Hearing Loss

MECH 482 Noise Control Week 3, Lecture 1 Hearing Loss
September 30, 2011
Page 1
Hearing loss
Hearing loss occurs both as a result of exposure to excessive noise and as a result of aging. Hearing loss is generally determined using pure tone audiometer in the frequency range from about 100 Hz to 8 kHz, and is defined as the differences in sound pressure levels of a series of tones that are judged to be just audible compared with reference sound pressure levels for the same series of tones.
September 30, 2011
Page 2
Hearing loss
Loss caused by exposure to excessive noise usually occurs first in the frequency range from about 4000 Hz to 6000 Hz, which is the range of greatest sensitivity of the human ear. Exposure to excessive noise for a short period of time may produce a temporary loss of hearing sensitivity. This temporary loss of hearing sensitivity is known as temporary threshold shift (TTS) or auditory fatigue. Removal from the noise generally leads to more or less complete recovery if the exposure has not been too severe.
September 30, 2011
Page 3
Hearing loss
September 30, 2011
Page 4
Hearing loss
Exposure to excessive noise for long periods of time will produce a permanent loss of hearing sensitivity (inability to detect weak sounds). This type of hearing loss is known as noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS). Removal from the noise will limit further deterioration of hearing, but the ear will not recover.
September 30, 2011
Page 5
Hearing loss
September 30, 2011
Page 6
Hearing loss
Ideally all people would be protected against all hearing loss. For practical purposes, the aim is to protect most people from a significant hearing loss in the mid frequencies (500 2000 Hz) that are important for speech recognition. In North America hearing loss that is the arithmetic average (in dB) at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz is assumed to be directly proportional to loss of speech recognition capability.
September 30, 2011
Page 7
Hearing loss
A loss of 25 dB in this range will still allow (just) satisfactory speech recognition. A loss of 92 dB is regarded as total hearing loss. Hearing loss between 25 and 92 dB is defined as a hearing impairment. The percentage impairment is 1.5 times the dB loss above 25 dB.
September 30, 2011
Page 8
Hearing loss
Percentage of people developing a hearing loss of 25dB or more due to exposure to excessive noise.
September 30, 2011 Page 9
Hearing Damage Risk

There are many different standards for assessing and mitigating the risk of hearing loss due to excessive exposure to load noise. We will look at two OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA) and ISO (International Standardization Organization (ISO 1999 (1990))
September 30, 2011
Page 10
Hearing Damage Risk

Noise Exposure Level (NEL) the average of daily noise levels experienced. NEL depends on; 1. the work place noise level, and 2. the duration of exposure to different noise levels. A Time Weighted Average (TWA) must be used if a person moves between locations of different noise levels during the exposure period. Two different methods can be used to determine the TWA 1. The Equal Energy Principle (the 3dB rule) and 2. the 5dB rule
September 30, 2011
Page 11
Hearing Damage Risk

The Equal Energy Principle (3dB rule) is based on the knowledge that the sound energy in noise doubles (or halves) for every 3dB change in level. Example: a 4 hour exposure to 93dB noise is equivalent to an 8 hour exposure to 90dB noise. A Time Weighted Average (TWA) must be used if a person moves between locations of different noise levels during the exposure period.
September 30, 2011
Page 12
Hearing Damage Risk

The 5dB rule is a methods based on OSHA. The allowable exposure to noise is doubled (or halved) for every 5dB change in level. Example: a 4 hour exposure to 95dB noise is equivalent to an 8 hour exposure to 90dB noise.
September 30, 2011
Page 13
Hearing Damage Risk

Continuous exposure to noise levels greater than 115dBA are not permitted for any duration. Exposure to any noise above 85dBA must be acted upon with some kind of exposure mitigation strategy. Permissible noise levels for various times of exposure, T, are determined from the following equation.
5 log10 (16 / T ) LA = 85 + log10 (2)

September 30, 2011
for T 16 hours
Page 14
Hearing Damage Risk

Permissible times of exposure to a continuous noise level, LA, are determined from the following equation.
T=
2( LA 85 )/ 5
16
for 85dBA LA 115dBA
September 30, 2011
Page 15
Hearing Damage Risk

When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure at different levels, the combined effect must be considered The Noise Exposure Dosage (NED) for periods where the noise exposure level varies during the working period can be determined from the following equation.
Cn C1 C2 C3 NED = + + +L+ T1 T2 T3 Tn
September 30, 2011
Page 16
Hearing Damage Risk

