The extent of the problem Your baby's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectation for the course of the problem Your opinion and preference

Pyloric stenosis must be repaired with an operation. However, doctors may need to treat your baby's dehydration and mineral imbalances first. Water and minerals can be replaced through intravenous (IV) fluid. Once your baby is no longer dehydrated, surgery can be performed. Under anesthesia, a small incision is made above the navel and the tight pyloric muscle is repaired.

What is the recovery time for pyloric stenosis surgery?

Babies can often begin drinking small amounts of clear liquids in the first 24 hours. Generally, clear liquids, such as an electrolyte drink, will be given to your baby first. However, babies may still vomit for several days after surgery due to swelling of the surgical site of the pyloric muscle. The swelling goes away within a few days. Most babies will be taking their normal feedings by the time they go home. Babies are usually able to go home within two to three days after the operation.

Pyloric stenosis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Pyloric stenosis
Classification and external resources

Outline of stomach, showing its anatomical landmarks, including the pylorus. ICD-10 ICD-9 DiseasesDB MedlinePlus eMedicine MeSH K31.1, Q40.0 537.0, 750.5 11060 29488 000970 emerg/397 radio/358 D046248

Pyloric stenosis (or infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)[1] is a condition that causes severe projectile non-bilious vomiting in the first few months of life. There is narrowing (stenosis) of the opening from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine known as the duodenum, due to enlargement (hypertrophy) of the muscle surrounding this opening (the pylorus, meaning "gate"), which spasms when the stomach empties. This hypertrophy is felt classically as an oliveshaped mass in the middle upper part or right upper quadrant of the infant's abdomen. In pyloric stenosis, it is uncertain whether there is a real congenital narrowing or whether there is a functional hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle. This condition typically develops in male babies in the first 26 weeks of life.

Pyloric stenosis also occurs in adults where the cause is usually a narrowed pylorus due to scarring from chronic peptic ulceration. This is a different condition from the infantile form.

Contents

1 Signs and symptoms 2 Diagnosis 3 Pathophysiology 4 Treatment o 4.1 Surgery 5 Epidemiology 6 References 7 External links

Signs and symptoms

Babies with this condition usually present any time in the first weeks to months of life with progressively worsening vomiting. The vomiting is often described as non-bile stained ("non bilious") and "projectile vomiting", because it is more forceful than the usual spittiness (gastroesophageal reflux) seen at this age. Some infants present with poor feeding and weight loss, but others demonstrate normal weight gain. Dehydration also can occur causing the baby to cry without having tears, and having less wet or dirty nappies such as going hours or a couple days without having anything.[2] Constant hunger, belching, and colic are other possible signs as the baby is not able to eat properly.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is via a careful history and physical examination, often supplemented by radiographic studies. There should be suspicion for pyloric stenosis in any young infant with severe vomiting. On exam, palpation of the abdomen may reveal a mass in the epigastrium. This mass, which consists of the enlarged pylorus, is referred to as the 'olive', and is sometimes evident after the infant is given formula to drink. It is an elusive diagnostic skill requiring much patience and experience. There are often palpable (or even visible) peristaltic waves due to the stomach trying to force its contents past the narrowed pyloric outlet. Most cases of pyloric stenosis are diagnosed/confirmed with ultrasound, if available, showing the thickened pylorus. Although somewhat less useful, an upper GI series (x-rays taken after the baby drinks a special contrast agent) can be diagnostic by showing the narrowed pyloric outlet filled with a thin stream of contrast material; a "string sign" or the "railroad track sign". For either type of study, there are specific measurement criteria used to identify the abnormal results. Plain x-rays of the abdomen are not useful, except when needed to rule out other problems. Blood tests will reveal hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis due to loss of gastric acid (which contain hydrochloric acid and potassium) via persistent vomiting; these findings can

be seen with severe vomiting from any cause. The potassium is decreased further by the body's release of aldosterone, in an attempt to compensate for the hypovolaemia due to the severe vomiting.

Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence, all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting, which can be of a projectile nature. The exact cause of the hypertrophy remains unknown.[3] The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric obstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant factor that prevents correction of the alkalosis.[4] A secondary hyperaldosteronism develops due to the hypovolemia. The high aldosterone levels causes the kidneys to avidly retain Na+ (to correct the intravascular volume depletion), and excrete increased amounts of K+ into the urine (resulting in hypokalaemia). The body's compensatory response to the metabolic alkalosis is hypoventilation resulting in an elevated arterial pCO2.

Treatment

Vertical Pyloromyotomy scar (large) 30 hrs post-op in a 1 month-old baby

Horizontal Pyloromyotomy scar 10 days post-op in a 1 month-old baby

Infantile pyloric stenosis is typically managed with surgery;[3] very few cases are mild enough to be treated medically. The danger of pyloric stenosis comes from the dehydration and electrolyte disturbance rather than the underlying problem itself. Therefore, the baby must be initially stabilized by correcting the dehydration and hypochloremic alkalosis with IV fluids. This can usually be accomplished in about 2448 hours. Intravenous and oral atropine may be used to treat pyloric stenosis. It has a success rate of 8589% compared to nearly 100% for pyloromyotomy, however it requires prolonged hospitalization, skilled nursing and careful follow up during treatment.[5] It might be an alternative to surgery in children who have contraindications for anesthesia or surgery.
Surgery

The definitive treatment of pyloric stenosis is with surgical pyloromyotomy known as Ramstedt's procedure (dividing the muscle of the pylorus to open up the gastric outlet). This is a relatively straightforward surgery that can possibly be done through a single incision (usually 34 cm long) or laparoscopically (through several tiny incisions), depending on the surgeon's experience and preference.[6] Today, the laparoscopic technique has largely supplanted the traditional open repairs which involved either a tiny circular incision around the navel or the Ramstedt procedure. Compared to the older open techniques, the complication rate is equivalent, except for a markedly lower risk of wound infection.[7] This is now considered the standard of care at the majority of Children Hospitals across the US, although some surgeons still perform the open technique. Following repair, the small 3mm incisions are hard to see. The vertical incision, pictured and listed above, is no longer usually required. Though many incisions have been horizontal in the past years.

Once the stomach can empty into the duodenum, feeding can commence. Some vomiting may be expected during the first days after surgery as the gastro-intestinal tract settles. Very occasionally the myotomy was incomplete and projectile vomiting continues, requiring repeat surgery. But the condition generally has no long term side-effects or impact on the child's future.

Epidemiology
Males are more commonly affected than females, with firstborn males affected about four times as often, and there is a genetic predisposition for the disease.[8] It is commonly associated with people of Jewish ancestry, and has multifactorial inheritance patterns.[9] Pyloric stenosis is more common in Caucasians than Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Caucasians, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. It is also less common amongst children of mixed race parents.[10] Caucasian babies with blood type B or O are more likely than other types to be affected.[8] Infants exposed to erythromycin are at increased risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, especially when the drug is taken around two weeks of life.[11]

bout Pyloric Stenosis

Pyloric stenosis, a condition that may affect the gastrointestinal tract during infancy, isn't normal it can cause your baby to vomit forcefully and often and may cause other problems such as dehydration and salt and fluid imbalances. Immediate treatment for pyloric stenosis is extremely important.

Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the pylorus, the lower part of the stomach through which food and other stomach contents pass to enter the small intestine. When an infant has pyloric stenosis, the muscles in the pylorus have become enlarged and cause narrowing within the pyloric channel to the point where food is prevented from emptying out of the stomach. Also called infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, pyloric stenosis is a form of gastric outlet obstruction, which means a blockage from the stomach to the intestines. Pyloric stenosis is fairly common it affects about 3 out of 1,000 babies in the United States. It's about four times more likely to occur in firstborn male infants and also has been shown to run in families if a parent had pyloric stenosis, then an infant has up to a 20% risk of developing it. Pyloric stenosis occurs more commonly in Caucasian infants than in babies of other ethnic backgrounds. Most infants who develop symptoms of pyloric stenosis are usually between 3 to 5 weeks. It is one of the more common causes of intestinal obstruction during infancy that requires surgery.

