Pedigree Creation and Analysis Pedigrees can be used to keep records (they are similar to a family tree), track

a mutation or genetic disorder through a particular family, and determine whether a colour mutation is autosomal (dominant or recessive) or sex-linked (dominant or recessive). Anything autosomal has to do with the non-sex chromosomes (anything other than X or Y chromosomes in humans). Anything Sex-linked has to do with the sex chromosomes (X and Y in humans or Z and W in Birds). Autosomal Inheritance CRITERIA FOR AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE - GENETIC DISORDER (1) the phenotype appears in every generation, with each affected individual having an affected parent. (2) any child of an affected parent has a 50% risk of inheriting that trait (3) Phenotypically normal family members do not transmit the phenotype to their children (4) Males and females are equally likely to transmit the phenotype to children of either sex. in particular, male to male transmission can occur and males can have affected daughters (do not see this with Sex-linked inheritance)

CRITERIA FOR AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE - GENETIC DISORDER (1) If it appears in more than 1 member of the immediate family, it typically is seen only in the siblings and not in the parents or offspring or other relatives. It skips generations. (2) For most autosomal recessive traits, males and females are equally likely to be affected. (3) The parents of the affected person may be consanguineous (related). This is especially likely if the gene responsible for the condition is rare in a population. (4) The recurrent risk for each sibling of the is 1/4 (if both parents are unaffected but carriers)

PEDIGREE CHARTS FOR SEX-LINKED GENES There are 2 types of sex-linked inheritance: (1) X-linked recessive inheritance (2) Y-linked Dominant inheritance These types of inheritance are much less common than the 2 types of autosomal inheritance (autosomal inheritance has 22 pairs of chromosomes to work on while sex-linked only has 1 chromosome pair to work on). Both types of Sex-linked inheritance are easy to distinguish from the 2 types of autosomal inheritance. SEX-LINKED DOMINANT INHERITANCE

Criteria for Sex-linked Dominance in Humans: (1) affected males with normal mates have no affected sons and NO normal daughters (all affected) (2) affected males have affected mothers (3) both males and females have a 50% chance of being affected if they have an affected mother (these offspring are almost always heterozygotes "Aa"). This is the same as autosomal dominant inheritance (4) females are more likely to be affected than males

SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE INHERITANCE Criteria: (1) the trait appears in way more females than males. (2) the gene responsible for the trait is transmitted from an affected female through all of her sons. Any of her son's daughters have a 50% chance of being affected. ALL AFFECTED FEMALES HAVE PHENOTYPICALLY NORMAL OFFSPRING (if the male/mate is normal). (3) the gene is never transmitted directly from a mother to her daughter. However, the gene is transmitted to all of her sons in the heterozygous or carrier form. (4) the gene may be transmitted through a series of carrier males (appear normal, but is actually a heterozygote eg. Aa). If this is true, the affected females in a kindred (group of relatives) are related through males. Affected females almost always have normal parents! (5) Heterozygous (Aa) males are usually unaffected, but some may show the condition in a lesser form than an afflicted individual. Hemophilia is the best example of recessive sex-linked inheritance in humans. Only males are affected (unless a female has an affected father and a carrier mother) and all females from an affected male are carriers/ heterozygotes.