Bio Fuel Generation

BioFuels for Energy Generation
Adel Garcia, Jr. - PEE

Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila Tel/Fax: +63 2 374 6455 Email: avgarciapower@pldtdsl.net
Energy Systems Integration
Generation - Distribution - Utilization
AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

The Energy Resource Company
0Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247 Email: avgarciapower@pldtdsl.net
Presentation Outline
The presentation shall: Introduce various BioFuels and common forms Discuss various BioFuels technologies Applicability of BioFuels to local Industries Case summaries of a bio-fuels in Energy Generation Projects in the Philippines

Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247 Email: avgarciapower@pldtdsl.net
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is Biomass What is Biofuel History of Biomass and Biofuels Forms of Biofuels Energy Content of Biofuels Biofuel based technologies Application of Biomass fuel in the Philippines BioFuel in Energy Generation Projects


What is Biomass?
In the energy production industry, refers to living and recently living biological material or their metabolic byproducts which can be used as fuel or for industrial production Produced from plant matter, either domestically or wildly grown It includes plant or animal matter Includes biodegradable wastes It excludes organic material which has been transformed by geological processes (i.e. hydrocarbon fuels)

What is Biofuel
Any fuel with an 80% minimum content by volume of materials derived from living organisms harvested within the ten years preceding its manufacture Derived from biomass Renewable energy source


A bit of History
Solid biofuels such as wood or dried waste have been used since man learned to control re Liquid biofuels for industrial applications was used since the early days of the car industry
Nikolaus August Otto, invented the combustion engine to run on ethanol Rudolf Diesel, invented the diesel engine using peanut oil Henry Ford, after being prevented to mass produce electric cars, designed the Model T completely fuelled originally on ethanol

A bit of History
Before WW2, Germany sold biofuel, a blend of gasoline with alcohol fermented from potatoes (Reichskraftsprit) as alternative to imported oil In Britain, grain alcohol was blended with petrol by the Distillers Company Limited under the name Discol and marketed through Esso After WW2, cheap Middle Eastern oil lessened interest in BioFuels The oil shocks of 73 and 79 pushed governments and academics to pursue BioFuels The counter-shock of 1986 again reduced oil prices and interest

A bit of History
BioFuels development is now the priority of most governments due to:
Rising oil prices Concerns on GHG emissions (global warming) Middle East instability
USA plans to replace 75% of Middle East oil imports with BioFuels by 2025 Brazil now uses 100% ethanol red transport systems India mandated 10% mandatory BioFuel blend for transport system


A bit of History
The Philippines passed the Biofuels Act of 2006, mandating:
2 years from effectivity of the law, 5% ethanol fuel must be blended on total annual gasoline volume sold 4 years from effectivity of law, National Biofuels Board will determine the feasibility and recommend to DoE of increasing the blend to 10% Within 3 months from effectivity of the law, a minimum of 1% biodiesel by volume shall be blended into all diesel fuel sales Within two years, 2% biodiesel blend is mandated to be blended to all diesel fuel sold


Forms of Biofuels
Liquids
Alcohols - biologically produced by microorganisms (?) Biodiesel - alkyl esters produced from vegetable oils or animal fats Biomass - Liquids produced by catalysis from synthetic gas (syngas) Methane from anaerobic digesters Biogas from photosynthetic algae Synthetic gas from gasification (??) Wood, charcoal, rice husk, coco husk, peanut shell Switchgrass, dried animal waste
Gas

Solids



Forms of Biofuels - Alcohols

Ethanol - C2H6O
Most commonly produced from sugar and corn Cellulosic ethanol - from a wide variety of plants, subject of intense R&D today
Methanol - CH3OH
Normally produced from natural gas (thus NOT a biofuel) Can NOW be produced from biomass but not yet economically feasible
Other Forms of Alcohol (but NOT BioFuel)

Propanol Butanol

Bio-Ethanol - C2H6O
Renewable because the energy is derived from the sun (?) Produced from the conversion of agricultural feedstock (??) Can be produced from feedstock of:
sugar cane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunower, fruit, molasses, whey or skim milk, corn, stover, grain, wheat, wood, paper, straw, cotton Cellulosic waste and harvests
Leading countries with developed bio-ethanol programs