Causes

It is believed that babies who develop pyloric stenosis are not born with it, but that the progressive thickening of the pylorus occurs after birth. A baby will start to show symptoms when the pylorus is so thickened that the stomach can no longer empty properly. It is not known exactly what causes the thickening of the muscles of the pylorus. It may be a combination of several factors; for example, the use of erythromycin in the first 2 weeks of life has been associated with pyloric stenosis, and there is also a connection in babies whose mothers took this antibiotic at the end of pregnancy or during breastfeeding.

Pyloric Stenosis
What is pyloric stenosis?
Pyloric stenosis is a problem that affects babies between birth and 6 months of age and causes forceful vomiting that can lead to dehydration. It is the second most common problem requiring surgery in newborns. The lower portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine is known as the pylorus. In pyloric stenosis, the muscles in this part of the stomach enlarge, narrowing the opening of the pylorus and eventually preventing food from moving from the stomach to the intestine.

Click Image to Enlarge

What causes pyloric stenosis?

Pyloric stenosis is considered a multifactorial trait. Multifactorial inheritance means that many factors are involved in causing a birth defect. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental. Often one gender (either males or females) is affected more frequently than the other in multifactorial traits. There appears to be a different threshold of expression, which means that one gender is more likely to show the problem, over the other gender. For example, pyloric stenosis is four times more common in males than females. Once a child has been born

with pyloric stenosis, the chance for it to happen again depends on the gender of the child already born with the condition, as well as the gender of the next child.

Which babies are at higher risk for pyloric stenosis?

Whites seem to develop pyloric stenosis more frequently than babies of other races. Boys develop pyloric stenosis more often than girls. Pyloric stenosis may be inherited; several members of a family may have had this problem in infancy.

Why is pyloric stenosis of concern?

Because the stomach opening becomes blocked and babies start vomiting, several problems can happen. The most serious problem is dehydration. When a baby vomits regularly, he or she will not get enough fluids to meet his or her nutritional needs. Babies have smaller bodies than adults and cannot tolerate losing fluid as easily as adults can. Minerals that the body needs to stay healthy, such as potassium and sodium, are also lost as the baby vomits. Babies who lack the right amount of water and minerals in their bodies can become very sick very quickly. Another problem that occurs is weight loss. A baby who vomits most of (or all of) his or her feedings will not have adequate nutrition to gain weight and stay healthy.

What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

The most common symptoms noted in a baby with pyloric stenosis is forceful, projectile vomiting. This kind of vomiting is different from a "wet burp" that a baby may have at the end of a feeding. Large amounts of breast milk or formula are vomited, and may go several feet across a room. The baby is usually quite hungry and eats or nurses eagerly. The milk is sometimes curdled in appearance, because as the milk remains in the stomach and does not move forward to the small intestine, the stomach acid "curdles" it. Other symptoms may include:

Weight loss Ravenously hungry despite vomiting Lack of energy Fewer bowel movements Constipation Frequent, mucous stools

The symptoms of pyloric stenosis may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child's doctor for a diagnosis.

How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for pyloric stenosis may include:

Blood tests. These tests evaluate dehydration and mineral imbalances. Abdominal X-rays. A diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. Abdominal ultrasound. A diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. Ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various vessels. Barium swallow/upper GI series. A diagnostic test that examines the organs of the upper part of the digestive system: the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). A fluid called barium (a metallic, chemical, chalky, liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up on an X-ray) is swallowed. Xrays are then taken to evaluate the digestive organs.

What is the treatment for pyloric stenosis?

Specific treatment for pyloric stenosis will be determined by your baby's doctor based on:

Your baby's gestational age, overall health, and medical history The extent of the problem Your baby's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectation for the course of the problem Your opinion and preference

Pyloric stenosis must be repaired with an operation. However, doctors may need to treat your baby's dehydration and mineral imbalances first. Water and minerals can be replaced through intravenous (IV) fluid. Once your baby is no longer dehydrated, surgery can be performed. Under anesthesia, a small incision is made above the navel and the tight pyloric muscle is repaired.

