Parts of a Speech Notes Nouns A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea.

idea. Concrete nouns occupy space and are detectable by the five senses. (screen, siren, milk, velvet, odor) Abstract nouns name qualities, ideas, and characteristics. (freedom, trust, love, fear, excitement, bravery, peace, softness) Plural nouns traditionally add s to the singular form. Some irregular plural nouns (children) do exist. Possessive nouns are formed by adding and show ownership by a noun s to singular nouns (childs, schools, games, teams, buss). Plural nouns form possessives by adding an following the s that makes the word plural. (classes, assignments) Proper nouns name particular persons, places, things, or ideas. Common nouns are the general names of persons, places, things, or ideas. Idea Thing Person Place Common religion era event movie teacher officer ocean building Proper Hinduism Great Depression Flowertown Festival Tommy Boy Miss Mitchell Sgt. Williams Atlantic Ocean The Chrysler Building

Pronoun is a word that takes the place of the name for a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. Antecedent word or group of words a pronoun refers to About 75 exist in the English language. Categories include: Personal Possessive Reflexive Intensive Demonstrative Relative Interrogative Indefinite Personal Pronouns refer to a specific person or thing in first, second, or third person and may be singular or plural. 3rd person pronouns express gender (except for it)

Parts of a Speech Notes Possessive Pronouns take the place of possessive forms of nouns and are also expressed in first, second, and third person. Reflexive Pronoun refers to a noun or another pronoun and indicates the same person or thing is involved. Reflects back to a noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence Always adds information Examples: I exhausted myself working for the campaign. She is back to herself again. As a team, they have no faith in themselves. Intensive Pronoun adds emphasis to another noun or pronoun. Does not add necessary information to the sentence. If omitted, sentences meaning does not change. Is frequently placed next to its antecedent, but may be found anywhere in the sentence. Examples: You told me yourself to stop. I myself decorated for the party. We baked the bread ourselves. Demonstrative Pronouns point out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. Can come before or after its antecedent. Antecedent may also be understood SINGULAR: this, that Examples: This is the hat I want. (before) PLURAL: these, those These are the potatoes left from dinner. (before) My old shoes are nicer than those. (after) Show me that again. (understood antecedent) Interrogative Pronouns are used to form questions Who? Whom? Whose? What? Which? Intensive forms are whoever, whosoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever Examples: Whoever told you that? Whatever did you say? Relative Pronoun is used to begin a subordinate (dependent) clause. who whose whomever that what whoever which whichever whatever Examples: The pilot who landed the plane is my cousin. The plane, which landed late, carried our friends. Indefinite Pronouns refer to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does. Examples: Jacob seems to know everyone at school. (Refers to people in general) 2 whom

Parts of a Speech Notes Im going to bake something special for Thanksgiving. (Does not indicate what is referred to) We served the bread, not knowing some was stale. (Specific antecedent bread) all each many nothing somebody another most one someone any enough much other anybody everybody neither others anyone nobody plenty anything everything none several few no one some either something everyone both

Adjective-word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun by limiting its meaning Answers one of the following questions: Which one? What kind? How many? How much? Articles- the words a, an, and the are considered adjectives that function draw attention to a noun that follows is. a/an are indefinite articles and the is a definite article. Positive-the simplest form of an adjective Comparative- used when comparing two things; add the ending er or the word more with words containing more than 2 syllables Superlative- used when comparing more than two things; add the ending est or the word most with words containing more than 2 syllables Proper Adjectives- adjectives formed from Proper nouns and begin with a capital letter. Frequently are often created by incorporating suffixes such as: -an, ian, -ese, ish, -ic Nouns Used as Adjectives When used as such, it answers the questions: What kind? or Which one? Possessive nouns can be used as adjectives in the same way Pronouns Used as Adjectives Possessive adjectives use possessive pronouns that answer the question Which one? (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) Demonstrative adjectives use demonstrative pronouns to answer the questions Which one? How many? How much?

Parts of a Speech Notes Interrogative adjectives are pronouns that are used to ask questions o Examples: Which concert did she attend? Whose party was best? What grade did he get?

