Design Guide

Access Microwave NetworkMicrowave Link Design for Siemens/HCPT Projectn

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Contents 1. SCOPE.........................................................................................................................4 2. MEDIA..........................................................................................................................4 3. STRATEGIC LINK.......................................................................................................4 4. LINK NUMBERING......................................................................................................4 5. CAPACITY PLANNING...............................................................................................4
LIAISON 4 GROWTH 5 URBAN/SUBURBAN SITES................................................................................................................................5 RURAL OR HIGHWAY SITES..............................................................................................................................5

6. BSC BSC BORDER PLANNING..............................................................................6 7. FREQUENCY PLANNING...........................................................................................6

FREQUENCY LICENCE APPLICATION PROCESS - INTRODUCTION.................................................................................7 RFI SCANNING.............................................................................................................................................7

9. SELF OWNED FIBRES ............................................................................................10 11. THE CONTRACTOR WILL INSTALL AND COMMISSION FIBRE CORE AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENTS AS REQUIRED BY THE CONTRACTORS APPROVED INITIAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK DESIGN OR NETWORK CHANGES AS AGREED BY THE EMPLOYER...........................................................10 12. MICROWAVE RADIO LINKS..................................................................................10
LINE-OF-SIGHT (LOS) TESTING......................................................................................................................10 CIRCUIT MICROWAVE LINK AVAILABILITY............................................................................................................10 REPEATERS................................................................................................................................................12

13. TECHNICAL SITE SURVEY (TSS).........................................................................13 14. EQUIPMENT............................................................................................................14

ANTENNAS..................................................................................................................................................14 DUAL/CROSS-POLARISED ANTENNAS SHALL BE CONSIDERED FOR USE ON ALL STRATEGIC LINKS. ......................................15 DIGITAL CROSS-CONNECT.............................................................................................................................15 DISTRIBUTION FRAMES..................................................................................................................................15

15. PROJECT MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................15 16. PROCESSES.........................................................................................................16 ANNEX A: LOS............................................................................................................21 DEFINITIONS................................................................................................................21

FIRST FRESNEL ZONE...................................................................................................................................21

LOS SURVEY...............................................................................................................24 ANNEX B: RFI SURVEY PROCEDURE.....................................................................28

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SIGNAL INTERFERENCE AND SPECTRAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS............................................................................28

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1. SCOPE
This guide is produced to provide assistance to Microwave Link planners employed by Siemens in the design of the network supporting the HCPT 2G/3G network being constructed. The guide deals with the quality requirements expected to be met during the design phases.

2. MEDIA
The mediuma considered is PDH and SDH Microwave Radio (MR).

3. STRATEGIC LINK
A strategic link is defined as being one that has a capacity of 16E1 x 2 Mbs/1E3 or greater i.e. nNormally Microwave Hub - BSC, BSC BSC and BSC MSC connections. It is expected that particular care will be exercised in the design of such links, compatible with their importance to the overall network quality. Exceptionally, this nomenclature may apply to 8E1 links which link into strategic network elements. but it may be a simple ring/loop of 5 or more High Capacity BTS locations.

4. LINK NUMBERING
Pathloss will allocate a unique number identifying a link, which will be used for referencing automatically and sequentially. The numbers will not relate to any region other than by virtue of the site locations and their respective site numbers. For database query purposes the rules for entering links into Pathloss must be strictly adhered to. In every case, except for links which close loops, the links must be entered with the A-end being the site located, in network traffic flow terms, in the direction of the highest network element. This means that each site is uniquely a B-end and can be listed in an unambiguous way. For loop closure situations the site which lies to the east of the loop will be listed as the B-end.the site number belonging to one end of the link may be used to extract relevant data.

