Study Material

School of Engineering

Centurion
UNIVERSITY

Applied Physics

Priyabrata Mohapatra

Module-1 HYDROSTATTIC Short Questions 1. Distinguish between solids, liquids and gases. 2. Why mercury is used in Barometer? 3. Distinguish between Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids. 4. Explain why petrol evaporates more readily than water at ordinary temperature? 5. Explain how certain insects are able to walk on the surface of water? 6. What do you mean by capillarity? 7. What is compressibility? How it is related to bulk modulus? 8. Comment the role of capillary action in (i) an oil lamp and (ii) a fountain pen. 9. What forces act on a fluid element in static equilibrium? 10. On what factors do the pressure variation in the vertical direction depends? 11. Define Archimedess principle. 12. What will be the shape of the free-surface of a liquid , when a static liquid is subjected to uniform rotation in a container. 13. What is the relation between the vacuum pressure and the absolute pressure? 14. The pressure 3 m below the free surface of liquid is 13.72 kN/m2. Determine its specific weight. 15. A container carrying water is moved in a horizontal direction with an acceleration of 2.45 m/s2. What is the angle of inclination of the free water surface horizontally? 16. A circular plate 1 m in diameter is submerged vertically in water such that its upper edge is 8 m below the free surface of water. What is the total hydrostatic pressure force on one side of the plate? 17. An open tank contains water for a depth of 2 m and above it oil for a depth of 1 m. if the oil has a specific gravity of 0.8, find the pressure intensity at the interface of two liquids. 18. If 5 m3 of certain oil weighs 40 kN, calculate the specific weight, mass density and relative density of the oil. 19. A soap bubble 25 mm in diameter has inside pressure of 20.0 N/m2 above atmosphere. Calculate the tension in the soap film. 20. The volume of a liquid is reduced by 1.2% by increasing the pressure from 0.40 MPa to 12.3 MPa. Estimate the modulus of elasticity of he liquid.

Long Questions

1) Explain the characteristic properties of a fluid? 2) Classify the fluids on the basis of existence of interface. 3) A closed tank contains 0.5 m of mercury, 2 m water, 3 m of oil of specific gravity 0.6 and there is air space above the oil. If the gauge pressure at the bottom of the tank is 196.2 kPa, what is the pressure of air at the top of the tank? 4) Determine the absolute pressure and the gauge pressure that would exist within: (i) a spherical droplet of water 5 mm diameter ( ii) a jet of water 5 mm diameter. 5) Air is introduced through a nozzle into a tank of water to form a stream of bubbles. If the bubbles are intended to a diameter of 2mm, calculate by how much the pressure of the air at the nozzle must exceed that of the surrounding water. Assume that surface tension is 71.6 mN/m. 6) A spherical container 2 m in diameter is made up of two hemespheres, one resting on the other with interface horizontal. The sphere is completely filled with oil of sp.gr. 0.7, through a small hole on the top. What is the minimum weight of the upper hemisphere to prevent it from lifting? 7) The pressure and temperature of the atmosphere at the ground level are 1 kgf/cm2 and 260C. Find the pressure and density of air at a height of 4643m. Assume an isothermal atmosphere. 8) The atmospheric pressure at the sea-level is 101.3 kN/ m2 and the temp is 150C. Calculate the pressure 8 km above sea-level, assuming (i) air is incompressible,(ii) isothermal variation of pressure and density, and (iii) adiabatic variation of pressure and density. 9) A square surface 3m x 3m lies in a vertical plane. Determine the position of the centre of pressure and the total force on the square, when its upper edge is (a) in water surface and (b) 15 meter below the water surface. 10) A rectangular gate in the vertical side of a reservoir can turn freely about its upper edge which is horizontal and is fastened at its two lower corners. The gate is 1.0 m wide and 2.0 m high and its upper edge is 2.0 m below the water level. Determine the reactions at the lower corners assuming them to be equal.