VERB- a word that expresses an action or a state of being and is necessary to make a statement 3 basic tenses: past, present, future Action Verb- tells what someone or something does Transitive- takes a direct object that answers the question What/whom committed the action? Intransitive- does not take a direct object Usage in the sentence sometimes determines transitive/intransitive Ex: Jill ate her sandwich in the cafeteria. (transitive) Jill ate right before class today. (intransitive)

Linking Verb- joins the subject of the sentence with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject. Linking verbs do not show action. Verbs related to the fives senses can act as linking verbs. All the forms of the word be act as linking verbs. o am is are was were be being been Some Linking Verbs appear grow seam stay become look sound smell taste feel I am a musician. The days were hot. He seems better today. The cake tastes good. He grew taller over the summer.

Verb Phrases-a main verb and all of its helping verbs Auxiliary/ helping verbs- accompany the main verb The forms of have and be are the most common helping verbs. Helping verbs assist in expressing the tense of action. Helping verbs may be used to express different shades of meaning.

am is are was were be being been

Parts of a Speech Notes has have had having can, could may, might She might wait. He could win. I must be going. ADVERBS Adverbs-word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by making its meaning more specific and an answer the questions: When? (verb modifier) Where? (verb modifier) How? (verb modifier) To what extent? (verb modifier) To what degree? (adjective and adverb modifier) Many words that end in ly act as adverbs Adverbs that Modify Verbs- can appear in various positions in relation to the verb She had arrived early. She stepped aside. He effectively argued his case. He completely finished the work. -Negative words also function as adverbs modifying verbs The cow is not in the barn. I never saw a thing. Adverbs that Modify Adjectives- give additional meaning to adjectives and usually appear in front of the word they modify The train is extremely late. My very best friend lives in Georgia. June was a rather dry month Adverbs that Modify Adverbs- are used to give extra meaning to other adverbs and appear directly in front of the modified word. They were only partially convinced. Please speak more clearly. I know him very well. Forms of Adverbs- also use positive, comparative, and superlative forms. If an adverb ends in ly, use more or most to create comparative or superlative Irregular comparatives and superlatives exist o Badly, worse, worst

shall, should do, does, did must

will, would

Parts of a Speech Notes o Little, less, least o Well, better, best o Far, farther, farthest

Parts of a Speech Notes

Prepositionsshow relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Noun/ pron. is called the object of preposition (OP). Sentences should NEVER end in a preposition. Ex: The garage is behind the house. (spatial relationship) The engine purred after the adjustment. (time relationship) It started with ease. (with relates to started, which relates to ease.) Aboard About Above Across After Against Along Amid Among Around As At Before Behind Below Beneath Beside(s) Between Beyond But (meaning except) By Concerning Despite Down During Except(ing) Pending Regarding Since Through(out) To Toward Under Underneath Until Unto Up Upon With Within Without

Compound prepositionsprepositions made up of one or more word According to Ahead of Along with Apart from Aside from As to Because of By means of In addition to In front of In spite of Instead of Next to On account of On top of Out of Owing to

Conjunctionswords that join single words or groups of words. Coordinating conjunctions join word(s) that have equal grammatical weight in a sentence and but or nor yet for so

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words of equal grammatical weight in a sentence both/and either/or just as/so not only/but (also) neither/nor whether/or

Parts of a Speech Notes

Relationship between words/groups of words is emphasized by using correlative rather than coordinating conjunctions. Conjunctive Adverbs are used to clarify the relationship between clauses of equal grammatical weight *Conjunctive adverbs tend to be stronger & more precise than coordinating conjunctions. * Excellent for transitions and concluding statements. Coordinating conjunction: The days faded away, but they left us with happy memories. Conjunctive adverb: The days faded away, nevertheless they left us with happy memories. Several uses: Replace and: also, besides, furthermore, moreover Replace but: however, nevertheless, still To state a result: consequently, therefore, thus To state an equality: similarly, likewise, equally Subordinating conjunctions join 2 clauses to make one grammatically dependent on the other * The clause the subordinating conjunction begins is the dependent clause. After Although As As if As far as As long as As soon as As though Because Before Considering (that) If Inasmuch as In order that Provided (that) Since So long as So that Than Though Unless Until When Whenever Where Whereas Wherever While

Ex: Whenever he plays again, we want to see him. We will want to get there early if we can Interjections express emotion or exclamation but have no grammatical connection . *Set off with commas or exclamation points. *Can be used ironically by replacing exclamation point with a period. Oh, didnt you know? Geez, that stinks. Wow! Thats fantastic! Wow. Thats fantastic.