3.

Cascade and Cascode configurations

(12.2 - 12.5)

Cascaded amplifiers
Cascode amplifiers
Darlington pair
Feedback pair

EE2603-03

Cascaded amplifiers
Cascaded amplifiers consists of two or more stages
of the basic BJT and/or FET circuits each of which
utilize individual power supply VCC
Transducer RO

I1

I2

Vo

Vin
Rin

I3

+Vcc

Load RL

Cascade amplifiers

Ro
-Vcc or "0"

Cascaded amplifiers are used to obtain higher voltage

amplification, or matching of the input impedance with
the transducer and matching the output impedances with
the loading of the following stage.
EE2603-03

Example:1
Find Ro2 , Rin1 , AvT

iL
vo2
=
, Ai =
of the folowing BJT BJT Cascade amplifier.
vin1
iin1

(a) Find re for both BJT

VCC=12V

VCC=12V
47k

VO
b=1
0
0
10k

b=1
0
0
15k

15k

VBB = VCC

8.2k

IL

Vin Iin

Rin

47k

8.2k

0.2K

Rin2

0.2K

RO2

R1
15
= 12
= 2.9V, RB = 47 // 15 = 11.37k
R1 + R2
15 + 47

11.37k

VBB = 2.9 = IC B + RE + 0.7 = IC (mA)

+ 0.2k + 0.7
100

2.2V
26mV
26mV
IC (mA) =
= 7.03mA re =
=
= 3.7
0.313k
IC
7.03mA
EE2603-03

(b) Find Rin, Ro, Av, and

Ai of the cascade amplifier

Vin Iin

Output resistance 2
Voltage gain 1
Voltage gain 2
Voltage gain overall

8.2k

VO
IL
b=1
0
0
10k

b=1
0
0
15k
0.2K

Rin

47k

8.2k

47k

15k

Input resistance 1

VCC=12V

VCC=12V

Rin2

0.2K

RO2

v
Rin 1 = in = RB // re = 11.37k // 100 3.7 = 0.36k
iin
Ro =

vo
= RC = 8.2k
io

R // Rin 2
v
8.2k // 0.36k 0.345
Av 1 = o 1 = C
=
=
= 9.32
vin1
re
0.037k
0.037
R // RL
v
8.2k // 10k
Av = o = C
=
= 121.8
vin 2
re
0.037k

AvT =

vo2
v
v
= o1 o2 = Av1 Av2 = ( 9.32) ( 121.8) = 1135.24
vin1 vin1 vo1

v o
R

in A R
v
iL
RL
1135.24 0.36k
in

Ai =
=
=
= v in =
= 40.87
iin v in
RL
RL
10k

vo

Current gain

Rin

EE2603-03

Example:2
Find Ro2 , Rin , AvT =

vo2
of the folowing FET FET Cascade amplifier.
vin

12V

12V

1k
Vin
1M
Rin

1k
IDSS=8mA
VP=-8V

1k

VO2
1k

1M

1k

Rin2

RO2

Vp = 8V, IDSS = 8mA, RS = 1k but VGS = IDRS = ID

(a) Find gm of the FET

V
ID = IDSS 1 GS
VP

ID

8
= 8 1

( 8 + ID )2
=

8
64

8ID = 64 + ID2 16ID ID2 24ID + 64 = 0

( 24 ) 576 256 24 17.88
ID =
=
= 3.06 or 20.94
2
2
VGS = ( 3.06mA 1k ) = 3.06V or ( 20.94mA 1k ) = 20.94V
But VGS = 20.94V is beyond (VP = 8V ) it is neglected

gm =

2EE2603-03
IDSS
V
1 GS

VP
VP

2 8
3.06
=
1

= 1.235mS

(b) Find AVT of the

FET-FET cascade amplifier

12V

12V

1k

Vin
1M

1k

1k

IDSS=8mA
VP=8V
1M

Rin

Rin2

Input resistance 1

Rin = RG = 1M

Output resistance 2

Ro 2 = RD = 1k

VO2
1k

1k

RO2

vo1
A
=
= gm (1k // 1M) = 1.235mS 1k = 1.235
Voltage gain 1 v1
vin1

vo1
= gm (1k // 1k ) = 1.235mS 0.5k = 0.6175
vin1
v
v
v
Voltage gain overallAvT = o2 = o1 o2 = Av1 Av2 = ( 1.235 ) ( 0.6175) = 0.76
vin1 vin1 vo1
Voltage gain 2Av2 =

