Demand P Q Quantity
Demanda del bien final Cantidad y callidad Espacial y temporal Consumtiva y no consumptiva Compleja y relacionada con otros factores (trabajo, capital,)
Q*
Quantity
plana
empinada
Qd
Qd
Entonces, si la curva de demanda es plana, la cantidad responde en mayor grado a un cambio en el precio.
Rgida a muy corto plazo Ms rgida en sistemas mediterraneos Mas elastica a largo plazo
Variaciones en la demanda
Causas: -Aumento de la demanda de producto final Aumento de precio alimentos
-Cambio tcnico
-Cambio en precio otros factores
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USO DE INSTRUMENTOS ECONMICOS EN AGRICULTURA
Modelo teorico
Aumento de precio
160 140 120 100
Water demand
Aumento de eficiencia
80 60 40 20 0
Savings
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
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Irrigation units with coloured bars save water by three combined measures: - Volumetric pricing (binomic tariff = fixed cost + variable cost) - Increase water cost from zero (flat rate before reform) to (3-6 cent/m3) - Pressurized networks, improved irrigation on farm.
Water is expensive
Groundwater
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P P0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0,4
ET (mm)
0,2 0
m3 per hectare
Marginal value of water at average doses in irrigated olive was (2005-2008) around 0.9 euro/m3 cost of water was 0.2 (2009 prices have reduced margin)
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ANALISIS DE LA EVOLUCION EN EL GUADALQUIVIR 1992-2008
Origen riego 2008 Aguas reguladas Aguas no reguladas Aguas subterrneas Aguas reutilizacin Suma
ha
Consumo hm3
m3/ha
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Cambio de cultivos
20
m3/ha
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Riego
1992 (PHC) 2007 (ETI)
Superficie (ha)
443.024 845.000
Increment o superficie --
m3/ha
6.485 3.953
+91%
-40%
+16%
2007
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Increased pressure
From 1992 to 2008 changes have been: Gross Added Value increased from 0.15 euros/m3 to 0.50 euros/m3 Water use per hectare decreases by 40%. Global water use increased by 16%
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Technological change driven by scarcity Higher efficiency (unit doses -41%) Higher value per drop (+427%) Investment in water saving technology (70% is drip irrigation) Higher cost of water plays a minor role
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