5. CAPACITY PLANNING
Liaison The Planner is to liaise with the Radio Planning and BSS Planning groups regarding all interfaces between their BSS and the CoreBackbone Network equipment coordinated by the Employer as required. . Link Capacity
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The minimum capacity to be allocated to each link is 4E1. A maximum of 4STM1 is available for use in the backbone. Growth The Planner must ensure that the network is dimensioned to take into account traffic growth as defined through periodically issued requirements from the RF Planning group. It is expected that the Planner will endeavour to create and maintain good contacts and relationships with members of the RF Planning team. Urban/Suburban Sites All Urban sites shall be planned to the maximum capacity for the BTS in use i.e. 4+4+4 TRU/TRX in the case of 3-sector sites. Suburban sites shall be initially planned as 2+2+2 and a full E1 is to be assigned. If it is foreseen, based on marketing requirements, that the site may require expansion then sufficient capacity should be assigned to that location. If there is any doubt regarding the potential capacity requirement then Contractor shall assign an entire E1 as a minimum. For Urban and Suburban 3-sector BTS sites, a minimum of one full E1 should be assigned unless more than 12 TRXs are forecast, in which case an additional E1 must be assignedregardless of TRU/TRX configuration.. Rural or Highway Sites In the case of 2G sites the following rules apply. In the case of highway sites and other relatively low capacity locations e.g. 2 sector sites configured 1+1+0, or 3-sector sites 1+1+1, three sites (1+1+1) may share a single E1 (Daisy Chaining/Multi dropping); two sector sites (1+1+0) may have 4 sites sharing an E1. Clearly some circumstances may occur where these parameters cannot be met. In such instances the Transmission Planning Manager must be advised and permission sought to vary these rules. For 3G sites, the agreed rule has been set to provide 1E1 per NodeB. This is to be supplied specifically for the NodeB. Thus, where a NodeB and BTS are co-located 2E1 should be provided; one for each element. ; Ssee Table 1 below for guidance: No. Of TRU/TRX 4+4+4 - 2+2+2 inclusive 2+2+2 4+4+4 1+1+1 1+1+0 1+1+0 & 1+1+1 NodeB
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No. Of E1 required 1 x E1 per site 3 sites to the E1 4 sites to the E1 3 sites to the E1 1E1 per element
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Table 1: 1: Capacity allocations In addition, wherever possible, adjacent sites shall not share the same E1 in orderso as to ensure that the failure of a single E1 will not result in coverage from neighbouring sites being lost. This policy shall also be included in the planning of Rings or Loop topologies.

6. BSC BSC Border Planning

Care is to be taken to ensure the logical sequencing of BSC/RNC borders. In particular, under no circumstances are different BTS/NodeBs, linked in a chain, to be homed to different BSCs or RNCs. Similarly, borders should be chosen to fall on long sections of road or at natural topographic locations where terrain screening can assist in management of this issue. The aim is to ensure that the chances of rapid backwards and forwards handovers occurring switching of hostbetween BSCs is minimised.

7. FREQUENCY PLANNING
Table 2 gives details of the available frequency spectrum for this project. Frequency Band GHz Bandwidth MHz Number of Channels Notes Shared Channel 1 7 MHz only, channel 2,7 MHz and channel 3 in conjunction with channel 2 when 14 MHz required. Shared Self-managed, see table 3 below. Shared, maybe 2 in future SharedSubject to CAT assignment of the band for the project

7.20 8.00 11.00 15.00 18.0023.00

7.00 29.65 40.00 28.00 14.00 27.5028.00

23 1 2 1 1

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Table 2: Frequency assignments for The Employer project

10995 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 10978.25 10981.75 10985.25 10988.75 10992.25 10995.75 10999.25 11002.75 11006.25 11009.75 11013.25 11016.75 11020.25 11023.75 11027.25 11030.75 11034.25 11037.75 11041.25 11044.75 11048.25 11051.75 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 10980 10987 10994 11001 11008 11015 11022 11029 11036 11043 11050 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

11035 10983.5 A1 10990.5 D1' 10997.5 A2 11018.5 D2' 11011.5 D3' 11025.5 D4' 11039.5 D5' D6' D7' D8' D9' D10' D11' D12' D13' D14' D15' D16' D17' D18' D19' D20' D21' D22' 11505.25 11508.75 11512.25 11515.75 11519.25 11522.75 11526.25 11529.75 11533.25 11536.75 11540.25 11543.75 11547.25 11550.75 11554.25 11557.75 11561.25 11564.75 11568.25 11571.75 11575.25 11578.75

11525 C1' C2' C3' C4' C5' C6' C7' C8' C9' C10' C11' 11507 11514 11521 11528 11535 11542 11549 11556 11563 11570 11577 B1' B2' B3' B4' B5'

11565 11510.5 A1' 11517.5 11524.5 A2' 11545.5 11538.5 11552.5 11566.5

Frequency Licence Application Process - Introduction The frequency spectrum is controlled by the Directorate General Post and Telecommunications (DGPT) department. Prior to the application for a frequency the spectral environment at a particular site must be established. A frequency scan is to be completed at each end of each proposed link in order to be clear which part of the specific band can be used. When this has been determined, the link budget can be completed and an application for the bandwidth submitted using form.. The coordination and administration of frequency applications is the responsibility of Pak Jestan. The analysis activity is to be undertaken and completed within .. days of .. The application is to be submitted within .. days of the publication of the analysis. Analysis and application progress is to be tracked using Capri and a weekly report of status is to be maintained and published for general project use. RFI Scanning The RFI scan is to be conducted for every planned link. It is of particular importance in the backbone for two reasons:
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ODU tuning limits Equipment delivery lead-times.