Cn C1 C2 C3 NED = + + +L+ T1 T2 T3 Tn
The quantities C1, C2, etc., are the total times of exposure to the noise levels LA1, LA2, etc., in hours per day. The quantities T1, T2, etc,. Are the total permitted exposure times at the noise levels LA1, LA2, etc. For noise levels LA < 85dBA, T = infinity. For noise levels LA > 115dBA, T = 0.
Hearing Damage Risk

Different standards in different jurisdictions
September 30, 2011
Page 18
Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011
Page 19
Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011
Page 20
Hearing Damage Risk

Note: Which increase corresponds to a doubling of the sound? An increase of the sound pressure level by 3 dB corresponds to a doubling (factor = 2) of sound intensity. An increase of the sound pressure level by 6 dB corresponds to a doubling of the sound pressure. An increase in the sound pressure level by 10 dB corresponds to the sensation of double the "volume (loudness).
Hearing Damage Risk

The subjective perceived "volume" or "loudness level" and the artificial term "loudness" should not to be mixed with objective measures of sound pressure, sound intensity and sound energy. Psychoacousticians tell us that a level increase of 10 dB should result in an impression of doubling the loudness (volume). If you have 6 violins as the initial source, then you need 10 times the violins, or 60 violins to double the psychoacoustic volume (loudness).
September 30, 2011
Page 22
Hearing Damage Risk

Sound Pressure Level Change +40 dB +30 dB +20 dB +10 dB +6 dB +3 dB - - - - 0 dB - - - 3 dB 6 dB 10 dB 20 dB 30 dB 40 dB Log. quantity dB change September 30, 2011 Volume Loudness 16 8 4 2.0 = double 1.52 times 1.23 times - - - - 1.0 - - - - - - 0.816 times 0.660 times 0.5 = half 0.25 0.125 0.0625 Psycho quantity Loudness Voltage Sound pressure 100 31.6 10 3.16 = 10 2.0 = double 1.414 times = 2 - - - - 1.0 - - - - - - 0.707 times 0.5 = half 0.316 0.100 0.0316 0.0100 Field quantity Amplitude multiplier Acoustic Power Sound Intensity 10000 1000 100 10 4.0 2.0 = double - - - - - 1.0 - - - - 0.5 = half 0.25 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 Energy quantity Power multiplier Page 23
Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

The ISO standard 1999 (1990) provides equations that allow the determination of the percentage of people who will suffer hearing loss when subjected to specified noise environments for specified periods of time. The hearing threshold level, H, associated with age and noise exposure for a given population can be calculated using the following empirical equation.
H ' = H + N HN / 120
September 30, 2011
Page 24

H is the hearing threshold level associated with age. N is the actual or potential noise-induced permanent threshold shift. H, H and N are population dependant. Only H and H can be measured directly.
H ' = H + N HN / 120
September 30, 2011
Page 25

H ' = H + N HN / 120
The values used in this equation are functions of frequency, duration of exposure () in years, and the equivalent Aweighted sound pressure level for a nominal 8-hour day (LAeq,8h), averaged over the duration of exposure. For exposures of 10-40 years, the median potential noise induced permanent threshold shift values, N50 (50% of population will suffer this hearing loss or greater), are given by the following equation.
N 50 = ( u + v log 10 )( L Aeq , 8 h L 0 ) 2

N 50 = ( u + v log 10 )( L Aeq , 8 h L 0 ) 2
If LAeq,8h < L0 then LAeq,8h is set equal to L0.
September 30, 2011
Page 27

For exposure times of less than ten years
N 50
log 10 ( + 1 ) = N 50 : =10 log 10 (11 )
Several alternative equations and relationships may be used to quantify hearing damage risk for different sound pressure level exposures, lengths of exposure, and age groups. See Hansen, pages 68-69.