MODULE-II MECHANICAL PROPERTIES SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the importance of failure analysis? [BPUT - 2010] What are the selection factors of the material to the device? Explain in detail the economic factor. [BPUT - 2010] Based on stressstrain curve explain the behaviour of brittle & ductile material. Give examples of each. [BPUT - 2009] What is creep fracture? Explain the creep curve for a material between strain & time for a fixed load at a given temperature. [BPUT - 2009]

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

What is true stress? Derive the relation between engineering (conventional) stress and true stress. [BPUT - 2009] Define Hardness property of a material. Briefly explain Brinell hardness test. How BHN is determined in this test? [BPUT - 2009] What is engineering strain? Derive the relation between engineering (conventional) strain and true strain. [BPUT - 2009] Mention at least four characteristics of a typical metal. [BPUT - 2009] What do you mean by Rockwell hardness co-efficient? Classify engineering materials? A perfectly elastic material is subjected to a tensile load. Show that the work done per unit volume is (1/2) of (Stress x Strain). A steel wire of original diameter 21 mm is subjected to a tensile load up to fracture. Its diameter at fracture is 17mm. Calculate ductility. Calculate the work done per unit volume when a stress of 20 GPa is applied to a material of Youngs Modulus 108 GPa. A material having original diameter of 22 mm is subjected to a load up to fracture. Its fracture strength is 380 Mpa. At fracture diameter is 10 mm. Determine the true stress at fracture.

. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Explain the creep test in details. [BPUT - 2007] 2. How impact strength is measured? What is its S.I. unit? [BPUT - 2010] 3. Write four different types of fracture. Which fracture is the result of cyclic loading? Explain in details. [BPUT - 2009] 4. Explain different types of Strengths by means of a Stress Strain diagram. 5. You are asked to suggest a material to be used in high temperature surroundings. Also during service period, the material will be subjected to higher load. Which material you will suggest and which class it belongs. Justify your decision. [BPUT - 2010]

VIBRATION 1. Show mathematically that the total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator remains constant (2nd sem 2007) (3marks) 2. How many times the potential energy and kinetic energy of a simple harmonic oscillator attains maximum value in one complete oscillation? (2nd sem 2007) (2marks) 3. Setup the differential equation for simple harmonic oscillator subjected to a damping force proportional to velocity of oscillator and periodic force of angular frequency . Mention the condition under which velocity resonance occurs. (Supp. 2004) (2marks) 4. A damped oscillator is subjected to a damping force proportional to its velocity. Set up the differential equation of the oscillator. Discusses the under damped, over damped, and critically damped motions of the oscillator. (1st sem 2003) (7marks) 5. What is the physical significance of damping coefficient? What is its unit (2nd sem 2006) (2marks)