Brazil, Colombia, China and USA
Currently best sources of ethanol

Sugar Switchgrass Corn

Bio-Ethanol Production
To Produce ethanol, sugar is required (carbohydrates) Basic Processes: microbial fermentation of sugars Distillation Dehydration (required for blending with gasoline) Denaturing (optional)
Some crops require previous saccharication - hydrolysis into carbohydrates Cellulose saccharication is called cellulolysis (cellulosic ethanol). Other steps can be necessary for some crops (i.e. corn rening into starch and liquication)

Bio-Ethanol Yield of Common Crops


Methanol - CH3OH
It is the simplest alcohol Light, volatile, colorless, flammable Poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor, milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol) It is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. Produced naturally in anaerobic metabolism of many varieties of bacteria, resulting into traces of atmospheric methanol Methanol burns (oxidized by oxygen with the help of sunlight) in air forming carbon dioxide and water: 2 CH3OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 4 H2O A methanol flame is almost colorless

Methanol - CH3OH
Burns with an almost invisible fire Frequently used as a denaturant additive for industrial ethanol Often called wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood. It is now produced synthetically by a multi-step process
natural gas and steam are endothermically reformed in a furnace to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases exothermically synthesized under pressure in the presence of a catalyst

Forms of Biofuels - Biogas

Basically composed of methane combined with carbon dioxides and sulfides Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic materials
60% - 65% methane content by industrial anaerobic digesters and mechanical biological treatment systems 40% - 50% methane from landfill gas recovery systems A solid byproduct from ADGs - digestate or sludge - is also a biofuel or a fertilizer
23 times more potent GHG than CO2


Forms of Biofuels - Biogas

Oils and gases can be produced from various biological wastes: Thermal depolymerization of waste can extract methane and other oils similar to petroleum Nontoxic photosynthetic algae feeds on smokestack flue gases to produce biodiesel or biogas and a dry fuel comparable to coal Forms of biogas
Methane Biogas from photosynthetic algae


Methane - CH4
Methane's relative abundance and clean burning process makes it a very attractive fuel.
Difcult to transport Converting methane to derivatives that are more easily transported, such as methanol, is an active area of research. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with global warming potential.
When averaged over 100 years each kg of CH4 warms the Earth 23 times as much as the same mass of CO2, There is approximately 220 times as much CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere as methane. The Earth's crust contains huge amounts of methane.
Large amounts of methane are produced anaerobically by methanogenesis Other sources include mud volcanoes which are connected with deep geological faults.

Methane Properties
Major component of a natural gas, about 85% - 97% by volume Colorless and odorless at room temperature and pressure The smell characteristic of natural gas is an articial safety measure caused by the addition of an odorant, often methanethiol or ethanethiol. Methane has a boiling point of 182.6C at one atmospheric pressure It is ammable only over a narrow range of concentrations (5-15%) in air Liquid methane does not burn unless subjected to high pressure (normally 4-5 bars)


Methane Potential Health Effects

Methane is not toxic It is highly ammable and may form explosive mixtures with air in an enclosed space Methane is violently reactive with oxidizers, halogens and some halogen-containing compounds Methane is also an asphyxian and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space (i.e. septic tanks) The concentrations at which ammable or explosive mixtures form are much lower than the concentration at which asphyxiation risk is signicant When structures are built on or near landfills, methane can penetrate the buildings and expose occupants to signicant levels of methane

Forms of Biofuels - Solids

Most common examples
Wood and Charcoal and associated derivatives Agricultural Wastes
Rice husk Coco husk and leaves Sugarcane bagasse Undergrowth shrubs and soft woods
Dried Animal Waste


Energy Contents of BioFuels


Biofuel Technologies
Liquid Biofuels
Ethanol - for gasoline red engines
Additives : 5% - 20% Concentration Pure ethanol red - 100% concentration Engines can either modied or designed to burn ethanol
Methanol red Direct Fuel Cells BioDiesel - for diesel red engines
Additives : 1% - 15 % Concentration for transport 100% concentration - heavy fuel red engines
Engines must be modied or designed to burn biodiesel Most of the HFO Fired engines have modication kits now available
Biodiesel red Fuel Cells


Methane Gas
Closed Combustion Systems
Internal Combustion Engines
Open Combustion Systems