Alternatively, some regulations are based on hearing loss as a function of the integral of pressure squared wrt time using a version of the A-weighted Equivalent Continuous Noise Level equation.
L ,8 h Aeq
1 10 = log 10 n 8
(10
0
L A (t ) / 10
dt
n = 3/ L
L is referred to as the decibel trading level and is equal to 3 based on ISO standards or 5 based on OSHA standards.
September 30, 2011
Page 29

The introduction of a based level criterion, LB, the equation for L , 8 h can be changed to the following. Aeq
L ,8 h Aeq
1 L = log 10 0 .3 8
(10
0
0 . 3 ( L A (t ) L B ) / L
dt + L B
LB is equal to 90 based on ISO standards or 85 based on OSHA standards.
September 30, 2011
Page 30

The maximum allowed exposure time to an equivalent noise level, L , 8 h is then... Aeq
Ta = 8 2
L Aeq
,8 h
LB / L
If the number of hours of exposure differes from 8 hours per day, then the 8 in the equation above is replaced by the actual number of hours of exposure.
September 30, 2011
Page 31

A criterion known as the Daily Noise Dose (DND) can then be defined as equal to 8 hours divided by the allowed exposure time, Ta , (even for exposure times of more than 8 hours).
DND = 2
(L Aeq , 8 h 90 )/ L
A DND = 1.0 is defined as an exposure to 90dB(A) for 8 hours (ISO standard).
September 30, 2011
Page 32
Speech interference criteria

Background noise levels affect speech communication in the workplace. People tend to self-correct for background noise levels to different degrees (see chart on following page).
September 30, 2011
Page 33
September 30, 2011
Page 34

A measure of the effect fo background noise levels on speech intelligibility is the Speech Interference Level, LSIL This parameter is the average of the sound pressure levels (LA) in the four octave bands 500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz, 4000Hz. Level, LSIL can be estimated using the following equation.
L SIL = L A 7 dB
September 30, 2011
Page 35

Alternatively, LSIL values resulting in various levels of vocal effort needed for face-to-face communication may be calculated using
L SIL = K 20 log 10 r
( r is in meters )
September 30, 2011
Page 36
September 30, 2011
Page 37
September 30, 2011
Page 38
Psychological effects of noise

Noise is a cause of stress. Loud noise can produce effects such as fear, increased pulse rate, increased respiration rate, elevated blood pressure, accelerated metabolism, increased acuity of vision, changes in skin electrical resistance, etc. However, most of these effects seem to disappear rapidly and the subject returns to normal, even if the noise continues.
September 30, 2011
Page 39

Behavioural responses to noise are usually explained in terms of arousal theory: there is an optimum level of arousal for efficient performance; below this level behaviour is sluggish and above it, tense and jittery. Therefore, noise (generally) improves performance when arousal is too low for the task, and impairs it when arousal is optimal or already too high. Complex tasks, multiple tasks or high repetition rate tasks are performed optimally under relatively quiet conditions, and performance is likely to be impaired under noisy conditions.
September 30, 2011
Page 40

Quiet conditions, on the other hand, are sub-optimal for the simple tasks, and performance is improved by the addition of noise. The important variable is the kind of task being performed, and not the kind of noise present. To generalize, performance in doing complex tasks is likely to be impaired in the presence of noise and for simple tasks it is likely to be improved.
September 30, 2011
Page 41
Ambient noise level specification

The use of a room or space for a particular purpose may impose a requirement for specification of the maximum tolerable background noise. For example, one would expect quiet in a church but not in an airport departure lounge. The simplest way of specifying the maximum tolerable background noise is to specify the maximum acceptable Aweighted level. As the A-weighted level simulates the response of the ear at low levels, and has been found to correlate well with subjective response to noise, such specification is often sufficient.

Examples of maximum acceptable A-weighted sound pressure levels for furnished, but unoccupied spaces (from Australian Standard 2107-1987).
September 30, 2011
Page 43
September 30, 2011
Page 44
Noise weighting curves

Specification of an A-weighted level is easy and convenient, but it gives no indication of which frequency components may be the source of noncompliance. For most acoustic design purposes it is more useful to make use of a weighting curve, which defines a spectrum of band levels in terms of a single number.
September 30, 2011
Page 45
Noise rating (NR) Noise criteria (NC) Balanced noise criteria (NCB) Room criteria (RC) Room noise criteria (RNC)
September 30, 2011
Page 46

Noise rating (NR) curves have been adopted by ISO and are intended for general use, particularly for rating environmental and industrial noise levels. They are also used in many cases by machinery manufacturers to specify machinery noise levels.
September 30, 2011
Page 47
Noise Rating Curves
September 30, 2011
Page 48

To determine the NR rating of a noise, measured octave band sound pressure levels are plotted on the preceding figure and the rating is determined by the highest weighting curve which just envelopes the data. If the highest level falls between two curves, linear interpolation to the nearest integer value is used. It is also possible to use 1/3 octave band data on 1/3 octave band NR curves, which are obtained by moving the octave band curves down by 10log10(3) = 4.77 dB.

