Chapter 9 testbank SHORT ANSWER.

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 9.1 Using Figure 9.1, match the following:

1) Endomysium. 2) Fascicle. 3) The tissue that binds muscles into functional groups. 4) Perimysium. 5) Muscle fiber.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Figure 9.2 Using Figure 9.2, match the following:

6) I band. 7) H zone. 8) A band. 9) Z disc. 10) M line TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 11) Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.

6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

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12) The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bear active sites for myosin attachment. 13) The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. 14) A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate. 15) Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle.

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16) One of the important functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat. 17) Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to make creatine phosphate. 18) Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached. 19) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. 20) Whereas skeletal muscle cells are electrically coupled, smooth muscle cells appear to be chemically coupled by gap junctions. 21) Single-unit smooth muscle is found in the intestines. 22) A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell. 23) The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily. 24) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. 25) The more slowly a skeletal muscle is stimulated, the greater its exerted force becomes. 26) Contractures are a result of a total lack of ATP. 27) Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Ca2+ levels drop but may not cease contractions. 28) Recruitment is an option in a single-unit smooth muscle cell. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 29) Most muscles contain ________. A) a predominance of slow oxidative fibers C) muscle fibers of the same type B) a mixture of fiber types D) a predominance of fast oxidative fibers

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30) Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________. A) slow exercise of long duration C) intense exercise of short duration B) intense exercise of long duration D) slow exercise of short duration

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31) The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________. A) recruiting small and medium muscle fibers B) increasing stimulus above the threshold C) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus D) increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus 32) Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise? A) increase in the efficiency of the circulatory system B) increase in the number of myofibrils within the muscle cells C) increase in the number of muscle cells D) increase in the efficiency of the respiratory system 33) In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to ________. A) cause ATP to bind to actin B) remove the blocking action of tropomyosin C) increase the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma D) release the inhibition on Z discs 34) Calcium ions bind to the ________ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. A) tropomyosin 35) Myoglobin ________. A) produces the end plate potential B) is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP C) stores oxygen in muscle cells D) breaks down glycogen 36) An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ________. A) myofibrillar network C) sarcoplasmic reticulum 37) A sarcomere is ________. A) the area between two intercalated discs B) the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle C) the area between two Z discs D) the wavy lines on the cell seen in the microscope B) mitochondria D) intermediate filament network B) troponin C) myosin D) actin

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38) Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. A) contraction B) latent C) relaxation D) refractory

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39) Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. A) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP B) forming a chemical compound with actin C) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin D) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments 40) After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the calcium ________. A) is chemically bound to the filaments B) level in the cytoplasm drops C) is destroyed by cholinesterase D) is actively pumped into the extracellular fluid for storage until the next contraction 41) The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ________. A) synthesize actin and myosin myofilaments B) regulate intracellular calcium concentration C) provide a source of myosin for the contraction process D) make and store phosphocreatine 42) The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by ________. A) the sarcoplasmic reticulum B) a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma C) the arrangement of myofilaments D) the T tubules 43) Which of the following are composed of myosin? A) Z discs C) thick filaments B) all myofilaments D) thin filaments

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44) During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? A) myosin filaments C) Z discs B) thick filaments D) actin filaments

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45) Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell? A) epimysium B) fascicle 5 C) endomysium D) perimysium

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46) Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are ________. A) red muscles C) single-unit muscles 47) Rigor mortis occurs because ________. A) sodium ions leak out of the muscle B) the cells are dead C) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions D) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules 48) Which of the following does not act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction? A) hormonal activity C) neurotransmitters 49) The term aponeurosis refers to ________. A) the rough endoplasmic reticulum B) the tropomyosin-troponin complex C) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element D) the bands of myofibrils 50) The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. A) ATP B) myoglobin C) immunoglobin D) hemoglobin B) a change of temperature D) a change in the pH of a muscle B) white muscles D) multiunit muscles

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51) The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________. A) T tubules B) myofibrils C) mitochondria D) microtubules

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52) One functional unit of a skeletal muscle is ________. A) a myofilament C) a sarcomere 53) The functional role of the T tubules is to ________. A) synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction B) hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle C) stabilize the G and F actin D) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction B) a myofibril D) the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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54) The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to ________. A) initiate the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen for storage B) act as a third messenger C) bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration D) reestablish glycogen stores 55) During vigorous excercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________. A) lactic acid C) hydrochloric acid B) a strong base D) stearic acid

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56) When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods? A) relaxation period C) refractory period 57) The muscle cell membrane is called the ________. A) sarcolemma B) epimysium C) perimysium D) endomysium B) fatigue period D) latent period

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58) Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true? A) The fibers of smooth muscle are arranged quadrangularly. B) Smooth muscle is larger and more powerful than striated muscle. C) Smooth muscle contracts in a twisting way. D) Smooth muscle has transverse tubules. 59) The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________. A) the site of calcium regulation differs B) ATP energizes the sliding process C) the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium D) actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism 60) The cells of single-unit visceral muscle ________. A) are chemically coupled to one another by gap junctions B) exhibit spontaneous action potentials C) contract all at once D) consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other

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61) Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________. A) there are no sarcomeres B) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments C) it appears to lack troponin D) there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell 62) Which of the following statements is true? A) Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei. B) Smooth muscle cells have T tubules. C) Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels. D) Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei. 63) An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________. A) the citric acid cycle C) glycolysis 64) Muscle tone is ________. A) the condition of athletes after intensive training B) the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements C) a state of sustained partial contraction D) the feeling of well-being following exercise 65) The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________. A) actin and myosin shortening but not sliding past each other B) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlap C) the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments D) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past 66) After nervous stimulation stops, ACh in the synaptic cleft is prevented from continuing stimulation of contraction by ________. A) the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved B) the action potential stopped going down the overloaded T tubules C) acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh D) calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae B) hydrolysis D) the electron transport chain

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67) An individual has just ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to the ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. By itself it does not alter membrane potential, yet prevents normal neurotransmitter binding. Ignoring the effects on any other system, the consequence to skeletal muscle would be ________. A) irreversible contraction as soon as the first nervous stimulation reached the sarcolemma B) contraction if stimulated by an external electrode C) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms D) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms, but contraction if stimulated by an external electrode SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 68) Only ________ muscle cells are alwyas multinucleated. 69) The end of the muscle that typically moves when a muscle contracts is called the ________. 70) In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction, an enzyme called ________ is always present. 71) The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of ________. 72) ________ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. 73) Only ________ muscle cells commonly branch. 74) A smooth, sustained contraction is called ________. 68) 69) 70)

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71) 72) 73) 74)