In the access network it is less important since the ODU can be scanned across the entire frequency range. Purpose The RFI scan is intended to give a clear indication of which sections of the radio spectrum are already occupied by existing operators. Identifying these areas will allow the transmission planner to complete the detailed frequency planning for the network by using areas of spectrum which are isolated from those used by current users. Results The results of the scan must be properly documented in every case, in order that they can be used to support the frequency application submitted to the DGPT. Scheduling The scheduling of the surveys is the responsibility of the Implementation group using the microwave connectivity plan issued by the transmission planning group. This plan is constantly changing so the schedule must be agreed prior to being conducted so that unproductive activities are avoided. An RFI survey schedule meeting is to be convened on a weekly basis to decide the coming weeks schedule and to review the results of the preceding week. It is possible, and indeed likely, that repeat visits to some locations will be required as the changing RF environment evolves. Measurements The detailed measurement procedure is attached as Annex B. However, it is important to be clear in the specification of what is required on each location survey. Thus, the transmission planner will, for each link, specify the following: Detailed link end location information including: o Geographic coordinates o Proposed microwave antenna heights above ground level o Proposed microwave antenna locations on rooftops and towers Frequency bands to be scanned in each case and bandwidths to be used. The bearings of primary importance to be scanned, i.e. directions of planned links.
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Requirement to scan 360 degrees or not. The overall area microwave network plan.

Results Results of all surveys are to be compiled into a report with summary of all measurements conducted. The report will be issued to the weekly scheduling meeting for review and action points will be identified and assigned for resolution. Frequency Assignment The transmission planner, upon receiving the results of the RFI scan survey will review the results and determine which frequencies will be used for each link surveyed. This frequency allocation will be published and issued after review at the weekly meeting. The application process will commence at this point. Weekly meeting schedule Agenda The weekly meeting will use, as a general agenda, the following items: o Review of the previous weeks survey activities. o Schedule for the coming two weeks survey activities. o Review ongoing frequency assignments.

8.

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9. Self Owned Fibres 10. 11. The Contractor will install and commission Fibre Core and associated equipments as required by the Contractors approved Initial Transmission Network Design or Network changes as agreed by the Employer. 12. MICROWAVE RADIO LINKS

Line-of-Sight (LOS) Testing LOS testing is to be conducted on all sites. not collocated with a leased-line providers transmission node. The tests are to be conducted and concluded wherever possible prior to the Technical ReviewThe tests are to be conducted and concluded prior to the Technical Review. The guidance contained in Annex A is to be followed at all times.

Circuit Microwave Link Availability The Target Circuit Access Microwave Link propagation availability, including equipment, should be 99.99552% per hop or better at 10-6. For the backbone the availability is 99.9985%, including equipment. This value shall incorporate mean time to repair (MTTR estimated as 4- 6 hours), mean time between failures (MTBF estimated as 17 8years) and propagation outages and canThis value can be calculated following ITU T G821, G826 and RF557-4 recommendations. In exceptional and mutually agreed circumstances where the calculated figure fails to meet the proposed targets, MTBF and MTTR may be removed from the calculation Protection. Protection shall be employed where applicable for all links carrying the traffic of more than 4 base stations. The preferred method to be employed is path diversity (loop topology) see below.