EE2603-03

Example:3
Find Ro2 , Rin1 , AvT =

vo2
of the folowing BJT FET Cascade amplifier.
vin1
VDD=12V

VCC=12V
47k

8.2k

Vin Iin

IDSS=8mA
VP=8V

b=1
0
0

15k
Rin

Rin

0.2K

(a) Find re of the BJT

RG=1M

VBB = VCC

RS=2.4k

Vo
RL=2.4k

Ro

R1
15
= 12
= 2.9V, RB = 47 // 15 = 11.37k
R1 + R2
15 + 47

11.37k

VBB = 2.9 = IC B + RE + 0.7 = IC (mA)

+ 0.2k + 0.7
100

2.2V
26mV
26mV
IC (mA) =
= 7.03mA re =
=
= 3.7
0.313k
IC
7.03mA

EE2603-03

(b) Find gm of the FET

V p = 8V , I DSS = 8mA, RS = 2.4k but VGS = I D RS = 2.4I D
V
I D = I DSS 1 GS
VP

2.4I D

= 8 1

8
=
( 8 + 2.4ID )2
64

8I D = 64 + 5.76I D2 38.4I D 5.76I D2 46.4I D + 64 = 0

( 46.4 ) 2153 1474.6 46.4 26.04

=
= 1.77 or 6.29
11.52
11.52
VGS = ( 1.77 mA 2.4k ) = 4.25V or ( 6.29mA 2.4k ) = 15.1V

ID =

But VGS = 15.1V beyond VP = 8V neglected

2I DSS VGS 2 8
4.25
1
=
gm =
1

= 0.94mS

VP
V

VDD

Vin

RG=1M

Rin

IDSS=8mA
VP=8V
RS=2.4k

Vo
RL=2.4k

Ro
EE2603-03

(c) Find AVT of the

BJT-FET cascade amplifier

VDD=12V

VCC=12V
47k

IDSS=8mA
VP=8V

8.2k

Vin Iin

b=1
0
0

15k
Rin

Input resistance 1
Output resistance 2
Voltage gain 1
Voltage gain 2
Voltage gain overall

0.2K

RG=1M

RS=2.4k

Rin

Rin2 = RG = 1M

Vo
RL=2.4k

Ro

v
Rin 1 = in = RB // re = 11.37k // 100 3.7 = 0.36k
iin
1

Ro 2 = RS //(1 / gm ) = 2.4k //
k = 2.4k // 1.06k = 0.74k
0.94

R // Rin 2
v
8.2k // 1M
Av 1 = o 1 = C
=
= 221.6
vin1
re
0.037k

g (R // RL )
v
0.94(2.4k // 2.4k )
1.13
Av 2 = o 2 = m S
=
=
= 0.53
v in 2 1 + gm (RS // RL ) 1 + 0.94(2.4k // 2.4k ) 2.13

AvT =

vo2
v
v
= o1 o2 = Av1 Av2 = 221.6 0.53 = 117.45
vin1 vin1 vo1
EE2603-03

Cascode amplifiers
Cascode amplifiers consists of two or more stages of
the basic BJT and/or FET circuits each of which
utilize single power supply VCC for both stages

Transducer RO

+Vcc

I1

Vo
Load RL

Ro

I1

Vin
-Vcc or "0"
Rin

Cascode amplifiers

Cascaded amplifiers are used to obtain higher voltage

amplification, or matching of the input impedance with
the transducer and matching the output impedances with
the loading of the following stage.
EE2603-03

10

Example:4 (page 549 text)

Find Ro2, Rin , AvT

iL
vo2
=
, Ai = of the folowing BJT BJT Cascode amplifier.
vin
iin
VCC=18V

(a) Find re

18 4.7k
4.9V 0.7V
VB 1 =
= 4.9V IC 1 =
= 3.8mA
4.7k + 5.6k + 6.8k
1.1k
26mV
IC 1 = IC 2 = 3.8mA re 1 = re 2 =
= 6.8
3.9mA