What is the recovery time for pyloric stenosis surgery?

Babies can often begin drinking small amounts of clear liquids in the first 24 hours. Generally, clear liquids, such as an electrolyte drink, will be given to your baby first. However, babies may still vomit for several days after surgery due to swelling of the surgical site of the pyloric muscle. The swelling goes away within a few days. Most babies will be taking their normal feedings by the time they go home. Babies are usually able to go home within two to three days after the operation.

What is the long-term prognosis for pyloric stenosis?

This problem is unlikely to reoccur. Babies who have undergone the surgery should have no long-term effects from it.

Pyloric stenosis
Introduction:

Pyloric stenosis, which causes problems with an infant' s digestion, happens in 3 out of every 1,000 live births. The pylorus is the lower part of the stomach leading to the small intestine. In infants with pyloric stenosis, the muscles of the pylorus get thick and stop food from getting into the small intestine. Infants may vomit, become dehydrated, and lose weight. They need surgical treatment right away to avoid life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
Signs and Symptoms:

Babies with pyloric stenosis may have these symptoms:

Vomiting, often projectile vomiting in the first 3 - 6 weeks of life (may come and go or may happen after each feeding) Always hungry Weight loss Dehydration Lethargy Few or no bowel movements Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

What Causes It?:

No one knows that causes pyloric stenosis. Genetics may be involved.

Who's Most At Risk?:

Babies with the following conditions or characteristics are at risk for developing pyloric stenosis:

Gender -- much more common in males First-born infants Race -- most common in Caucasians

What to Expect at Your Provider's Office:

If your baby has symptoms of pyloric stenosis, take the baby to the doctor o the hospital right away. Your doctor will do a physical examination, check for gastric symptoms, and use ultrasound to see whether the thickness and length of the pyloric muscle are abnormal.

Treatment Options:

Prevention
Avoid use of erythromycin, an antibiotic, in infants. Babies receiving oral erythromycin may be at increased risk for pyloric stenosis.

Treatment Plan
Pyloric stenosis is usually corrected with surgery.

Drug Therapies
In some infants, treatment with atropine sulfate, given intravenously at first and then continued by mouth, corrects this situation.

Surgical and Other Procedures

Usually, pyloric stenosis is fixed with laproscopic surgey. The surgeon makes a small incision near the baby' s navel and uses a camera and surgical instruments to cut the muscles surrounding the pylorus. Symptoms usually improve about 24 hours after surgery.

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Pyloric stenosis is a serious medical condition and should be treated by qualified health care providers. Ask your doctor before using any complementary and alternative therapies in an infant. Making sure that you are eating right and getting enough vitamins and minerals while you are pregnant can help you deliver a healthy baby. Make sure you eat lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and protein. Take a prenatal vitamin as directed by your doctor. Tell your health care provider about any herbs and supplements you are using or considering using.
Nutrition and Supplements

Your baby may have lost weight or be undernourished. Ask your doctor how to best help your baby get the nutrients he needs after his pyloric stenosis has been treated. If you are breastfeeding, make sure you eat a healthy diet so that the benefits are passed on to your baby. The following nutritional tips may help a breastfeeding mother:

Eat antioxidant foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes), and vegetables (such as squash).

Eat foods high in B-vitamins and calcium, such as almonds, beans, whole grains (if no allergy is present), dark leafy greens (such as spinach and kale), and sea vegetables. Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and especially sugar. Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, , tofu (soy, if no allergy is present) or beans for protein. Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil. Avoid coffee and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco. Drink plenty of water daily.