Rain Zone Rain zone P, using a 0.01% rate of 145 mm/hr is to be used in all planning. K-Factor
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In the Indonesian environment it is advisable, in order to maintain link availability, to use a K-Factor smaller than 4/3. The K-Factor depends, in any case, on link length and frequency, however, in areas of high humidity, a 1/1 K-Factor should be considered and over water; e.g. from Surabaya to Bali, a K-Factor of 2/3 should be considered. Clearly this will have an impact on tower height requirements and compromise may be necessary, however, in order to be sure of meeting the propagation part of the availability, tower heights should only be reduced when it involves major investment, therefore a pragmatic approach is required Fresnel Zone Clearances All links must be planned with a full first Fresnel zone clearance. In exceptional circumstances links may be planned with 0.6 first Fresnel clearance. Such cases should include, but not be limited to, situations where a site which is vital to the continued network rollout, but which has limited clearance, needs to be constructed in order to ensure network integration can proceed. However, in each case, the link issue should be referred to the Transmission Planning Manager for the policy to be agreed. In these circumstances, a solution to the problem, with associated timeframe deadlines, must be included in the decision making process. Unless impossible to avoid, links with Fresnel zone infringements should carry no more than the traffic from 2 BTS/NodeBs. One method only may be used: Path Diversity Redundant paths shall be investigated to ensure the possibility of Loop or Ring protection for all BTS locations. This shall be the only choice for protection. Leasedlines may, in agreed circumstances i.e. along highway, be used to provide the redundant paths.; Sub Multiplexing should be considered to minimize the number of E1s. All additional Transmission only sites shall be offered as potential BTS locations to the RF Planning Group to ensure the minimum numbers of Transmission only locations are built (see notes on Repeaters below). Path switching proposals will be discussed during DSD. Equipment Equipment or 1+1 or Hot Standby arrangement shall not be used unless specifically agreed on a case-by-case basis. This method offers little or no protection to a network, as the bulk of Outage Time is usually due to weather related conditions not Equipment failure once there has been a Settling In period. It is recommended however that chains, that cannot eventually be looped, be kept to 4 BTS sites. Each case shall be evaluated by the Contractor on its own merits. It shall be noted that this shall be a problem when linking Highway Locations, because these Long Highway chains will be improbable to diversify or Loop protect, it is suggested these are mutually discussed on a caseby-case basis. 1+1 Hot standby for the larger capacity links on these remote chains should be considered.
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Termination of E1 Channels All E1 inputs and outputs shall be terminated following the guidance issued (to be confirmed when this will occur)in Capri. Repeaters Where a site cannot be connected into a part of the network with access either directly into a BSC or to a site with access to a BSC, microwave repeaters should be considered. Consideration to the use of Digital Cross-connect at such locations shall be given depending on the size and complexity of the repeater site. Interference Management There are a number of ways to minimise interference. This depends on the general interference environment and the level to which frequency management is conducted by the regulatory authorities. In basic terms interference is of primary concern to the network being designed and the control of interference within the Siemens microwave network should be the primary concern of the Planner. ThreeThree ways of designing a microwave network can be used: Method 1: Plan all links at full power and allow the receiver thresholds to vary according to the received signal level at the receiver. The disadvantage of this method is that the interference environment is very aggressive and does not allow for other users in nearby bands. In an unregulated environment this is perhaps the best way of planning since it ensures the quality of the home network. Method 2: Plan all links with availability as the main driver. The effect of this is to ensure the link functions to the required availability. Using this method is quite acceptable in most environments but the disadvantage is the uncertainty of the fade margin on very short links. The effect of this is to allow inexperienced planners to plan links to the required availability whilst ending up with almost no fade margin. Planners must be aware that a minimum fade margin must be planned. A suggestion might be 25 to 30 dB.The minimum Fade Margin should be 35 dB. Method 3: Plan the network using constant received signal levels. This method is undertaken by taking the longest links at each frequency band and engineering to the required availability level. At this point the received signal level is noted and is used for all links. To achieve this attenuation of the Transmit, Receive path is required. The advantage of this is that it maintains controlled interference levels in very dense
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microwave environments. Additionally, it means that maintenance personnel are able to measure AGC voltages that are generally the same for all links. In the Indonesian environment it is recommended to use method 2.

13.

TECHNICAL SITE SURVEY (TSS)

TSS will be carried out on every site. It is of great importance that Transmission Planners are given the opportunity to influence the outcome of the survey. Therefore, Transmission representatives are to be invited to each TSS. If they are unable to attend the TSS they will give a specification of their requirements to the TSS team attending the respective site survey. The specification will be constituted as follows and with the limitations noted: o If a detailed transmission plan is available: o Exact antenna size, location and bearing information will be supplied. o Cable run, mounting and termination limitations will be provided. o ODU location requirements together with waveguide connection and pressurisation equipment specifications will be provided (as required). o IDU location requirements will be indicated. o If a nominal transmission plan is available: o The same as above but with the caveat that the information may change when the plan becomes detailed. o If neither a detailed nor nominal plan is available: o Standard antenna configurations will be provided as follows: Access network site: 3 x 0.6 meter antennas with directions 0, 120, 240 degrees

Jakarta Inner Ring Site: 3 x 1.8 meter antennas with directions as above.