(b) Find Ro2, Rin, AVT, Ai

Second stage is CB (with CB ) AV2 =

RC // RL
re

First stage is CE with re2 as load AV1 =

AVT =

1.8k // 10k
= 224.32
0.0068k

re
= 1
re

Vo 2
= AV 1 AV 2 = 1 224.32 = 224.32
Vin

6.8k

1.8k
VC2
VB2
VE2
VC1

Rin

RO2
IC1=IC2
b=20
0

VB1
4.7k

IL

b=20
0
10k

5.6k
Vin Iin

VO

VE1
1.1k

Rin = RB // re 1 = 4.7k // 5.6k // 200 0.0068 = 0.887k Ro2 = RC2 = 1.8k

Ai =

AVT Rin
224.32 0.887k
=
= 19.89
RL
10k
EE2603-03

11

Example:4 (page 301 text)

Find Ro2, Rin , AvT =

i
vo2
, Ai = L of the folowing FET BJT Cascode amplifier.
vin
iin

(a) Find VGS and gm of FET

VCC=20V

Vp = 6V, IDSS = 6mA, RS = 1.2k but VGS = VG IDRS = 3.3 1.2ID

20 18k
whereVG =
= 3.3V
18k + 91k

V
ID = IDSS 1 GS
VP

VB2

VE2

3.3 1.2ID

6
= 6 1

( 6 3.3 + 1.2ID )2
=

6
36

6ID = 86.49 + 1.44ID2 22.32ID 1.44ID2 28.32ID + 86.49 = 0

But VGS = 15.768V is beyond (VP = 6V ) it is neglected

Correct answer is VGS = 1.24V
2IDSS
V
1 GS

VP
VP

VO
I
b=1
60 L
10k
RO2
ID=IC

Vin

( 28.32) 802 498.2 28.32 17.43

ID =
=
= 3.78mA or 15.89mA
2.88
2.88
VGS = 3.3 (3.78mA 1.2k ) = 1.24V or (3.3 15.89mA 1.2k ) = 15.768V

gm =

1.1k
VC2

91k

Iin
RG=18k

Rin

IDSS=6mA
VP=6V
R S=
1.2k

2 6
1.24
=
1

= 1.586mS

EE2603-03

12

VCC=20V

(b) Find re
1.1k
VC2

91k

26mV
ID = IC = 2.1mA re =
= 6.88
3.78mA

VB2
VE2

VO
I
b=1
60 L
10k
RO2
ID=IC

Vin

(c) Find Ro2, Rin, AVT, Ai

Ro 2 = RC = 1.1k

RG=18k

Rin = 18k // 91k = 15k

Second stage is CB (with CB ) AV2 =

Iin

RC // RL
re

1.1k // 10k
=
= 144
0.0068k

Rin

IDSS=6mA
VP=6V
R S=
1.2k

First stage is CS with re2 as load AV1 = gmre2 = 1.586 10 3 6.88 = 0.0109
V
AVT = o2 = AV1 AV2 = 0.0109 144 = 1.56
Vin

Ai =

AVT Rin
RL

1.56 15k
= 2.34
10k
EE2603-03

13

Darlington pair
C
B

C
B

Q1
Q2

VCC

Type 2N999 NPN Darlington-connected Silicon

Transistor Package
Parameter

Test conditions

VBE

IC=100mA

hFE (D)

IC=10mA
IC=100mA

Q2

IE

Max
1.8V

4000
7000

70,000

DC analysis of the Darlington pair

Q1

IB

Min

IC

RB
B

QD

RE

IB =

VCC VBE

RB + DRE

IE = (D + 1)IB = DIB ,

VB = IE RE + VBE

EE2603-03

14

Find IB , IE , VE , VB of the folowing Darlington amplifier.

