Paper on

WiTricity
WIRELESS(ELECTRICITY) POWER TRANSMISSION

Branch of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Submitted By: G.SUDHARSHAN B.HEMANTH

09691A0249 09691A0215 Email:gsudharshan249@gmail.com Email:viky.b2000@gmail.com +91 9494742368 +91 9701430671

WIRELESS (ELECTRICITY)POWER TRANSMISSION

Abstract:
Everything in the world of technology is becoming wireless. The advancement in science and technology has paved it ways in mobile phones, computers and other communication systems, which access the wireless technology. Today power production, its transportation and distribution faces lot of maladies to reach the consumer premises. So, we are in need of an alternative way to transmit power, which is free from the losses involved in ordinary conventional method. It is none other than the implementation of Wireless Technology in power transmission. It is a project paper that reveals the secret of Station & 2. MPT-Microwave wireless power transmission. Challenging criteria in the next fifty years due to energy crisis are: 1. SPS-Solar Power Wireless Power Transmission. The paper mainly throws light on a small experiment thereby proving the possibility of Power Transmission without wires. Wireless Electricity is based on using coupled resonant objects. It works on the principle that Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off-resonant objects and says Goodbye to wires.

Introduction:

Wireless Electricity is based on using coupled resonant objects. It works on the principle that two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off-resonant objects.

(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications of radio waves. In 1978 United three-year States study

introduced

program called the NASA/DOE Satellite Power System Concept Development and Evaluation model. In 1987 Canada introduced the worlds first flight of a fuelless airplane powered from by the microwave energy Program or NASA/DOE reference

A Simple wireless power transmission

ground. This system was called Stationary High Platform (SHARP). In 2001 Europeans proposed A Sail Tower SPS. In 2 0 0 3 point to p o i n t a wireless Altitude Relay

Historical events:
In 1900 Nikola Tesla illuminated two hundred incandescent lamps at a distance of 26 miles, "with electrical energy extracted from the earth." (no records of documentation) During World War II Willian C. Brown demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter 2001in 1964, using 2.45 GHz in the frequency range of 2.4 2.5GHz reserved for the ISM 3

power transmission system was examined to deliver 10 kW of electricity isolated power village to in a small Reunion

Island, France. From 2001 to 2002 an SSP Concept Maturation and (SCTM) Technology program

has been pursued by NASA.

Teslas Dreams:

Tower

of

Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The lab was torn down, broken up, and its contents sold to pay debts. his next The Colorado project, of a the wireless as 21, experiments prepared Tesla for establishment would 1900, be Tesla

Tower Raised By Tesla

power transmission facility that known On March was Wardenclyffe.

granted

US685012 patent for the means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The United States classification assigns primary this Patent system patent Class Office currently to the 178/43 induction"), Wardenclyffe laboratory. designed The by tower building Stanford and was White,

famous architect and personal friend of Tesla. Tesla intended this to be a broadcasting system in the world and transmission system of electricity to the whole globe without wires. Nikola Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility ca. 1898, and in 1901, construction began on the land near Long Island Sound. Architect designed Stanford the White Wardenclyffe

("telegraphy/space

although the other applicable classes include 505/825 ("low temperature superconductivityrelated apparatus"). A few years later, George Westinghouse and J. P. Morgan stopped funding Tesla's free stick research to when the in Tesla whole your said showed him that he could offer electricity in the world by simply "ramming a earth backyard". happened. Westinghouse

facility main building. The tower was designed by W.D. Crow, an associate of White. Funding for Tesla's project was provided by influential industrialists and other venture capitalists. The project was initially backed by

he would go bankrupt if that

the wealthy J. P. Morgan (he had a substantial investment in the facility, $150,000). In June 1902, Tesla moved his laboratory operations from his Houston Street laboratory However, to in Wardenclyffe. initially investing

1903, when the tower structure was near completion, it was still not yet functional due to lastminute design changes that introduced in an unintentional defect. When Morgan wanted to know "Where can I put the meter?Tesla had no answer. Tesla's vision of free power did not agree with Morgan's costs and were The primary components include a microwave source, a transmitting antenna, and a receiving rectenna. The microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output power. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2.45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to a coax-to-waveguide adapter. connected 5 This to a adapter is waveguide worldview. provided additional Construction by Morgan,

Description Working:

and

eventually exceeded the money financiers

reluctant to come forth. By July 1904, Morgan (and the other investors) finally decided they would not provide any additional financing. Morgan also encouraged other investors to avoid the project.

Experimental proof:
A block diagram wireless of the

microwave components

power

transmission

demonstration

ferrite circulator which protects the microwave to source a from tuning to the reflected power. The circulator is connected waveguide waveguide section to match the impedance antenna input impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots on each section. These 64 slots radiate the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This demonstration rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Each row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Gas Schottky barrier diode that is impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass bulbs filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light for indicating that the

power bulbs has a

is

received.

