Bea Diaz WHAP Period 2 1.13.13 Chapter 16- Transformation of the West 1450-1750) A.

Conceptual Identifications 1) religious wars (pg 367)- is a war caused by, or justified by, religious differences Context: The religious wars led to a grudging and limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism: Christian unity could not be restored, although in most individual countries Significance: Religious wars impacted much of the people. With no unity of church, people began to become doubtful of God. A positive outcome was that the percent of literacy among the people more than doubled. As a result to that, they were able to contribute to more new ideas and ways of thinking. Themes: cultural-religious differences 2) commercialism (pg 367)- s the application of both manufacturing and consumption towards personal usage, or the practices, methods, aims, and spirit of free enterprise geared toward generating profit. Context: A basic spur to greater commercialization was price inflation that occurred throughout western Europe during the 16th century. Significance: This commercial revolution led to price inflation, prosperity to most merchants and ordinary people, but negatively impacted the proletariat in the West. Themes: economic- environmental impact; social- social class shifted 3) uprisings (pg 369)- An insurrection; a popular revolt Context: The popular rebellions of the 17th century revealed social tension and new ideas of equality. Significance: As a result of the commercial revolution many people became poor, thus, led to revolts. Themes: social-inequality sought, cultural- sparked new ideas in literature 4) natural laws(pg 370)- As used by natural rights philosophers a moral rule discovered by the use of reason, which everyone should obey at all times and places. Context: This work drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws. Significance: The scientific revolution promoted changes in popular outlook. Themes: cultural- new ideas and innovations; 5) mercantilism (pg 372)- is the economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and military security of the state. Context: The reigning economic theory, mercantilism, held that governments should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations, lest money be lost to enemy states. Significance: Mercantilism was an important factor in sustaining an absolute monarchy. Themes: economic-economic control by government 6) nation-state (pg 374)- The nation state is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit. Context: The absolute monarchies and the parliamentary monarchies shared important characteristics as nation-states. Significance: Nation states kept the West politically divided and often at war. Themes: cultural-one culture; political- absolute monarchy