18V

RB

3.3MW
Vin

IC

Q1

IB

Q2

IE

bD = 8000
VBE = 1.6V

390W

Rin

Vo
Ro

IB =

VCC VBE

RB + DRE

18 1.6
= 2.56A
3.3M + 8000 390

IE = (D + 1)IB = 8001IB = 8001 2.56A = 20.48mA

VE = IE RE = 20.48mA 390 = 8V

VB = VE + VBE = 8 + 1.6 = 9.6V

EE2603-03

15

AC analysis of the Darlington pair

18V

RB

iin

bD = 8000
VBE = 1.6V

Q1

Vin

Q2

io
Rin

IC

C
B

RE

iin

RB

vin

Vo
I

Rin

ib

ri

bDib
io
RE

vo
I
Ro

Ro

ib =

Vin Vo
V
and Vin = ibri + DibRE in = ri + DRE
ri
ib

but Rin = RB //

Vin
= RB // ri + DRE
ib

Ro =

ibri
r
vo
v
vo
= RE // o = RE //
= RE //
= RE // i
I
io
Dib
Dib
D

Av =

Dib RE
DRE
vo
=
=
= 1( if ri << DRE )
vin ib [ri + DRE ] ri + DRE

Ai =

(V / R ) (V / V ) Rin AvRin DRE [RB // ri + DRE ] RB // DRE

io
= o E = o in
=
=
=

iin (Vin / Rin )
RE
RE
RE
RE
ri + DRE
EE2603-03

16

Find Ro , Rin , Av =

vo
i
, Ai = o of the folowing Darlington amplifier.
vin
iin
18V

RB

3.3MW
Vin

Q1

IB

Q2

IE
Rin

IC

ri = 5kW
bD = 8000
VBE = 1.6V

Vo

390W

Ro

Rin = RB //

Vin
= RB // ri + DRE = 3.3M //(5k + 8000 0.39k ) = 3.3M // 3.125M = 1.605M
ib

Ro = RE //

Av =
Ai =

ri
5k
= 0.39k //
= 0.39k // 0.625 = 0.625
D
8000

DRE

ri + DRE

8000 0.39k
3125k
=
= 0.998 1
5k + 8000 0.39k 5k + 3125k

io Av Rin 0.998 1605k

=
=
= 4107
iin
RE
0.39k

EE2603-03

17

Feedback pair

C
B

Q1
Q2

C
bD
E

DC analysis of the Feedback pair

VCC
RC
IC

C
B

IB
RB

Q1

IB2

Q2

IE

IB =

VCC VEB1

RB + DRC

, [ D = 1 2 ]

IB2 = 1 IB , IE = (2 + 1)IB2 2IB2 = 1 2IB

VB = IBRB = VCC IC RC VBE1 = VCC IC RE 0.7

EE2603-03

18

Find IB , IE , VC , VB of the folowing Feedback pair amplifier.

18V

b1=140
b2=180

RC 75W
IC
C

IB
RB
2MW

IB =

VCC VEB1

RB + DRC

Q1

IB2

Q2

IE

18 0.7
= 4.45A [ D = 140 180 = 2520]
2M + 25200 75

IE = (2 + 1)IB2 2IB2 = 1 2IB = DIB = 25200 4.45A = 112.1mA

VC = VCC IC RC = 18 112.1mA 75 = 9.6V

VB = IBRB = 4.45A 2M = 8.9V

EE2603-03

19

AC analysis of the Feedback pair

VCC
RC

b1 = 140
b2 = 180

iin

vin

Q1

Vin

RB

ib

B1 C1

ri1

Q2
E

RB
Rin

Vo

io

C
B

iin

RC

Ro

-
b2ib2
E2 b2ib2

IRC

vo
I
Ro

Vin = ibri1 + RC ( 2ib2 + 1ib ) = ibri1 + 1ib (2 + 1)RC = ib (ri1 + 12RC )

but Rin = RB //
Av =

Av of the Feedback pair

Vin
= RB //(ri1 + 12RC ) = RB // 12RC
ib

12ib RC
12RC
vo
=
=
= 1( if ri << 12RC )
vin ib [ri + 12RC ] ri + 12RC

io (Vo / RC ) (Vo / Vin ) Rin Av Rin 12RC [RB // 12RC ]

=
=
=
=

(Vin / Rin )
iin
RC
RC
r
+

R
RC
1 2 C
i
(R // 12RC ) (RB // 12RC )
= 1 2 B
=
12RC
RC
EE2603-03
20

Ai =

Ai of the Feedback pair

E1 b1ib

ri2

C2

Rin

RE

Rin of the Feedback pair

ib2

B2

ib

vin=0

RB

B1 C1

ri1
RC

ib2

E1 b1ib

B2

ri2

C2

-
b2ib2
E2 b2ib2

IRC

vo
I
Ro

I = IRC + 2ib2 + 1ib = IRC + (2 1ib ) + 1ib

= IRC 1ib (2 1) = IRC 12ib

Ro of the Feedback pair

Ro =

vo ( at Vin = 0)
v
vo
vo
= o //
= RC //
I
IRC
I IRC
12ib

= RC //

ibri1
r
= RC // i1
12ib
12

EE2603-03

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