The

light the and but

also 25%

dissipated collection efficiency,

received power. This rectenna conversion

rectennas have been tested with greater than 90% efficiency at 2.45 GHz.

Indu ctive coupling:

One of the means to power a device wirelessly is to couple it inductively phenomenon properly. If you with the power electric remember source. Inductive coupling is the transformers rely on to work correctly, transformers consist of two coils - a primary coil and a secondary one coupled an inductively through

armature. Current is circulated through the primary coil, which generates a variable magnetic field, carried through the armature to the secondary coil. The magnetic field then induces in the to secondary power a coil an electrical current that can be used particular device. The same principle can be successfully applied for

wireless power transmission. Eg: Electric toothbrushes

ground-based transmitters and will then be picked up by a certain device with the help of a rectifying antenna that converts microwaves straight into direct current.

Resonance :
The problem with this wireless power transmission technique is that it generates a highly confined, small magnetic field which acts only on short distances. To make it more efficient on long distances, one has to take in consideration resonance. Resonance is achieved between two coils when the electromagnetic field around them oscillates at the same frequency. This is done by using a curved coil as an inductor, which is coupled with a capacitance plate. As long as the two coils are in resonance, the power transfer between them will continue. When the two coils resonate on different frequencies, transferred no power them. is between

Properties of Microwaves:
In many ways, microwaves act like light rays. They can be focused with lenses made of wax or paraffin. They can be reflected sheets of reflected from metal, from large, as plane plane light is mirrors.

Metal parabolas may be used to produce parallel beams. (The maximum diameter of the parabola should be greater than two or three times the wavelength if reasonably parallel beams are to be obtained.) The waves can be diffracted by slits in metal surfaces. can be Interferometers

constructed for their use. In many ways, the name quasioptical is justified. On the other hand, microwaves will pass through dry wood, whereas light waves will not. The dielectric constant of pure water for 1meter waves is around 80; it is around 1.3 for the 1-centimeter electrical radio waves and for light waves. Apparently

Microwaves:
Nevertheless, not even resonance works when distances several involved. kilometers Instead long are microwave

radiation comes into play. The idea is that microwaves can be generated with the help of

constituents of water molecules cannot vibrate faster than about 1 billion times each second. Likewise, the elementary magnets or " domains " of a piece of iron cease to follow an applied magnetic field if the oscillation rate is of this same order of magnitude. One of the central devices that will be used in longdistance wireless power transmission technology is the rectenna or rectifying antenna composed of dipole antennas connected electrons to semiconductor from the diodes. These diodes direct the produced infrared or microwave energy to

Long-Distance Wireless Transmission Experiment:

One of the examples of long-distance transmission wireless is a power 1980

Power

the circuitry on the rectenna that distributes the electrons to the system. Magnetically

coupled based on

resonance: using coupled

In contrast, WiTricity is resonant objects. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency energy interacting extraneous objects. tend to exchange while with efficiently, weakly

experiment by Communications Research Center in Canada. The research center used a small unmanned airplane designed for communications relay and capable of being powered from a power beamed from the station for this experiment. The experiment managed to prove that aircrafts can fly (2 km diameter flight path with an altitude of 21 km) for as long as several months without the need to land by using power beamed from a distant station.

off-resonant

Features and Benefits

Highly Resonant Strong Coupling Provides High Efficiency over Distance
WiTricity's mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient

Basic

Principle:

over We

distances define of

ranging as

from the

gypsum textiles, concrete

wall

board,

plastics, and

centimeters to several meters. efficiency usable amount electrical

glass, are

brick,

essentially

transparent to magnetic fields enabling WiTricity technology to efficiently near transfer field power the through them. In addition, the magnetic has ability to wrap around many metallic obstacles that might otherwise block the magnetic fields. WiTricitys applications engineering team will work with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless energy transfer in your application.

energy that is available to the device being powered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by the Witricity source. In many can transfer needed. a WiTricity powered longer additional needs to applications, exceed energy when efficiency 90%. only it is no When device capture energy,

And WiTricity sources

the WiTricity power source will automatically reduce its power consumption to a power saving idle state. Contact WiTricity to learn the efficiency and distance ranges that can be achieved in your applications.

Non-Radiative Energy Transfer is Safe for People and Animals

WiTricitys technology is a nonradiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the

Energy Transfer via Magnetic Near Field Can Penetrate and Wrap Around Obstacles
The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means of or Most wood, transferring energy in a typical consumer, industrial materials, commercial, environment. such as

magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological and scientifically organismspeople animalsand regarded to are be

safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, a world explains: responds renowned The physicist, body really strongly

common building and furnishing

to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave. But it doesn't

respond almost

to magnetic fields. zero response

As to

far as we know the body has magnetic fields in terms of the amount of power it absorbs." Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cook tops. Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, fields are almost within contained electric the electric completely source. fields

Scalable Design Enables Solutions from milliwatts to Kilowatts

WiTricity systems designed range benefits of to of handle highly power can a levels. be broad The

efficient

energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging several be used from milliwatts to This to as kilowatts. in applications

enables WiTricity technology

diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (milliwatts) to recharging an electric vehicle passenger

This design results in levels of and magnetic which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus WiTricity technology doesnt frequency give rise to radio that emissions

(kilowatts). WiTricity technology operates in a load following mode, transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires.

interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals. Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC, ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. WiTricity technology is being developed to be fully compliant fields and with applicable regulations regarding magnetic electromagnetic radiation.

