vAIBHAv 1

Object Demonstration of induced current in a coil as bar magnet is moved inside the coi l. vAIBHAv 2

Principle 1.Whenever magnetic S flux linked with coil Bar Magnet be changed the e.m.f. N i s induced in coil. 2.Induced e.m.f. is directly proportional G to rate of change of Clamp Coil of magnetic flux. about 250 turns 3.Direction of induced Wooden S tand current always A bar magnet moved in oppose the cause by & out of a coil pr oduces which induced current in the it is produced. coil in both the cases. The galvanometer shows deflection. vAIBHAv 3

Observation When a bar magnet is placed near the coil no deflection is observed in galvanome ter. S N G When North pole of magnet is moved rapidly towards the coil, the galvanometer shows deflection. When magnet is stopped the deflection in galvanometer becomes zero. When speed of magnet is increased the deflection is increased. S N G vAIBHAv 4

 When North pole of magnet is taken away from the coil rapidly, the galvanometer shows deflection but in opposite direction. When magnet is stopped the deflectio n in galvanometer becomes zero. When speed of magnet is increased the deflection is increased. S N G When Southpole of magnet faces the coil & the magnet is moved towards or away fr om the coil, the galvanometer again shows deflection but in opposite direction. S N G G N S When magnet is kept stationary & coil is moved towards or away from magnet, then there is a deflection in the galvanometer. vAIBHAv 5

Explanation When there is no relative motion between the magnet & the coil, the magnetic lin es of force passing through the coil is definite i.e. the magnetic flux linked w ith coil is constant. When there is relative motion between the magnet & coil & magnet is moved towards the coil the magnetic lines passing through coil increas es. When magnet moves away magnetic field lines passing through coil decreases. According to Faraday Laws e.m.f. induced when magnetic flux linked with coil be changed. When magnetic flux linked with coil increases then galvanometer shows d eflection in one direction when it decreases it shows deflection in opposite dir ection. vAIBHAv 6

Conclusion Whenever there is change in Magnetic Flux linked with the coil current is induce d in coil. Direction of induced current always opposes the cause by which it is produced. vAIBHAv 7

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Object Demonstration of working of light dependent resistor using simple circuit like a utomatic car parking light / automatic switches. vAIBHAv 9

Principle The light dependent resistor is a resistor whose resistance value depends upon t he intensity of light falling on it. LDR resistance decreases with increasing li ght level. vAIBHAv 10

Circuit Diagram & Component Used Components : 1.A transistor(n-pn) 2.A LED 3.Battery 4.Resistor 10k, 1k 5.Light Dep endent 6V 0.06A BC 108 or ZTX 300 6V R 10k 1k ORP 12 vAIBHAv 11

Observations When light falls on the LDR the LED will not glow. When light doesnt fall on the LDR the LED will glow. vAIBHAv 12

Explanation Construction Of LDR :It is made up of high resistance semiconductor. The light s ensitive part of the LDR is a wavy track of cadmium sulphide. CdS cells rely on the materials ability to vary its resistance according to the amount of light st riking the cell. Cadmium sulphide track vAIBHAv 13

 Working : If the light falling on the devices is of high enough frequency, Photo ns absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electorns enough energy to jump into conduction band. The resulting free electron conduct electricity, thereby lower ing V = resistance. R 9V 10 Suppose the LDR has a resistance of . k 5k in bright l ight & 200k in the V shade LDR in to p ot u L win o th e vAIBHAv lig t h 14

When the LDR is in the light Vout will be Vout Rbottom = + Rtop Rbottom Vout V = 0.5 0.5 + 10 x 9 = 0.43 In the shade Vout will be Vout V = 200 200 + 10 x 9 = 8.57 vAIBHAv 15

Conclusion This circuit gives a low voltage when the LDR is in the light & a high voltage w hen the LDR is in the Shade. vAIBHAv 16