Combustion Gas Turbine Systems
Simply Cycle or Combined Cycle
Boiler burner systems
Chemical Process Systems

Fuel Cells

Methane Gas
Internal Combustion Gas Engine Power Plants
Higher thermal efficiencies
40% for power generation systems only Can be as high as 75% on CHP systems
1kW to 10 MW engine models Lower investment than normal HFO Power Plants Medium speed models can operate on base load regime, minimum of 8000 hrs annually Potential to produce CO2 byproduct from biogas scrubbers Industrial Zero Waste Technology Systems
Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems


Methane Gas
Combustion Gas Turbine Systems
Micro Turbines for sub-MW applications, both on simple or combined cycle Relatively lower thermal efciencies, (15% on simply cycles to 45% on combined cycles) than ICE technologies 1 kW - 5 MW range Relatively higher investments than ICE High RPM applications (thus may mean higher maintenance cost than ICE) May require multi-modules to guarantee base load operations Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems


Methane Gas
Boiler burner systems
Ideal for 1 MW to 10 MW range per module Relatively lower thermal efciencies
15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges)
Can be as high as 45% on CHP systems Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP applications with higher heat output than power Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems


Solid BioFuels
Rice Husk Fired Thermal Plant
Ideally up to 10 MW modules Relatively lower thermal efciencies
15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges
Can be as high as 40% on CHP systems High silica of ash is a concern HV of 10 MJ/kg - 12 MJ/kg Ideally 50 km radius supply range Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP applications with higher heat output than power Ideal Technology Combination with Post Harvest Facilities

Solid BioFuels
Coco Husk Fired Thermal Plant
Ideally up to 10 MW modules Has better fuel/ash characteristic than rice hull Relatively lower thermal efciencies
Can be as high as 40% on CHP systems High chlorine on coco husk is a concern HV of 12 MJ/kg - 18 MJ/kg Ideally 50 km radius supply range Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP applications with higher heat output than power Ideal Technology Combination with Post Harvest Facilities

Solid BioFuels
Bagasse Fired Thermal Plant
Ideally up to 5 MW modules Relatively lower thermal efciencies
Can be as high as 40% on CHP systems High moisture content of fuel HV of 9 MJ/kg - 10 MJ/kg Limited supply Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP applications with higher heat output than power Ideal Technology Combination with Post Harvest Facilities

Solid BioFuels
Processed Solid Fuel Thermal Plant
Pelletized biomass such as soft woods and other undergrowth plants and trees Ideally for > 10 MW modules Relatively higher thermal efciencies than other solid fuels Low moisture content and higher heat densities is possible HV to approximate those for good quality coal, > 20 MJ/kg Theoretically unlimited supply Relatively higher initial investment costs due to the fuel processing plant Ideal for CHP applications with higher heat output than power


Phillippine Biomass Application

Statutes
Biofuels Law of 2006, RA 9367 Renewable Energy Law - still pending at Senate Energy Committee
DoE Policy
To install about 4800 MW in 10 years
250 MW from Biomass based

Most Viable Technologies

Liquid Biofuel
Ethanol / Methanol Fired Gas Engines
Light transport
Coco Methyl Ester (CME) or biodiesel fired engines

Heavy transport for light diesel Power generation for modified HFO engines


Biogas / Methane Fuel
Biogas Fired Engines
10 kW - 7500 kW
Biogas Fired Industrial Boilers

Up to 30 tph steam output, 8 bars, 180 C
Biogas Fired Thermal Plants

10 MW, 44-46 bars, 450 - 460C, 50 tph
Fuel Cell Technology

Solid Oxide Types, up to 100 kW Direct Fuel Cell, up to 10 MW


Solid Biomass Fuel
Rice Husk Fired Thermal Plants
1 x 10 MW - San Jose City, Nueva Ecija 1 x 10 MW - Cabatuan Isabela 1 x 2.5 MW - Talavera, Nueva Ecija 1 x 6 MW - Calapan, Mindoro Oriental About 500 MW potential for the Philippines 3 x 10 MW Cogen - Quezon 1 x 10 MW Cogen - Camarines Sur About 500 MW potential for the Philippines Sugar mills
Coco Husk Fired Thermal Plants