Specification of an NR number means that in no frequency band shall the octave band sound pressure in the specified space exceed the specified curve. In practice, a tolerance of 2 dB is implied. In specifications, an allowance of 2 dB above the curve is usually acceptable in any one octave band, provided that the levels in the two adjacent bands are only 1 dB below the criterion curve.
September 30, 2011
Page 50

Noise criteria (NC) curves were developed in response to the need for specification of just acceptable noise in occupied spaces with all systems running. They are still used extensively in the building services industry even though they have been largely superseded by NCB criteria.
September 30, 2011
Page 51

Noise criteria curves are not defined in the 31.5 Hz octave band and thus do not account for very low frequency rumble noises. They are also regarded as too permissive in the 2000 Hz and higher octave bands and do not correlate well with subjective response to airconditioning noise. This has resulted in them now being considered generally unsuitable for rating interior noise.
September 30, 2011
Page 52
Noise Criteria Curves
September 30, 2011
Page 53

Balanced noise criteria (NCB) curves are used to specify acceptable background noise levels in occupied spaces and include airconditioning noise and any other ambient noise. They apply to occupied spaces with all systems running and are intended to replace the older NC curves.
September 30, 2011
Page 54

The designation number of an NCB curve is equal to the Speech Interference Level (SIL) of a noise with the same octave band levels as the NCB curve. The SIL of a noise is the arithmetic average of the 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz octave band decibel levels, calculated to the nearest integer. To determine whether the background noise is rumbly, the octave band sound levels of the measured noise are plotted on a chart containing a set of NCB curves.

If any values in the 500 Hz octave band or lower exceed by more than 3 dB the curve corresponding to the NCB rating of the noise, then the noise is labeled rumbly. To determine if the noise is hissy, the NCB curve which is the best fit of the octave band sound levels between 125 Hz and 500 Hz is determined. If any of the octave band sound levels between 1000 Hz and 8000 Hz inclusive exceed this NCB curve, then the noise is rated as hissy.
Balanced Noise Criteria Curves
A high probability of noise induced vibrations in light weight structures B moderate probability
September 30, 2011
Page 58
September 30, 2011
Page 59
September 30, 2011
Page 60

Room criteria (RC) curves have been developed to replace Noise Criteria curves for rating only air conditioning noise in unoccupied spaces. The RC curves include 16 Hz and 31.5 Hz octave band levels (see Figure 4.10), although few sound level meters with external octave band filters include the 16 Hz octave band.
September 30, 2011
Page 61

Interest in the 31.5 Hz and 16 Hz bands stems from the fact that a level of the order of 70 dB or greater may result in noise-induced vibrations that are just feelable, especially in lightweight structures. Such vibration can also give rise to objectionable rattle and buzz in windows, doors and cabinets, etc.
September 30, 2011
Page 62
Room Criteria Curves
September 30, 2011
Page 63

Room noise criteria (RNC) curves are intended to address the limitations associated with the RC and NCB curves. The intention is for noise criteria to be above the threshold of hearing for well-behaved systems, while at the same time preventing a turbulenceproducing, fan-surging HVAC systems (that generate high levels of low frequency noise for which the level can vary by up to 10 dB) from being labeled acceptable.
September 30, 2011
Page 64

Also, the RC curves could unnecessarily penalize a well designed HVAC system such as may be used in a concert hall, requiring 10 dB or more of unnecessary noise attenuation at low frequencies. On the other hand, NCB curves are intended for well designed HVAC systems and they do not sufficiently penalize poorly designed systems that are characterized by high levels of turbulence induced low frequency noise. It is unlikely that the RNC curves will receive general acceptance because of the complexity of the rating process.
Room Noise Criteria Curves
September 30, 2011
Page 66

