WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERINIG AND TECHNOLOGY TEL 444 WIRELESS SYSTEMS

Homework #1 Solutions
(120 pts) (5 pts) 1. What does WiMax Stand for? Ans: Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access (5 pts) 2. What is the IEEE standard for WiMax? Ans: IEEE 802.16 (5 pts) 3. What is the range of WiMax? Ans: 40 50 km (10 pts) 4. Name some countries that are using WiMax today. Ans: Pakistan, http://www.propakistani.com/2008/07/02/mobilink-launches-wimax-inpakistan/ Malaysia, http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/149984/malaysias_packet_one_launches_ wimax_service.html\ South Korea, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15607130/ Germany, http://www.wimax-industry.com/pr/6f.htm (5 pts) 5. What is the IEEE standard for WiFi? Ans: IEEE 802.11 (5 pts) 6. What is the range of WiFi? Ans: about 100 feet (5 pts) 7. What does UWB stand for? Ans: Ultra Wide Band (5 pts) 8. What coding scheme is primarily used for third generation cellular networks (CDMA, FDMA, or TDMA)? Ans: CDMA Chapter 5, page 128. (5 pts) Review question 5.1. What two functions are performed by an antenna? Ans: transmission and reception. (5 pts) Review question 5.2 What is an isotropic antenna? Ans: An isotropic antenna is an antenna that radiates energy evenly in all directions, similar to a star. (5 pts) Review question 5.3 What information is available from a radiation pattern? Ans: The radiation pattern displays relative signal strength at all angles within a given plane. (5 pts) Review question 5.5 What factors determine antenna gain? Ans: Effective antenna area and wavelength. (Alternatively one could say effective antenna area and frequency). (10 pts) Problem 5.2, page 124. Antenna length = 10 meters. Optimum length of a dipole is /2 Set 10 meters = /2 and solve for wavelength:

Wavelength = = (2) ( 10 meters) = 20 meters c Wavelength = = f Set = 20 meters and c = speed of light = 3 108 meters/sec, to get: 3 10 8 meters/sec 20 meters = f 3 10 8 meters/sec Solve for the frequency: f = = 1.5 10 7 1/sec = 1.5 10 7 Hz = 15 MHz 20 meters

(10 pts) Problem 5.3, page 124. Frequency = f = 30 Hz. c 3 10 8 meters/sec 3 10 8 meters/sec = = 1 10 7 meters Wavelength = = = f 30 Hz 30 Hz 1 10 7 meters = 5 10 6 meters = 5000 km 2 2 5000 km Antenna length in miles = = = = 3107 miles 2 1.609344 km/mile (10 pts) Problem 5.5, page 124. Antenna length = =

Antenna length =

Wavelength = = (2 )(0.0025 meters ) = 0.005 meters c Wavelength = = Plug in wavelength and speed of light to get: f 3 10 8 meters/sec 0.005 meters = f 3 10 8 meters/sec = 6 1010 Hz = 60 10 9 Hz = 60 GHz Solve for frequency to get f = f = 0.005 meters (10 pts) Problem 5.7, page 124. Effective Area and Gain for a wavelength of 30 cm. = 0.3 meters
Type of Antenna Effective Area, Ae (m2) Antenna Gain, unitless

= 0.0025 meters

Isotropic Infinitesimal dipole, or Infinitesimal loop Half-wave dipole Turnstile (two crossed perpendicular dipoles) Horn, with mouth area A
Parabolic reflector, with face area A

2 0.3 2 = = 0.007162 4 4 2 1.52 (1.5)(0.3) = = 0.01074 4 4 2 1.642 (1.64)(0.3) = = 0.01175 4 4 2 1.152 (1.15)(0.3) = = 0.008236 4 4
0.81 A = (0.81)( ) = 2.54 0.56 A = (0.56 )( ) = 1.759

1 1.5 1.64 1.15

10 A

0.3 2 7 A (7 )( ) = = 244 2 0.3 2

(10)( ) = 349

Effective Area and Gain for a wavelength of 3 mm. = 0.003 meters Type of Antenna Effective Area, Ae (m2) Antenna Gain, unitless

Isotropic Infinitesimal dipole, or Infinitesimal loop Half-wave dipole Turnstile (two crossed perpendicular dipoles) Horn, with mouth area A Parabolic reflector, with face area A

2 0.003 2 = = 7.162 10 7 4 4 2 (1.5)(0.003)2 = 1.074 10 6 1.5 = 4 4 2 (1.64)(0.003)2 = 1.175 10 6 1.64 = 4 4 2 (1.15)(0.003)2 = 8.236 10 7 1.15 = 4 4
0.81 A = (0.81)( ) = 2.54 0.56 A = (0.56 )( ) = 1.759

1 1.5 1.64 1.15 10 A 0.003 2 7 A (7 )( ) = = 2443461 2 0.003 2

(10)( ) = 3490659

(5 pts) Problem A1. Notice from Table 5.1 that the beam width approximately is reduced by a half for every doubling in antenna diameter. Estimate the beam width of a parabolic reflector antenna having a diameter of 40 meters and operation at 12 GHz. Ans: 0.044 degrees Table 1. Beamwidths for selected 12 GHz parabolic reflector antennas.
Extracted Stallings, W., Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice-Hall, 2002, page 104.

Antenna diameter (m)

Beamwidth (degrees)

0.5 0.75 1 1.5 2 2.5 5 10 20 40

3.5 2.33 1.75 1.166 0.875 0.7 0.35 0.35/2 = 0.175 0.175/2 = 0.0875 0.0875/2 = 0.044

(10 pts) Problem A2 The deep space network is a worldwide network of large antennas that communicate with deep space probes, such as NASAs Pioneer and Viking. Several of these probes have exited the solar system, yet the DSN is still able to communicate with them. There is a DSN parabolic reflector antenna that has a diameter of 90 meters. One of the communication channels is a 2 GHz link to a deep space probe. (a) What is the effective area of this antenna? (b) At 2 GHz, what is the gain of this antenna in dB? (c) How many wavelengths is the antenna diameter? Effective area = 0.56 A where A is the face area. Face area of the parabolic reflector = area of a circle = r 2 where r is the radius. Radius = r = of the diameter = ( )(90 meters) = 45 meters 2 Face area = A = r 2 = (45 meters) = 6361.7 m2. Effective area = 0.56 A =( 0.56 )(6361.7 m2) = 3563 m2 7A c 3 10 8 meters/sec Antenna Gain = 2 where A = 6361.7 m2 and = = = 1.5 10 -1 meters 9 f 2 10 Hz

Antenna Gain = G =

7A

(1.5 10

(7 )(6361.7 m 2 )
-1

meters

= 1979196

Antenna Gain in dB = GdB = 10log10(G) = 10log10(1979196) = 62.96 dB Number of wavelengths in the antenna diameter = antenna diameter 90 meters = = 600 wavelengths -1 wavelength 1.5 10 meters per wavelength