Probiotic supplement (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus), 5 - 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) a day, can help maintain good gastrointestinal health. Refrigerate your probiotic supplements for best results. If you are breastfeeding, ask your doctor before taking probiotics, and whether your baby would also benefit from taking probiotics. Always ask your doctor before giving your child any dietary supplements.
Herbs

There are no herbs that can specifically treat pyloric stenosis. Pyloric stenosis requires conventional medical care. If you are interested in using herbs to help your baby recover from surgery, ask your pediatrician which herbs might help. Do not give any herbs to your child without asking your doctor first.
Homeopathy

Surgery is generally needed to cure pyloric stenosis, but a professional homeopath may use one of the following remedies to treat the vomiting associated with this condition. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type -- your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate remedy for a particular individual.

Arsenicum album -- for vomiting immediately following ingestion of food or drink Bryonia -- for people whose stomachs are sensitive to touch but may experience relief from lying on the stomach Phosphorus -- for excessive vomiting immediately following ingestion of food or drink Silicea -- for vomiting after drinking milk (including breast milk) in those who have a delicate constitution and are slow to develop

Massage

Touch is an important part of infant well-being. Gently stroking baby' s hands and feet may reduce stress and be soothing to your baby, especially when he is in the hospital.
Prognosis/Possible Complications:

Your baby needs quick emergency treatment to avoid life-threatening fluid and electrolyte imbalance. If found quickly, the prognosis for recovery and improved growth is very good.

Possible complications include vomiting that continues after surgery, gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach), hiatal hernia, or another obstruction.

Read more: http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/pyloric-stenosis-000138.htm#ixzz26FcuF5xF Definition

Food passes from the stomach to the small intestine. In pyloric stenosis, food cannot pass freely because the entrance between the stomach and the small intestine narrows. The narrowing is caused by the enlargement of the pylorus (the muscle at the entrance to the stomach). Almost all cases of pyloric stenosis happen in very young babies (usually 3-12 weeks old). This problem happens about 2-4 times out of every 1,000 births. It is much more common in males than in females. The sooner pyloric stenosis is treated, the fewer problems will result and the healthier your baby will be, so if you think your child has this condition, contact your doctor immediately.
Pyloric Stenosis

Copyright Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. Causes

Pyloric stenosis is rarely present at birth, but develops soon afterward. Its exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be partly inherited, as cases of pyloric stenosis tend to run in families.
Risk Factors

The following factors increase your babys chance of developing pyloric stenosis. If your child has any of these risk factors, tell your doctor.

Prematurity Family history of pyloric stenosis More common in male babies (particularly first-born males) More common in Caucasian than in Latino, Asian, or African-American babies

Symptoms

Symptoms of pyloric stenosis usually begin when babies are 3-5 weeks old. They include:

Forceful vomiting of formula or milk Acting hungry most of the time Weight loss Signs of dehydration, such as less urination, dry mouth, and crying without tears Tiredness

Fewer bowel movements Blood-tinged vomit (This happens when repeated vomiting irritates the stomach, causing mild stomach bleeding.)

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about symptoms your child is experiencing and about his or her medical history. He or she will also perform a physical examination. An olive-shaped knot caused by the presence of pyloric stenosis is often felt by the experienced examiner. If your baby is diagnosed with pyloric stenosis, you and your family will be referred to a pediatric surgeon (a doctor specializing in surgery in children). Tests may include the following:

Abdominal ultrasound This procedure uses sound waves to make detailed computer pictures of the inside of the abdomen. Barium upper gastrointestinal x-ray series A medicine (barium) is swallowed to outline the esophagus and stomach. X-ray pictures of the abdomen can then tell if food is moving normally through the stomach.

Treatment

Pyloric stenosis is treated with a surgery called a pyloroplasty, with your baby asleep under anesthesia. In a pyloroplasty, the outside of the pylorus muscle is cut to relieve the blockage. Prior to surgery, fluids and electrolytes will be given intravenously to correct the dehydration and electrolyte imbalances that are common in babies with pyloric stenosis. After the operation, fluids are given by vein until the baby can take all of his normal feedings by mouth.
Prevention

There are no known ways of preventing pyloric stenosis, although it is possible that breastfeeding might reduce the risk.