All of the various noise rating schemes are widely used. The following table shows comparisons between them. This table is intended as a guide, to be used with caution. Judgment is often necessary in specifying a noise rating for a particular application. Consideration must be given to any unusual aspects, such as peoples attitudes to noise, local customs and need for economy.
September 30, 2011
Page 68
Speech privacy
When designing an office building, it is important to ensure that offices have speech privacy so that conversations taking place in an office cannot be heard in adjacent offices or corridors. When speech privacy is essential, there are two alternative approaches that may be used: sound insulation and acoustic perfume. Increased sound insulation in the walls can be achieved in several ways, but perhaps the most straight forward is to use double stud instead of single stud walls so that the same stud does not contact both sides).
Speech privacy
The second approach is to add acoustic perfume to the corridors and offices adjacent to those where privacy is important. This perfume could be introduced using a random-noise generator, appropriate filter, amplifier and speakers, with the speakers mounted above the suspended ceiling. The filter would need to be adjusted to produce an overall noise spectrum (existing plus introduced noise), which followed the shape of one of the RC curves.
September 30, 2011
Page 70
Speech privacy
Generally, the higher the background noise levels from air conditioning and other mechanical equipment, the less one has to worry about speech privacy and the more flimsy can be the office partitions. One can deduce that speech privacy is likely to be a problem in a building with no air conditioning or forced ventilation systems.
September 30, 2011
Page 71
Environmental noise level criteria

Noise level criteria at the property line or plant boundary for intrusive noise. Noise measured at the nearest noise sensitive area must not exceed existing background levels by more than 5 dB in any octave band. Permissible plant-boundary noise levels generally are dependent upon the type of area and the time of day.
September 30, 2011
Page 72
Environmental noise level criteria

A comprehensive document (Berglund et al., 1995, 1999), which addresses many environmental noise issues, has been published by Stockholm University and the World Health Organisation. It is recommended as an excellent source for detailed information. Here, the discussion is limited to an overview of the assessment of environmental noise impacts.
September 30, 2011
Page 73
Environmental noise surveys

To document existing environmental noise, one or more ambient sound surveys must be undertaken. If a new facility is being planned, the calculated emissions of the facility must be compared with existing noise levels to assess the potential noise impact. When undertaking a noise survey to establish ambient sound levels, it is important to exclude transient events and noise sources.
Environmental noise surveys
September 30, 2011
Page 75
September 30, 2011
Page 76
Fundamental properties of hearing
Thresholds Loudness Masking Pitch
September 30, 2011
Page 77
Fundamental properties of hearing

Often it is the subjective response of people to sound, rather than direct physical damage to their hearing, which determines the standard to which proposed noise control must be compared, and which will determine the relative success of the effort. For this reason, the subjective response of people to sound will now be considered.
September 30, 2011
Page 78
Thresholds
The threshold of audibility is the minimum perceptible intensity level of a tone that can be detected at each frequency over the entire range of the ear.
September 30, 2011
Page 79
Thresholds
Representative threshold of audibility for a young undamaged ear.
September 30, 2011
Page 80
Thresholds
The frequency of maximum sensitivity is near 4 kHz. Below this, the threshold rises with decreasing frequency, the minimum power required to produce an audible sound at 30 Hz being nearly a million times as great as at 4 kHz. For high frequencies, the threshold also rises rapidly to a cutoff. It is in this higher frequency region that the greatest variability is observed among different listeners.
Thresholds
As the intensity of the incident acoustic wave is increased, the sound grows louder and eventually produces a tickling sensation. This occurs at an intensity level of about 120 dB and is called the threshold of feeling. As with the lower threshold, it varies somewhat from individual to individual, but not as significantly. As the intensity is increased still further, the tickling sensation becomes one of pain at about 140 dB.
Loudness
Loudness is a very important concept in psychoacoustics, especially in sound quality analysis. Loudness is the subjective response of human beings to variation in sound pressure. More formally, it is defined by American National Standards Institute as "that attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud.
September 30, 2011
Page 83
Loudness
Loudness should not be confused with sound pressure or sound pressure level. It is a subjective measure, while sound pressure and sound pressure level are objective measure. Filters such as A-weighting attempt to adjust sound measurements to correspond to loudness as perceived by the typical human.
September 30, 2011
Page 84
Loudness
A 3 dB reduction in sound pressure would require a 50% reduction in sound energy, while the change in apparent loudness is just perceptible. This indicates that substantial objective noise reductions are needed if the listener is to appreciate a noticeable subjective improvement.
September 30, 2011
Page 85
Loudness
How did we get the relationship between the change in sound pressure level and the change in power? Can you derive the expression which leads to the above results? I = p^2/(density*c) W=I*A Lp=10log(p^2)+94 When W is doubled, I is doubled, , but Lp adds just 3 dB.
Loudness
When the loudness of a sound is measured by comparing it to a reference tone, it is called comparative loudness, and its unit is called Phon. By definition, 1 phon is equal to 1 dB SPL at a frequency of 1 kHz. Phon is usually referred to as Loudness Level (LN).
September 30, 2011
Page 87
Comparative Loudness - Phons