6. What is critical damping? How is critical damping useful in practice?(1st sem 2008)(2marks) 7. Give the graphical comparison among the following three types of harmonic motion: i. Under damped harmonic motion ii. Overdamped harmonic motion iii. Critically damped harmonic motion (1st sem 2009) 8. Starting from the differential equation of a damped oscillator, write the solution for under damped oscillatory motion. Graphically show the variation of amplitude with time. Mention the condition for critical damping. (2nd sem 2005) (5marks) 9. In a damped oscillator, the damping force is proportional to the velocity, Mention the positions at which (i) damping force vanishes (ii) restoring force vanishes.(Supp2005) (2marks) 10. Write down the equations describing under-damped, over damped and critically damped one-dimensional harmonic oscillator. (Supp. 2007) (3marks) 11. What is logarithmic decrement? Find the ratio of nth amplitude with 1st amplitude in case of under damped oscillation.(2 mark,2nd sem 2010) 12. In a damped harmonic oscillator, the damping force is proportional to the velocity, mention the positions at which (i) The damping force vanishes. (ii) The restoring force vanishes. (2 mark,2nd sem 2010) 13. Show in a single plot, the time variation of amplitudes of an over damped harmonic oscillator and critically damped harmonic oscillator under identical conditions. (Supp.2007)(Supp.2004) (2marks) 14. Derive an expression for the amplitude of an under damped harmonic oscillator during nth number oscillation. (2nd sem 2006) (3marks) 15. Setup the differential equation for simple harmonic oscillator subjected to a damping force proportional to velocity of oscillator and periodic force of angular frequency . Obtain its most general solution and discuss about resonance. (1st sem 2004) (7marks) 16. Set up the deferential equation for a S.H.O. subjected to a damping force proportional to the velocity of the oscillator and the periodic force of angular frequency w. Obtain its most general solution. (1st sem 2009) (4) 17. A forced harmonic oscillator is at resonance with certain periodic force. What is the phase difference between the driving force & the velocity of the oscillator? (Supp.2007)(Supp.2004) (2marks) 18. What is sharpness of resonance? (1st sem 2009) 19. In steady state forced vibration, describe how the phase of driven system changes with frequency of the driving force? (1st sem 2007)(5marks) PROBLEMS 1. What is the linear frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator described by the equation x = sin (12.56t) where instantaneous position x is measured in meter and time t is measured in second. (Supp. 2007) (2marks)(Ans: 2 Hz) 2. A point is executing simple harmonic motion with a time period 2s. At its mean position its speed is 0.05 m/s. What is its speed when it is at a distance of 0.04 m from the mean position? (1st sem 2007)(2marks) (Ans: 0.03m/s)

3. The total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is 0.8 erg. What is its kinetic energy when it is midway between the mean position and an extreme position? (Supp. 2006) (2marks)(Ans: 0.6erg) 4. The differential equation of motion of freely oscillating body is given by
2 d 2x dt 2 18 2 x 0 .

Calculate the natural frequency of the body.(2nd sem 2006) (2marks)

(Ans: 1.5 Hz) 5. Two simple harmonic oscillators of masses 10gm & 800gm oscillate separately under the action of same restoring force. Calculate the ratio of their frequencies. (2nd sem 2006) (2marks) (Ans: 80 : 1 ) 6. The displacement of a one dimensional simple harmonic oscillator of mass 5gm is y(t) = 2cos(0.6t + ) where y & t are in cm & second respectively. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the oscillator. (Supp. 2005) (2marks) 7. The natural angular frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator of mass 2gm is 0.8red/sec. It undergoes critically damped motion when taken to a viscous medium. Find the damping force on the oscillator when its speed is 0.2cm/sec. (2nd sem 2005) (2marks) 8. A vertical spring executes S.H.M with period 1sec. when a mass of 1gm suspended at the lower end of the spring, find the length through which the spring stretched. (1stsem 2004) (3marks) 9. A system of unit mass whose natural frequency in the absence of damping is 4rad/s is subjected to a small damping force, which is proportional to the velocity of the system, the constant of proportionality being 10 S-1. Show that the system is over damped and that the general solution for displacement is y = Ae-2t + Be-8t. The mass is initially at y = 0.5m and given initial speed V 0 to wards the equilibrium position. Find the smallest value of V0 that will produce negative displacement. (1stsem 2007)(7marks) 10. The forced harmonic oscillations have same displacement amplitude at frequencies 1 = 400 Hz and 2 = 800 Hz. Calculate the resonance frequency at which the displacement is maximum.(2nd sem 2007) (6marks) 11. The amplitude of a forced damped oscillator is 1.2 cm. What would be it amplitude if the magnitude of the driving force is doubled? (Supp. 2006) (2marks) 12. The maximum amplitude of a forced damped oscillator is 2.5cm. What will be the maximum amplitude if the damping constant and magnitude of the driving force are doubled? (1st sem 2005) (2marks) 13. Evaluate the Q-factor of damped oscillator with resonant frequency 500Hz and damping coefficient 0.5 per second. (1st sem 2005) (2marks)