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Backbone
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Drawings All drawings arising from a TSS must be submitted to the respective Transmission Planner for approval/red line observations. 4 x 2.4 meter antennas with directions as above. Note that 2 of these antennas will be booked as a space-diversity link.

14.
Antennas

EQUIPMENT

The antennas which will be used on this project vary in size from 0.3 3 meter. The selection of antennas will be made taking into account path length, frequency band, capacity and interference considerations. Space-diversity For long links at lower frequencies, space-diversity should be considered in order to mitigate multipath fading effects. It is of vital importance that acquisition, construction and implementation groups are made fully aware of the requirement in order that sitesharing arrangements, construction and implementation issues can be fully considered during the build-up to implementation. Waveguide Wave-guide shall be used in cases where it has been decided to mount the Radio Outdoor Unit (ODU) separately from the antenna. Such circumstances may occur where safety and maintenance procedures may be compromised if the ODU is directly mounted on the antenna. In that case the relevant contract price shall be adjusted based on unit prices of the additional material. Pressurisation/Dehydration Wave-guide dehydration shall be required in all circumstances where waveguide is used. The type of pressurisation and where it is used will be determinedD by the wave-guide
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volume. For waveguide runs less than 5 meters, desiccant cartridges will be used. For lengths in excess of 5 meters, pressurisation equipment will be required. Pressurisati Microwave Radio 1+0, 1+1 and 2+0 configurations are to be considered for deployment. 1+1 configurations are to be kept to an absolute minimum. The reason for this is twofold: cost and reliability. Given the propagation conditions prevalent in ThailandIndonesia it is felt the majority of outages will be caused by high rainfall levels and since this is propagation related rather than equipment, the employment of 1+1 is not efficient. Dual/Cross-polarised antennas shall be considered for use on all strategic links. 14.1.1 Digital Cross-Connect The Planner shall produce proposals for traffic handling i.e. route switching in the event of transmission failure on all primary transmission routes. Distribution Frames Throughout the system all DDFs shall be common. Circuits will be terminated using 120-Ohm line impedance.

15.
General

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

It should be noted that all Transmission Planners are required to maintain information relevant to their tasks in the project management database Capri. There are no excuses for not complying with this requirement. Milestones MS30 Technical Site Survey: Claimed by others. The Planner is responsible for providing transmission input to the TSS. The Planner can do this by attending the TSS personally, or by ensuring the requirements are available for those attending the TSS so that the transmission requirements can be properly accounted for. In the case where microwave is planned but no LOS test has been completed, a standard configuration is to be supplied to the TSS. Dependent on site location and infrastructure possibilities, this may involve booking of space for 2 or 3 microwave antenna posilocations per site on the site.
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MS 50 Network Link Planned: Claimed by the Planner. When the Planner has completed the background survey work for a site, and is satisfied that a connection to the parent BSC can be made (i.e. when the intervening sites are also at MS50 or above), MS50 for the respective site can be claimed.

16.

Processes

Processes for the conduct of the project are being developed and will be published as soon as they have been reviewed and accepted. The main focus of the processes is to allow planners to identify the following: Limits of their remit Customer relationships within the project

It is intended that planners will be responsible for the following: All nodes within single or multiple BSC/RNC/MSC regions. LOS tasking and scheduling. Link definition. Circuit provisioning to a defined and agreed DDF position in the BSC/RNC, POI and MSC. Jumper schedules. Equipment forecasting. Maintenance of technical and project databases. Liaison with Radio Planning, Site Acquisition, Construction and Implementation groups.

Customer relationships within the project structure are defined as follows: Transmission customers o o o o Site Acquisition during the link planning phase. Site Construction during the link planning phase. Site Implementation during the link planning phase. Programme Management during all phases.