Two different 60 decibel sounds will not in general have the same loudness. Saying that two sounds have equal intensity is not the same thing as saying that they have equal loudness. Since the human hearing sensitivity varies with frequency, it is useful to plot equal loudness curves which show that variation for the average human ear. If 1000 Hz is chosen as a standard frequency, then each equal loudness curve can be referenced to the decibel level at 1000 Hz. This is the basis for the measurement of loudness in phons.
September 30, 2011
Page 88
Comparative Loudness - Phons

If a given sound is perceived to be as loud as a 60 dB sound at 1000 Hz, then it is said to have a loudness of 60 phons. 60 phons means "as loud as a 60 dB, 1000 Hz tone"
September 30, 2011
Page 89
Comparative Loudness Equal loudness contours
Equal loudness free-field frontal incidence contours in phons for tonal noise
Relative Loudness - Sones

When the loudness of a sound is compared to another, relative loudness is a more convenient measure, and its unit is called Sone. One sone is arbitrarily set equal to 40 Phons.
S =2
( P 40)/10
Sone is usually referred to as Loudness (N).
September 30, 2011
Page 91
Relative Loudness
The use of the phon as a unit of loudness is an improvement over just quoting the level in decibels, but it is still not a measurement which is directly proportional to loudness. Using the rule of thumb for loudness, the sone scale was created to provide a linear scale of loudness. It is usually presumed that the standard range for ordinary sound is about 40 to 100 phons. If the lower end of that range is arbitrarily assigned a loudness of one sone, then 50 phons would have a loudness of 2 sones, 60 phons would be 4 sones, etc. (Double loudness every 10dB increase)
September 30, 2011
Page 92
Relative Loudness
At levels of 40 phons and above, this equation fairly well approximates subjective judgment of loudness. However, at levels of 100 phons (extremely loud) and higher, the physiological mechanism of the ear begins to saturate, and subjective loudness will increase less rapidly than predicted by this equation. On the other hand, at levels below 40 phons (extremely quiet), the subjective perception of increasing loudness will increase more rapidly than predicted by the equation.
Masking
Masking is the phenomenon of one sound interfering with the perception of another sound. It is the increase of the level of audibility in the presence of noise. First consider the masking of one pure tone by another. The subject is exposed to a single tone of fixed frequency and level and then asked to detect another tone of different frequency and level. Analysis yields the threshold shift, the increase in level of the masked tone above its normal value for the threshold of audibility before it can be detected.
Pitch
Pitch is the subjective response to frequency. The presence or absence of the higher frequencies is important in determining the subjective sense of pitch. Pitch and frequency are not linearly related, and pitch is dependent on sound level.
September 30, 2011
Page 95
Pitch
Low frequencies are identified as flat or low-pitched, while high frequencies are identified as sharp or high-pitched. If a sound is characterised by a series of integrally related frequencies (for example, the second lowest is twice the frequency of the lowest, the third lowest is three times the lowest, etc.), then the lowest frequency determines the pitch.
September 30, 2011
Page 96
Pitch
Furthermore, even if the lowest frequency is removed, say by filtering, the pitch remains the same; the ear supplies the missing fundamental frequency. However, if not only the fundamental is removed, but also the odd multiples of the fundamental as well, then the sense of pitch will jump an octave. The pitch will now be determined by the lowest frequency, which was formerly the second lowest.
Next Time
Acoustic Measurements and Instrumentation
September 30, 2011
Page 98

Hearing Loss

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Hearing Loss

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

MECH 482 Noise Control Week 3, Lecture 1 Hearing Loss

September 30, 2011

September 30, 2011

September 30, 2011

September 30, 2011

September 30, 2011

September 30, 2011

September 30, 2011

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

5 log10 (16 / T ) LA = 85 + log10 (2)

Hearing Damage Risk

for 85dBA LA 115dBA

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Hearing Damage Risk

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

log 10 ( + 1 ) = N 50 : =10 log 10 (11 )

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

LB is equal to 90 based on ISO standards or 85 based on OSHA standards.

September 30, 2011

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

September 30, 2011

Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk

A DND = 1.0 is defined as an exposure to 90dB(A) for 8 hours (ISO standard).

September 30, 2011

Speech interference criteria

September 30, 2011

Speech interference criteria

September 30, 2011

Speech interference criteria

September 30, 2011

Speech interference criteria

September 30, 2011

Speech interference criteria

September 30, 2011