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Pumps ENV-6558 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Shumaila 4276896

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PUPMS
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps 1. Positive displacement Pumps 2. Centrifugal Pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps

Definition: A pump in which a measured quantity of liquid is entrapped in a space, its pressure is raised, and then it is delivered; for example, a reciprocating piston-cylinder or rotary-vane, gear, or lobe mechanism

The positive displacement pumps can be divided in two main classes Reciprocating rotary

The positive displacement principle applies whether the pump is a: rotary lobe pump progressing cavity pump rotary gear pump piston pump
2

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diaphragm pump screw pump gear pump vane pump regenerative (peripheral) pump peristaltic

Advantages:
In general, positive displacement pumps are ideal for applications where a constant flow is needed. Note that many types require pressure protection via a relief valve to safeguard the pump and system from over pressurization. They create medium to high pressure, and are often an excellent way to pump oils and other viscous fluids. PD pumps may also be needed for low flow and high pressure combination, to move fluids containing fragile solids, or for other application niches. Some types are inherently selfpriming, and several types are seal less. A principal advantage of hydraulic power is the high power density (power per unit weight) that can be achieved. They also provide a fixed displacement per revolution and, within mechanical limitations, infinite pressure to move fluids. Disadvantages: The major disadvantage of the piston positive displacement pump is that the volumes are determined by the piston stroke which is manually set by adjusting the collar. Manual adjustments are generally less accurate and less easily repeatable. Some materials (like silicones) compress. A positive displacement pump counts on the density of the material relating directly to the volume. Compressible materials allow this relationship to change not good. Filled materials (like solder paste) have particles. These can get trapped in the pinch between the piston and the cylinder edge or wall, causing problems. Solder pastes coin or smash solder balls together and cold weld a plug in these pumps.

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When to use positive displacement pump: High Viscosity: By comparing on graph we can say that even modest viscosities dramatically affect the flow rate and efficiency of a centrifugal pump. While many centrifugal are cataloged to 1,000 cSt and higher, PD pumps are clearly the better choice when considering the high energy costs resulting from this lost efficiency Operating Away from Middle Curve: Centrifugal do not operate well when being run far away from the middle curve. At best, this results in reduced efficiency which would require larger motors and higher energy costs. At worst, this can result in cavitation damage, shaft deflection, and premature pump failure. PD pumps on the other hand can be run at any point on their curve without damaging the pump or greatly affecting the efficiency. Variations in Pressure: The first graph above illustrates that even modest changes in the pressure can have on the flow rate of a centrifugal pump. Additional restrictions such as debris in a filter, corroded / rough piping or a valve left too far closed (or too far open) can have a dramatic effect on a centrifugal pumps flow rate and efficiency. PD pumps maintain their flow rate and efficiency even with significant changes in pressure. 4

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Variations in Viscosity: Many liquids vary in viscosity depending on temperature or due to chemical reaction. A rise in viscosity will independently alter the flow rate and efficiency. Add to that the rise in pressure due to the increases in frictional line losses and PD pumps become the clear choice for variable viscosity applications. High Pressure: While some centrifugal can be run in series to boost their pressures, none can compete with PD pumps for high pressure applications. Pressure limits will depend on the design of each pump, but pressure of 250 PSI (580 feet) are not unusual for a PD pump, with some models going over 3,000 PSI (7,000 feet). The capability for a PD pump to produce pressure is so great that some type of system overpressure protection is required. Shear Sensitive Liquid: Pumps tend to shear liquid more as speed is increased and centrifugal are high speed pumps. This makes PD pumps better able to handle shear sensitive liquids. Suction Lift Application: By their nature, PD pumps create a vacuum on the inlet side making them capable of creating a suction lift

Centrifugal Pumps:
Definition: A pump having vanes that rotate in a casing and whirl the fluid around so that it acquires sufficient momentum to discharge from the extremities into a volute casing which surrounds the impeller and in which the fluid is conducted to the discharge pipe.

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Advantages: Simple in construction, can be made from wide range of materials Complete absence of valves Gives a steady-state delivery Operates at a high speed(up to 100 Hz),therefore can be coupled directly to an electric motor Maintenance cost for centrifugal pumps is low Liquids containing high proportion of suspended solids can be readily handled Centrifugal pumps are much smaller than other pumps of equal capacity, therefore it can be made into a sealed unit with the driving motor and immersed in the suction tank

Disadvantages: Very viscos liquids cannot be handled efficiently Centrifugal pump is not usually self-priming If non-return valve is not incorporated in the delivery or suction line, liquid will run back into the suction tank as soon as pump stops The single-stage pump will not develop at high pressure. Multistage pump will develop greater heads but is more expensive and cannot be made in corrosion-resistance material because of its greater complexity Operates at a high efficiency over only a limited range of conditions

Operating Curves:

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When to use Centrifugal Pumps: To pump the general water supply: This includes both the overhead and pneumatic tank systems. In general water supply systems where the pump takes off directly from the city pressure main or where no suction lift is required, a centrifugal pump can be used. When a centrifugal pump is being used with a suction lift of no more than 15 feet is required, a pump with an automatic primer or a suction line equipped with a foot valve maybe used. To provide booster service. To provide booster service: In booster service, centrifugal pumps with in-take pressures from the city main operate only to boost this pressure. They may run continuously or automatically. When the automatic type is not operating, the water flows by city pressure through the impellers. To pump the domestic water supply. To pump domestic water supply: In domestic water supply systems, the centrifugal pump is used in shallow wells (suction lift not over 22 feet), in deep wells (for greater depths than 22 feet), and in a complete pneumatic system with electric motors or gasoline engines To support the fire protection systems: Fire pumps usually are the centrifugal type, either single or multistage. Electricity, steam, or gasoline may drive them. Whatever the power supply, it must be permanent and, if steam, must have a constant minimum pressure of 50 pounds of steam. The pumps should agree with the specifications of the NFPA. Booster fire pumps have a low head to boost the pressure of the already available city supply To provide a hot-water circulating service: Hot-water circulating pumps are centrifugal. They move water in a closed system and thus usually require only a low head, though the static pressure in the systems maybe high. The pumps should be selected with attention to strength of casing, efficient stuffing box, freedom from air and vapor binding, and flexible mounting

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References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/positive-displacement+pump http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/positive-displacement-pumps-d_414.html http://www.pumpscout.com/all-pump-types/positive-displacement-pumpsptid68.html http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/PUMPS/positive.html http://www.dispensetips.com/pages/piston.html http://www.pumpschool.com/intro/pd%20vs%20centrif.pdf www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CEcQFjAE&ur l=http://www.pumpschool.com/intro/pdfcentrif.pdf&ei=WJCmUIv6H5Ly8ATW1YGoC g&usg=AFQjCNHC629JOWrvUrIm2zbHMmfFUNK65g http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/centrifugal%20pump http://www.chinaogpe.com/buyingguide_content/Advantages_and_disadvantages_o f_centrifugal_pump_1241.html http://us.grundfos.com/content/dam/Global%20Site/Industries%20%26%20solutions /Industry/pdf/The_Centrifugal_Pump.pdf http://www.idcon.com/pdf-doc/centrifugalpumps.pdf http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14265/css/14265_213.htm