Transmission Planners have an ongoing duty to the listed customers to provide all updates and status information which may affect the ability of the specific resource area to supply the correct transmission solution. In this respect, Transmission Planners should provide the following:
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Site Acquisition It should be noted as a general rule, that no site can be permitted to progress to detailed design unless the respective Transmission Planner has signed off the site as suitable for transmission. Clear and unambiguous requirements for the proposed transmission plan in order that the Site Acquisition agent can present a properly conceived professional proposal to the site owner. Additionally the Transmission Planner is responsible for providing a clear brief to those attending Technical Site Surveys (TSS) in order that the TSS can proceed to a logical solution which can be built and implemented. Site Construction Site Construction engineers require detailed information regarding antenna heights, sizes and directions. This is of utmost importance and is the duty of the Transmission Planner to provide it in a timely manner. Transmission Planners must approve and amend drawings in a timely manner and return them to the design group for amendment and re-issue. Site Implementation The link installation package and integration packages are to be produced by the Transmission Planner in adequate time for the Implementation group to deal with the task at hand. Transmission Planners must be available to advise Implementation engineers of requirements during the installation and integration phases of the network build. The planner must ensure all information is meticulously recorded and databases are updated at all times. Programme Management Transmission Planners are each responsible for maintaining all status and equipment/link databases in order to keep the business informed of status, progress and forecasting. Transmission Planners must be in a position to provide a rolling forecast of link equipment requirements on a monthly basis looking forward three months.
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Transmission suppliers o o o o o Radio Planning during the network planning phases Site Acquisition during the acquisition phases. Construction during the build design phases. Implementation after installation and integration. Programme Management through all phases.

It is the duty of all Transmission suppliers to ensure the Transmission Planners are fully appraised of all information pertinent to the completion of a satisfactory plan. Thus, the following minimum requirements apply: Site Acquisition It is particularly important to ensure the respective Transmission Planners are informed of all developments that occur on a site which may have an impact on the proposed transmission solution for the site. It is also important to bear in mind, as noted above, that no site can be allowed to progress to detailed design until the respective transmission planner has signed off approval for the location as having a suitable transmission solution. In particular the requirement to inform includes, but is not limited to: Regular site acquisition status reports. Antenna size, position and numbers constraints Height restrictions. Safety restrictions. Cable-run issues.

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Construction Keep Transmission Planners fully appraised of any issues that arise in the design phase of the construction which may impact upon the ability of transmission to deliver a solution for the subject site. In particular, but not limited to: Situations where it becomes clear after, for example, structural analysis, that the proposed transmission solution cannot be realised using the proposed configuration. The Transmission Planner must be allowed to review the plan and modify/adjust it as necessary to take into account any developments on the build side.

Implementation Implementation will be installing and commissioning microwave links to the specification produced and issued by the Transmission Planners. This will include the installation of antennas, outdoor units, indoor units, cables between ODU and IDU, waveguide and pressurisation/dehydration equipment (where necessary) and indoor cabling between the IDU and DDF (where used). Additionally, jumpering at some sites will be undertaken, to the specification produced by the Transmission Planners. In any situation where the issued plan cannot be completed to the precise specification issued by the Transmission Planner, the Implementation group is required to provide detailed information about any change made to that specification. To avoid confusion, it is most important that the Implementation engineers contact the respective Transmission Planner BEFORE making any changes in order that the Planner can assess the impact on the overall plan and agree to the change. If it is not possible to agree the change immediately and the failure to implement the plan correctly adversely affects rollout progress, it is the responsibility of the Implementation Engineer to ensure the Transmission Planner is fully briefed, in detail, of the solution that has been implemented immediately they return to their base. This must occur, in any case, within 24 hours of the issue arising so that discipline is maintained in record-keeping and database integrity. The temporary solution must be fully documented and, either the plan revised making the temporary solution permanent, or the timeframe and deadlines for resolution agreed and published in a weekly report. Changes in this respect may include but not be limited to: Antenna position Cable run variation ODU position Waveguide routing DDF position variation
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Jumper changes

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Annex A: LOS Definitions
The following definitions are applicable to this document: LOS ok: A clear path exists between the two points to be connected. In this respect a clear path means that there are no obstructions to 100% of the first Fresnel Zone of the radio path. In addition, the path is to be constructed using both 4/3 and 1/1 earths curvature. In cases where the path passes over water or wetlands, an earths curvature of 2/3 is to be considered. LOS grazing: Under the same circumstances as above the first Fresnel Zone is obstructed by up to 40%. No LOS: More than 40% of the first Fresnel zone is obstructed.