Bagasse Fired Thermal Plants

Biomass Energy Generation

1 x 10 MW CHP - Quezon
Fuel
Primary Secondary HV Rate Pressure Temperature Flow Plant Efficiency Coco Husk Coco Kayakas; Buli; Ipil-ipil 13 MJ/kg - 15 MJ/kg, 25% MC 15 tph 40 - 45 ata 400C - 430C 50 tph - 55 tph 15% - 23%
Thermal Parameters




Power Generation Island
Generator Gross Output Net to Grid Station Load Generator Bus Voltage Grid Bus Voltage Mass Flow Heat Input Copra Feedstock Input Coco Oil Output AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.
10 MW 8.8 MW 900 kW 13.8 kV 69 kV 5 tph - 10 tph 2 - 4bars, 150C 100 tpd 60 - 65 tpd
Process Steam Island



Investment Volume
EPC Soft Costs Total Investment AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.
US $ 24 M US $ 5 M US $ 29 M PhP 5.25 /kWH PhP 30 - 35 /kilo > 15% > 25%

Project Returns
Electricity Copra IRR RoE
Methane Gas
Chemical Process Systems
Direct Fuel Cells - Hydrogen is produced inside the cell by reacting ADG with steam. A proprietary catalyst system creates
carbonates from the CO2 of the fuel as electrolytes, creating electricity as a byproduct
Biogas Fuel
REFORMING ANODE CATALYST ELECTROLYTE CATALYST CATHODE
Steam
CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2 4H2 + 4CO3 4H2O + 4CO2 + 8e
2O2 + 4CO2 + 8e
Air
4CO3


Fuel Cell vs Conventional Power Generation

Direct Energy Conversion Improves Efficiency
Conventional Power Plants - 15% to 30%
Fuel
Combustion
Steam
Turbine Generator
Electricity
Fuel
Combustion
Turbine Generator
Electricity
Fuel Cell Power Plants - 40% to 65%
Fuel
Direct Fuel Cell

Electricity
Emissions of Fuel Cell Power Plants

24.89 25.0
(Pounds of emissions per 1000 kWh NOx, CO, SOx, Hydrocarbon, Particulates)
(11,364 gm)
24.5
1.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.04 (18 gm) 0 Average US fossil fuel plant Energy Systems Integration
(545 gm)
(273 gm)
Microturbine
Combined cycle gas turbine
DFC Fuel cell
Source: NETL(http://www.eren.doe.gov/der/pdfs/mid_atlantic_conf_02/williams.pdf)

Direct FuelCell Tri-generation Electricity/Heat/Hydrogen

Commercial - Industrial Bldg
kWs to electric load
Heat/Cooling to buildings thermal load Fuel Cell Power Plant
Distributed tri-generation of electricity, heat and hydrogen is attractive Current technology is competitive with small scale/distributed H2 production Future developments have potential to make fuel cell produced hydrogen the preferred method of supply
Hydrogen H2 Refueling Station

Fuel Cell Power Plants

Fuel Cell power plants are superior distributed generation option
Reliable, 24/7 uninterrupted base load power supply for commercial, industrial & utility customers More efficient than competing technologies, high 60% range Complimentary with Solar and Wind Energy Generation Systems Clean & quiet On-site, customer - controlled Uses existing electric grid & fuel infrastructure & multiple fuels


Thank You.
Adel Garcia, Jr. - PEE
Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila Tel/Fax: +63 2 374 6455 Email: avgarciapower@pldtdsl.net



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BioFuels for Energy Generation

Adel Garcia, Jr. - PEE

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

Energy Systems Integration

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Forms of Biofuels - Alcohols

Other Forms of Alcohol (but NOT BioFuel)

Energy Systems Integration

Leading countries with developed bio-ethanol programs

Currently best sources of ethanol

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Bio-Ethanol Yield of Common Crops

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Forms of Biofuels - Biogas

23 times more potent GHG than CO2

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Forms of Biofuels - Biogas

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Methane Potential Health Effects

Energy Systems Integration

Forms of Biofuels - Solids

Dried Animal Waste

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Contents of BioFuels

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Biodiesel red Fuel Cells

Energy Systems Integration

Open Combustion Systems

Boiler burner systems

Chemical Process Systems

Energy Systems Integration

Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.

Energy Systems Integration

Energy Systems Integration

Energy Systems Integration

Energy Systems Integration