Flexible Geometry Allows WiTricity Devices to be Embedded Into OEM Products WiTricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded into a wide variety of products coupling engineers and systems. The physics of resonant magnetic enables to design WiTricity power

sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and

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the power transfer requirements in a given OEM application. compact WiTricity has designed power capture devices enough to fit into a cell phone.

rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its WiTricity power

WiTricity applications
transfer technology can

:
be

source.

WiTricitys wireless power applied in a wide variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient, environmentally friendly. WiTricity technology can be used to provide: Direct Wireless Power when all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, batteries are and no required. reliable, and

Consumer Electronics
Automatic charging electronics laptops, of wireless mobile (phones, game

controllers, etc.) in home, car, office, Wi-Fi hotspots while devices are in use and mobile. Direct wireless powering of stationary devices (flat screen picture theater etc.) TVs, frames, digital home

accessories, eliminating cables and power

wireless loud speakers, expensive custom wiring, unsightly wall-wart supplies. Direct wireless powering of mouse, printer, desktop PC wireless keyboard, speakers, peripherals:

This mode is for a device that is always used within range its WiTricity power source. Automatic Wireless a itself Chargingwhen batteries charges of

device with rechargeable while still in use or at

display, etc eliminating

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disposable batteries and awkward cabling.

Direct wireless power for wireless need sensors for and actuators, eliminating the expensive and power wiring or battery replacement disposal.

Automatic charging vehicles, and eliminating docking and labor for

wireless mobile tools

robots, automatic guided cordless instruments complex mechanisms, intensive

Industrial
Direct wireless power and communication interconnections rotating joints packaging assembly machine eliminating and across moving (robots, machinery, machinery, tools) costly and

manual recharging and battery replacement.

failure-prone wiring. Direct wireless power and communication interconnections environments at (drilling, points of use in harsh mining, underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to run wires.

Transportation
Automatic wireless charging for existing electric vehicle

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classes: golf carts, industrial vehicles. Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and allelectric passenger vehicles, and at commercial

Direct

wireless

power and wireless devices assist

interconnections automatic medical (ventricular devices, defibrillator, etc.). Automatic charging tech and military

charging for implantable

home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks .

pacemaker,

wireless for high systems

(battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, etc.). Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless powering and automatic of wireless consumer mobile charging appliances, robots, etc.

Direct costly

wireless vehicle

power wiring

interconnections to replace harnesses and slip rings

Other Applications

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Japan's planning

space

agency

space-based

solar power arrays:

A space-based solar array beams power back to Earth. The agency is set to begin testing on the microwave power transmission system on February 20th, with an attempt to beam enough power (over the 2.4GHz band to power a household heater at 50 meters (164 feet).) That's certainly not the sort of large-scale sci-fi power system we were hoping

Some Projects:

Future

for, but fret not -- if the tests are successful, JAXA's plan is to eventually launch a constellation of solar satellites, each beaming power to a 1.8-mile wide receiving station that'll produce 1 gigawatt of electricity and power 500,000 homes.

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is converted into a microwave beam that is directed downward toward Earth, fed where into the it's grid. converted back into electricity and then According to the company, the system could generate roughly 1.2 to 4.8 gigawatts of power, at a price comparable to that of other renewable energy sources.

Solaren Corp to supply California with spacebased solar power:

Conclusion :
Thus, the implementation of Witricity-Wireless which Power is an Transmission California's largest energy

immediate requirement in nowa-days of energy crisis and its applications to the new era was shown practical clearly. Further its is implementation utility, Pacific Gas & Electric, has agreed to do just that, inking a deal with solar power startup Solaren Corp. The agreement calls for the utility to purchase 200 once megawatts the of electricity starts company

under research. However, now it is possible to charge laptops, cell phones without power cords from short distances.

beaming power down from Earth orbit beginning in 2016. A solarpower satellite would consist of mirror wide -arrays which -perhaps focus measuring up to several miles would sunlight onto photoelectric cells. From there, the electrical power

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References:
[1] R. G. D., Laffan, The

Serbs: The Guardians of the Gate, 1989 Dorset Press, ISBN 0-88029-413-2 [2] New York: Washburn, 1944. [3] Nolit, 1978. Serbia. Nikola Tesla; C o l o r a d o Belgrade, (Published by Serbia, the J. J. ONeill, Prodigal

Genius-The Life of Nikola Tesla,

S p r i n g s N o t e s , 1 8 9 9 -1900,

Nikola Tesla museum, Belgrade,

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