First Fresnel Zone Is the space around the direct radio path within which reflections occurring along the path sum up to cause a net addition of received power at the respective receiving antenna. A formula for the calculation of this zone is given as:

Rn = 17.3

d1d2 FGHz (d1 + d2)

Where: d1 isd1 is the distance to the near-end antenna

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d2 isd2 is the distance to the far-end antenna from the obstacle. N.B. All distances are in kilometres.

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Minimum Antenna Height (meters) The minimum antenna height is the height on the structure at which the microwave antenna is mounted from which LOS ok status is possible. The height given must additionally take into account the following conditions: Accessibility of the proposed antenna position for installation, commissioning and maintenance personnel. This means that, in the case of a tower, the servicing platforms are to be considered as primary locations for microwave antennas. Structural considerations for the structure being planned. This means that the proposed antenna position must be suitable for antenna mounting from the structural point of view. Microwave antennas are to be secured with maximum overall movement of 1 degree in any direction.

Near-field Interference No antenna location is to be proposed where a near field obstruction is evident. A rough estimation of the near field distance is: Nf = d2/lamda (wavelength) Where: d = the longest dimension of the antenna aperture. Reflecting Surfaces The bottom edge of the proposed microwave antenna is to be located at a height sufficient to allow a 15-degree angle to be clear to the edge of any large reflecting surface in the direction of the alignment of the antenna. This situation may arise where antenna locations are proposed looking over large areas of roof:

15 degrees

Rooftop
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LOS Survey The LOS survey is to be completed from each end of every link where a microwave link connection is being considered. There are to be no exceptions to this rule other than, in terms of timing where surveys in an urban environment are conducted on a site-by-site basis. The aim of the survey is to establish two primary objectives: Functional antenna position with GPS coordinates. Minimum antenna height from which a transmission path can function.

As defined above. Methodology General LOS can be established to exist, or otherwise, in a number of ways: Using topographical charts and surveys. Using Digital Terrain Models. Optically.

For this document full optical evidence confirming the LOS status, as defined above, is to be provided. This means that, ultimately, photographs showing the status are to be supplied for every survey. No other form of evidence is deemed acceptable. Urban Areas In cities and towns where there is a high density of development, it can be more appropriate to conduct surveys on a site-by-site basis. This means that rather than survey each individual link, it is more time-efficient to take a detailed panoramic from each site and also to take zoom photographs of all adjacent known sites. The theory is that, after some short time, a complete library of LOS possibilities from every site will be
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available for the planners to use. This method is to be used in such areas and a report on a site-by-site basis produced. When each end of a link has been decided using the evidence from the site-by-site surveys, the reports can be compiled to produce a link LOS report. Decisions about the most appropriate method to be used are to be taken by the Planner.

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Equipment It is expected that the following equipment will be available to each survey team: Photographic equipment to include: SLR camera with short zoom (e.g. 28-70 mm). Long zoom (e.g. up to 70 400). Digital camera. Binoculars 10 x 50 minimum. Cherry-pickers/Cranes. Balloons. Climbing equipment. Laptop computers. Mirrors or High-powered lamps. (1 million candlepower minimum) GPS equipment.

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Reporting Each LOS survey is to be reported individually. The report is to provide full details of the complete survey thus including information about each end of each link in one document. The report is to include as a minimum: Site location details with coordinates taken from GPS measurement. Clear and unambiguous survey result. Antenna location information as a sketch of the rooftop/tower/mast/location. Minimum antenna heights as defined above. Survey methodology information. Site suitability estimation structural integrity. Panoramic photographs from each location with a north marker depicted and the location of the far end sites clearly shown. Zoom photograph of the far end antenna position.

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Annex B: RFI Survey Procedure
Signal Interference and Spectral Density Measurements

