LECTURE 4

INTRODUCTION TO

SOUND & ACOUSTIC

MS SHIKIN

INTRODUCTION

WHY?
ISSUES
In built environment
An increasing number of noise sources Space planning site plan, internal plan; exposed to noise sources Construction material lightweight ; low acoustical performance

INTRODUCTION

WHO?
THE TEAM
In built environment
Recognizing potential noise problems Integration of acoustic design with architectural requirements Preserve and enhanced desired sound Reduce or eliminate sound that interfere with our activities Deciding on interior materials and details of construction components

INTRODUCTION

HOW?
THE TEAM
In built environment
Blocking exterior noise: distance, zoning and buffer Reduced at source Reduction of noise transmission: isolating, enclosing the source, absorbing the sound with building materials Directing the sound: shape, size and proportions of the room

INTRODUCTION

WHAT?
1.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM 2.SOUND PROPAGATION AND NOISE CONTROL 3.ACOUSTIC DESIGN

WHAT IS SOUND?
The Nature of Sound
What comes on, goes by..
Gradually dying off as their energy is absorbed by the medium

Sound is..
The sensation produced by the ear when stimulated by these vibration

Beneficial

music, speech, warning sounds etc.

PERCEPTION OF SOUND
HUMAN EAR
The outer ear serves to collect and channel sound to the middle ear The middle ear serves to transform the energy of a sound wave into the internal vibrations of the bone structure of the middle ear. The inner ear serves to transform the energy of a compression wave within the inner ear fluid into nerve impulses which can be transmitted to the brain.

http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/noise_education/web/ENG_EPD_HTML/m1/intro_2.html

WHAT IS NOISE?
NOISE
Is an unwanted sound.

Noise
The railroads noise

The main roads and traffics

Power Plant noise

Noise
Noise is an unwanted sound. This is an environmental definition of sound that takes account of the effect of a sound rather than its nature.
any sound that is unwanted, annoying, or discordant, or that interferes with ones hearing of something

Many of the reasons for not wanting a particular sound can be identified by the effects that can have on the listener or on the environment. Some of the effects are
Hearing loss Quality of life Interference Distraction Expense

Noise
The Effect of Noise 150 dB causes instant loss of hearing. 120 dB is physically painful and should be avoided. 100 dB short periods of exposure causes a temporary loss of acuity (threshold shift) with prolonged exposure likely to cause irreparable damage to auditory organs. 90 dB long term exposure at this level normally causes permanent hearing loss. 65dB long periods of exposure cause both mental and bodily fatigue.

Music or Noise
regular and repeating pattern; the result is music. irregular and non-repeating pattern; this is "noise."

WHAT IS SOUND?
SOUND as Longitudinal Wave
Longitudinal waves are waves in which the motion of the individual particles of the medium is in a direction which is parallel to the direction of energy transport. The result of such longitudinal vibrations is the creation of compressions and rarefactions within the air.

Rarefaction: A decrease in density and pressure in a medium, such as air, caused by the passage of a sound wave.

WHAT IS SOUND?
SOUND as Pressure Wave
vibrating object will produce a sequence of compressions and rarefactions in the air surrounding it. These small fluctuations in air pressure travel away from the source at relatively high speed, gradually dying off as their energy is absorbed by the medium.

PROPERTIES OF SOUND
Sound is a pressure wave and thus cannot exist in a vacuum. Sound waves can travel through solids, liquids and gases. For a sound to exist, two things are necessary: 1) a source (vibrating body to produce the pressure waves) 2) a medium (something for the pressure waves to move)

The sound source vibrates and affects air particles, which strike the ear drum

PROPERTIES OF SOUND
Sound waves have four (4) basic qualities: 1. 2. Frequency (): is the number of cycles of vibration per second. The unit is hertz (Hz)

Amplitude :difference between maximum and minimum pressure

X Hertz = X vibration/second

PROPERTIES OF SOUND
Sound waves have four (4) basic qualities:
3. Velocity (v): depends on the medium in which the sound is traveling and the temperature of the medium. It is the distance moved per second in a fixed direction. The unit is metre per second

PROPERTIES OF SOUND
4. Wavelength (): is the distance between any two repeating points on wave. It is

Sound can range from wavelength 15.25 meter (low pitch) to less than 25mm (high pitch)

PROPERTIES OF SOUND

5. Power:

is the quality of acoustic energy as measured in watts. It is this power that people perceive as loudness. 6. Pressure (pa): Fluctuation about the local atmospheric pressure 7. Intensity (W/m3): Amount of sound energy within a specific area normal to the direction of propagation (spreading)

PROPERTIES OF SOUND
For every vibration of the sound source the wave moves forward by one wavelength. The number of vibrations per second therefore indicates the total length moved in 1 second; which is the same as velocity. This relationship is true for all wave motions and can be written as the following formula.

v=x
where v = velocity in m/s = frequency in Hz = wavelength in m

EXAMPLE
A particular sound wave has a frequency of 440Hz and a velocity of 340m/s. Calculate the wavelength of this sound. using: v=x 340 = 440 x = 340 / 440 = 0.773 m

Nature and Properties of Sound

If an object that produces sound waves vibrates 100 times a second, then the frequency of that sound wave will be 100 Hz. The human can hear this as sound of a certain pitch. Pitch is the frequency of a sound perceived by human hearing. Low pitch- caused by low frequency sound waves High pitch caused by high frequency sound waves

Nature and Properties of Sound

Most sound contains a combination of many different frequencies and it is usually measures and analyze them in ranges of frequency such as OCTAVE.