MODULE III Short Questions

1. Derive the equation of trajectory of a projectile. 2. What is the difference between momentum & impulse? Show the relationship between them. 3. What do you mean by co efficient of restitution? What are its values for different types of impact? 4. If the speed of a particle along a curved path is constant. What is the value of tangential acceleration? 5. What meant by moment of moment of a particle? 6. What is the conservative system? State and explain the law of conservation of energy. 7. Find the pressure transmitted to the feet of a man of 500 N standing in a lift that moves downward with an acceleration of 3m /sec2 . 8. Prove that the rate of change of momentum is impulse. 9. Find the relationship between the linear acceleration and angular acceleration. 10. State the equation of moment of momentum. 11. Write down the maximum value of range when a particle is projected down the inclined plane . 12. Find the relationship between the linear acceleration and angular acceleration.

Long Questions

1. a. Find the projection angle with the horizontal direction of a projectile such that the horizontal range is 4 times the maximum height it reached during its motion. (5) b. Three perfectly elastic balls A, B and c of masses 2 Kg, 4 Kg and 8 Kg move in the same direction with he velocities of 4 m/s, 1m/s, and 0.75m/s respectively. If the ball A impinges with ball B, which in turn, impinges with ball C prove that the balls A and B will be brought to rest by the impacts. (5) 2. a. Racing cars travels around a circular track of 300m radius with a speed of 384 Km/ h. what angle should the floor of the track make with horizontal in order to safeguard against skidding? (3) b. A fly wheel is rotating about at 200 r.p.m. and after 10 seconds it is rotating at 160 r.p.m. if the retardation is uniform, determines number of revolutions made by the fly wheel before it comes to rest from the speed of 200 r.p.m. (7) 3.

a. A projectile is aimed at a mark on the horizontal plane through the point of projection and falls 12 m short when the angle of projection is 150, while it overshoots the mark by 25 m when the same angle is 450, find the angle of projection to hit the mark. Assume no air resistance. Take the velocity of projection constant in all cases. (6) b. State and explain DAlemberts principle with an example. How does it help you in solving problems? (4)

4. a.

A flexible but in-extensible chain of 5 m length and unit weight of 1 KN/m length is held on a smooth table with a initial over hang of 2 m from the table top. Calculate velocity v with which the chain will leave the table if released. (4) b. Find the velocity of escape of a rocket fired from the surface of the moon. Assume that the density of moon has same density as that of earth and the total mass is 0.013 times that of the earth. (6) 5. The maximum range of a projectile is 1600 m . at what angle f elevation will the range be 1200 m if the initial velocity remains unchanged? (3) 6. Considering only rotation of the earth determine the resultant acceleration of a point on its surface at the latitude 450 N. assume the radius of the earth r = 6400Km. (3) 7. a. A slid right circular roller of radius R and weight W tied to a horizontal plane by a rod AC has initial angular velocity 0 as shown in figure 6. If the rotor is suddenly allowed to rest its full weight on the plane , what time t will elapse before it comes t rest. The co-efficient of friction at B is . Numerical data are given as follows: 0 = 20 rad/ sec, R = 0.3 m, = 0.25, = 200. (5) b. Find the moment of inertia of a hollow sphere w.r.t. a diameter if the unit weight of the material is w and the outer and inner radii are r0 andri. 8. A boy wishes to through a ball over a flat roofed school house that stands 12 m wide and 7.5 m high on the level ground. Assuming that the wall will leave his hand at a height of 1.5 m above the ground, determine how far from the wall he should take his stand in order to make the ball clear the roof with the least effort i.e. with the minimum initial velocity. (6) 9. A golf ball dropped from the rest on to a cement sidewalk rebounds eight-tenths of the height through which it fell. Neglecting air resistance, determine the coefficient of restitution. (4)

10. a. Racing cars travels around circular tracks of 300 m radius with a speed of 384 km/h. what angle should the floor of the track make with horizontal in order to safeguard against skidding? (3) b. A wheel rotating about a fixed axis at 20 r.p.m. is uniformly accelerated for 70 sec., during which time it makes 50 revolutions. Find i. Angular velocity at the end of this intervals and j. Time required for the speed to reach 100 r.p.m (7)