Praveen Kumar P Ravindra Marella Sabareesh Nikhil

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 Why non-invasive glucometry ? - An insight into the consequences of diabetes mellitus - Means of monitoring and their repercussions - Exploring alternatives What is non-invasive glucometry ? - A wave is mightier than a syringe. EM waves in non-invasive detection - Types of non-invasive glucometry How does non-invasive glucometry work? - A pro-con analysis of the different non-invasive glucometric techniques - How does each technique trump the others ? - Which is the best ? How does what makes non-invasive glucometry work work ? - Theory of glucose monitoring

An insight
Type I 5%

Type I : Body does not produce insulin Type II : Body does not properly use insulin
Type II 95%

Upto 11% of indias urban population 180 million world wide Estimated growth to 366 million by 2030

So!??
On an average, 13 out of every 120 are affected

Frequent monitoring of blood glucose plays a critical to avoid further damage to nerves, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and heart

Present Scenario
Glucometer, a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood
A small drop of blood, obtained by pricking the skin with a lancet

Drawbacks
Pricking with needles causes pain Chances of infection Not to forget, several syringe-borne diseases like AIDS, Tetanus

Y you no find a better way?!

Non-invasive glucometry

Raman scattering

Rayleigh scattering

NIR

MIR and FIR

Radio wave impedance

Optical rotation of polarized light

Scissoring Symmetrical Antisymmetrical stretching stretching Study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy Interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency

Rocking

Wagging

Twisting

- Measurement in real time - Strong range-specific response of glucose - Smaller diameter of glucose molecules compared to other molecules present - Ensemble of glucose molecules does not comprise a significant number of particles, plus incoherent scattering - Rayleigh scattering ?

- Suspended particles less likely to respond to Raman spectroscopy than freely vibrating particles - Plasma damping of vibrations is negligible
- Experimentally proven Raman scattering ?

 Uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 8

Pros: Cheap equipment available, cost of production and scaling is simple Polynomial models may be fit, and the parameters are not difficult to comput First patented non-invasive glucometer in 1985 used this technique

Cons: Constant recalibration required NIR spectrum mostly depends on water, fat, skin, muscle and bone (>99.9% Depends on a large number of factors isolation of glucose spectrum is not

 Uses the far-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 25 m to 1000 m)

Pros Sensitive and contains a great deal of information about the structure and concentration of chemical compounds Thermal signature of body is easily obtained Glucose peak exists, and absorption linearly relates to glucose concentration
Cons Strongly absorbed by water Cannot penetrate far into tissue Cryogenic cooling required

 Uses the radio wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 1 m Transponder and sensor circuitry integrated RFID technology Human body modelled as a transmission line Pros: Very inexpensive viable for commercial purposes Portable

Radio wave impedance

Cons: The results are very sensitive to ionic solute concentration Disposables required might be a deterrent Preferred in many recent technologies

Optical rotation of polarised light

Uses the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 390 nm Polarization angle of aqueous humour is an indicator

Pros: Good correlation observed in test subjects Portable

Cons: Physiological lag Inconvenient

Radio wave impedance technique is good. Can we do any better ? (Ill effects of radiation) NIR Predictive system in place more accuracy Patents in recent years:

1. The Pursuit of Non-Invasive Glucose Hunting the Deceitful Turkey John L. Smith 2. Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring David C. Klonoff

3. Accurate spectroscopic calibration for Noninvasive glucose monitoring by modeling the physiological glucose dynamics Ishan Barman, ChaeRyon Kong, Gajendra Pratap Singh 4. Raman spectroscopy an emerging technique for clinical diagnostics Narahara Chari Dingari
5. Noninvasive glucose monitoring a novel approach Ilana HarmanBoehm, Arnal Gal