An octave is the range of frequencies from a given frequency to

double that frequency.
Example; 880 Hz is one octave above 440 Hz.

Resonance
Every object has a natural frequency ( characteristic frequency at which it tends to vibrate when disturbed) also depends upon factors such as shape, density and stiffness of the object.
Example The sound of a metal bar dropped on the floor can be distinguished from a block of wood dropped in the same way.

What is Threshold?
Is the strength at which a human ear can perceived. Threshold of hearing is the weakest sound the average human ear can detect.
- Human ear can perceive a very wide range of sound pressure.
- The softest sound a normal human ear can detect has a pressure variation of 20 micro Pascals, abbreviated as Pa, which is 20 x 10-6 Pa ("20 millionth of a Pascal") - Most sensitive between 500 Hz to 4000 Hz (speech band)

Threshold of pain is the strength sound that human ear can tolerate.

Hearing Threshold in Hertz

- Any sound with a frequency below the audible range of hearing (less than 20 Hz) is known as an infrasound. - Any sound with a frequency above the audible range of hearing ( more than 20 000 Hz) is known as ultrasound.

SOUND MEASUREMENT
To avoid expressing sound or noise in terms of Pa, which could involve some unmanageable numbers, the decibel or dB scale is used. The scale uses the hearing threshold of 20 Pa or 20 x 10-6 Pa as the reference level. This is defined as 0 dB.

SOUND MEASUREMENT
The logarithmic scale used is known as the decibel or dB after Alexander Graham Bell. This scale is approximately corresponds to the perception of the change in loudness detected by our hearing. The decibel is the smallest change in sound pressure that ear can detect.

SOUND MEASUREMENT
The DECIBEL (dB) is a logarithmic ratio of two quantities and is calculated by:

N = 10 log10 (I2 / I0)

where I2 and I0 are 2 intensities being compared N = number of decibels. Sound Intensity, is the rate of energy flow across a unit area

where I = intensity of sound being measured (W/m2) I0 = intensity of the threshold of hearing taken as 1 x 10-12 W/m2

Sound Intensity (SIL)= 10 log10 (I /I0)

SOUND MEASUREMENT
Sound pressure level, which is often abbreviated as SPL or Lp, in decibels (dB), can then be obtained using the following formula.

For practical purposes, the SIL and SPL give the same values in decibels.

SOUND MEASUREMENT
Example of sound pressure level scale in loudness (dB)

Ref: http://www.nohsc.gov.au/OHSInformation/OHSSolutions/noise/NOISECONT.HTM

Logarithms (revision)
Log 10 1 = 0 Log 10 10 = 1 Log 10 100 = 2 Log 10 1000 = 3 Log 10 10000 = 4 since 10 0 = 1 since 10 1 = 10 since 10 2 = 100 since 10 3 = 1000 since 10 4 = 10000

Relationship (revision)
log (MN) = log M + log N log (M/N) = log M - log N log (1/N) = -log N log (Nn) = n log N log (N(m/n) ) = (m/n) log N

SOUND MEASUREMENT
Calculation of Sound Levels - Examples A sound pressure of 4.5 x 10-2 Pa when measured under certain conditions. Calculate the sound pressure level of this sound. Threshold of hearing pressure = 20 x 10-6 Pa Solution: SPL = 20 log10 (4.5 x 10-2) (20x 10-6) = 20 x 3.3522 = 67 dB

SOUND MEASUREMENT
Adding Sounds or Noises together on the Decibel Scale

If two different sound arrive at the same time then a ear is subject to 2 pressure waves. The additions of sound levels in dB does not give the sound level of combine sound. Eg. Total sound level caused by the combination of 2 vacuum cleaners at sound levels of 95 dB each will not give 190 dB.

SOUND MEASUREMENT
Adding Sounds or Noises together on the Decibel Scale One may be interested to know what results when one sound is combined with another, i.e. the addition of sounds. dding 60 apples to 60 apples results in 120 apples. But this is not the case A with sounds when they are expressed in decibels. In fact, adding 60 decibels to 60 decibels gives 63 decibels. he following formula explains the general principle of adding sounds on T the decibel scale.

SOUND MEASUREMENT

One can use the above formula to add three sounds together - 60 dB, 65 dB and 70 dB.

SOUND MEASUREMENT

http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/noise_education/web/ENG_EPD_HTML/m1/intro_5.html

SOUND MEASUREMENT
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END of LECTURE 1