Unlike power meters, to be considered with an intrinsic infinite bandwidth in practice, Spectrum Analyzers measure the power in the Frequency Domain, that is, power is measured using a receiver having a finite bandwidth, which is the result of the receiver bandwidth (Resolution Bandwidth, RBW) and the detector bandwidth (VBW), defined for the measurement analyzer. When measuring a power equal to -30 dBm of a non-modulated carrier through a power-meter (i.e. a broadband measurement instrument) we get a real value equal to P. A spectrum analyzer with any RBW setting and with a RBW/VBW ratio equal to 1 provides the same measurement reading of the power meter, that is, -30 dBm. In this case the carrier bandwidth CW is virtually equal to 0. When the carrier is modulated for example through a 30 MHz bandwidth signal, as in a microwave link, and the measurement is repeated, the power meter reads the value P again, while the spectrum analyzer provides a reading equal to P - Jo, where Jo is the power density which depends on the ratio between the bandwidth of the measuring analyzer and the bandwidth of the signal itself. In this case, using 10log [analyzer bandwidth/signal bandwidth] and taking RBW equal to 3 MHz and VBW equal to 3 MHz, Jo is 10 log 3/30 = - 10 dB. For this, the analyzer reading is P - 10 dB For the previous - 30 dBm signal the spectrum-analyzer reading is - 40 dBm. Clearly, a narrower bandwidth means a worse spectral density ratio between the signal under measurement and the bandwidth used for measurement. If we now use a RBW/VBW ratio different from 1, i.e. RBW = 300 KHz and VBW = 300 Hz, the reading of the same signal through the spectrum analyzer is lower again: 10 log RBW/Bsignal 10 log RBW/VBW 10 log 300 Khz/30000 KHz 10 log 300 KHz/ 0.3 KHz = - 20 dB = - 30 dB

Using these settings, a power of -30 dBm of the same previous signal is now producing a reading with a 50 dB difference, that is, the spectrum analyzer measurement is - 80 dBm. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account some misleading spectrum analyzer results. Take, for example, the production of some graphs of - 90 dBm. Analyzing, on the same graph, the values defined as regards RBW and VBW and they were:
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Center 7,471.00 RBW 10 KHz SPAN 56 MHz Ref. -74 dBm on a log 3 dB /div scale VBW 10 KHz

as in the example shown by the Wind procedure (see pages 23-27 of Ref. 1 and pages 14-17 of Ref. 2), it can safely be stated that if the target was searching for a potential 14MHz bandwidth interference signal (a typical PDH one), then the measured value needs a correction factor of : 10 log 14000 KHz/ 10 KHz = 31.46 dB (with no other correction because the ratio between RBW and VBW is equal to 1). So the real power level measured by the analyzer is not equal to - 94 dBm as it may appear at a first glance, but it is equal to - 62.54 dBm. In this instance, it appears that if the target was the measurement of levels lower than - 95 dBm, then the objective would be missed, unless a gain of 33 dB is added somewhere. In this example the antenna adds 15 dB, so a further 18 dB are missing from the required sensitivity budget. It appears that the measure shown in this example is not compliant with the requirements of the specification. A significant reduction in quality would be apparent if searching for SDH signals having a bandwidth reaching 56 MHz. In this case the derating factor should be: 10 log 56000 / 10 = 37.48 dB In the case of broadband modulated signals, narrowing the RBW bandwidth of the analyzer reduces quality; it is better to maintain the widest allowed bandwidth and increase the sensitivity of the measurement using low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) with a low intermodulation factor. It can be clearly demonstrated that when LNA amplifiers are not used for this measurement, the results cannot be considered fully reliable in the detection of potential interference signals from other PDH/SDH radio links. Thus, it cannot be certain that the microwave link to be protected against interference is operating with the correct C/I ratio, thus guaranteeing the original design error-rate. It should be noted that the higher the modulation scheme, the higher is the dB value guaranteeing the immunity from interference signals at a certain error rate. This ranges from 10 dB in the case of 4-PSK to 22dB for 16-TCM (values are function also of the operating band). The formula stated in the procedure, Pi = Pm - Ga + Ac, taking into account the real value of a broadband modulated signal, should be changed as follows: Pi = Pm - Ga + Ac + 10 log B-signal / RBW + 10 log RBW/VBW Where:
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Pm is the signal level measured through the analyzer (dBm), Ga is the antenna gain (the typical gain value is 7 dBi at least for horn antennas with radiation pattern of 30), Ac is the loss of the connection between the antenna and the instrument, B-signal is the bandwidth in MHz of the microwave link to be protected against interference signals (refer to PDH and SDH microwave link data on the basis the used modulation type) or the bandwidth of the signal detected as interference, RBW is the bandwidth in MHz (Resolution Bandwidth) defined on the spectrum analyzer, VBW is the bandwidth in MHz (Video Bandwidth) defined on the spectrum analyzer.

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Document Name: Transmission modified 230702Microwave Link Design Guide CONFIDENTIAL

Date: 0229 June 6NoveDecember 2005 Version: 0.021 Page