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PROSTAGLANDINS Prostaglandins which act as local hormones, are most effective pharmacological agents for inducing abortions and labor when the cervix is unripe. This article deals with the types of prostaglandins, their routes of administration, dosages and side effects. Prostaglandins are derivatives of prostanoic acid. With the property of acting as local hormones. Prostaglandins act through G-protein coupled receptors. PGD2- DP, PGI2 - IP, PEP2, PEP4 act by increasing intracellular C AMP. PGF2 alfa - FP, PGE2- EP1, EP3 act by increasing intracellular calcium. PGF2 alfa:

PGF2 alfa is responsible for initiation of menstruation. It causes vasoconstrictor of endometrial spiral arteries. It is luteolytic in women causes loss of luteal cells by increasing apoptotic cell death. And signal endometrium to initiate molecular events leading to menstruation. Side effects: symptoms mimic dysmenorrhea because of myometrial contraction & uterine ischemia. PGI2:

PGI2 is the principal prostaglandin of endometrium. Increases in late pregnancy. It functions in regulation of blood pressure and coagulation. Needed for the angiotensin resistance of normal pregnancy. PGE2 & PGI2

PGE2 & PGI2 maintain uterine quiescence by increasing C AMP signaling. They stimulate adenylcyclase activity in myometrium at 32 to 35wks leading to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, vasodilatation. At 39 to 40 wks, regional myometrial contractions in fundus occurs after initiation of parturition. PGE2 synthesis in renal medulla is markedly increased in late pregnancy and it acts as natriuretic. Administration routes of prostaglandins: By the mid 1980s prostaglandins had become established as the most effective pharmacological agents for inducing abortions and labor when the cervix is unripe. A variety of administration routes had been employed during the preceding years, including oral, intravenous, sublingual, rectal, intra amniotic, extra amniotic, intra cervical, and vaginal administration. The vaginal route is found to be the most acceptable, providing good efficacy and acceptability for the parturient and is now the preferred method of choice. Types of prostaglandins commercially available:

Two forms of PGE2 are available commercially. The first is Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone) formulated as gel and is placed inside the cervix but not above the internal os. Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone) is licensed for the use of labour induction in the cases of viable pregnancies.The application ( 3g gel / 0.5 mg dinoprostone) can be repeated in 6 hrs, not to exceed 3 doses in 24 hrs. The second form is 10 mg of dinoprostone embedded in a mesh and is placed in the posterior fornix of vagina, this allows for control release of dinoprostone over 12 hrs, after which it is removed. Prostaglandin E1 analog ( misoprostol) available in tablet form for induction of labor was described recently in a series of articles. This is a synthetic prostaglandin, which is marketed as an antinuclear agent under the trade name cytotec. 25 or 50 micro g placed in the posterior fornix, has been shown in several studies to be quite effective in inducing cervical ripening and initiation of abortion or labor. The application of medication can be repeated every 4 -6 hrs up to 5 doses. The major risk of above prostaglandin preparation is uterine polysystoly, hyper stimulation, meconium stained liquor and fetal distress. The women and fetus must be monitored for contractions, fetal wellbeing and changes in Bishop score. Uses of prostaglandins: For first trimester(upto 12 weeks) abortions: Prostaglandins for induction of labor : Prostaglandins act on cervix to enable ripening there by initiating labor. This can be caused by dilatating of smooth vessels in cervix, increasing collagen degradation, increasing hyaluronic acid, elastase, glycosaminoglycons. chemotaxis for leukocytes, stimulation of IL- 8 and increasing the intracellular cal levels. Prostaglandins for uterine atony : Prostaglandins for late PPH :

hemorrhage) is a serious uterine hemorrhage developing 1 to 2 weeks in puerperium.

ge.

etc. 2. High-fat diets are associated with increased risk of several serious medical conditions including obesity, cancer, and heart disease. Consequently, current public health recommendations emphasize the importance of reducing total fat intake to no more than 30% of total calories, or 60 grams of fat per day in an 1800 calorie diet. Tips for reducing fat intake include lowering intake of whole fat dairy products, red meats, and high-fat condiments. While most people can improve their health by reducing the total amount of fat in their diet, the consumption of fat by children under the age of two should not be restricted. In addition,

adults reducing their total fat intake should still be careful to include adequate amount of specific, essential fats, particularly the omega 3 fatty acids. Fat serves as a source of energy for the body by supplying 9 calories per gram (compared to 4 calories per gram from carbohydrates and protein). Stored fat helps maintain body temperature and protects vital organs from injury. Dietary fat aids in the absorption and transport of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and other fat-soluble nutrients. Fat improves the taste and mouth feel of food and provides a sense of satiety that helps us moderate how much food we eat at one time. Dietary fat provides two essential fatty acids (the omega 3 fat, alpha-linolenic acid, and the omega 6 fat, linoleic acid) both of which are necessary for a wide variety of important physiological processes. When dieters eat too little fat, they may overtax the body's natural glycemic system as well. Fat cells help to keep blood sugar levels from spiking due to excessive carbohydrate and sugar consumption. Without a sufficient number of fat cells and fatty acids, dieters could send themselves into either hypoglycemic or diabetic spikes in blood sugar at unexpected times. When low or no-fat food substitutes are created, manufacturers must replace the fat grams with other ingredients, including sugars and other processed carbohydrates. Some forms of fat are essential for the formation of healthy nerves and the repair of brain tissue. The body also needs some fat to form protective padding around the joints, the soles of the feet, and the palms of the hands. While it can be a good idea to cut back on the number of saturated and trans fats consumed every day, concentrating on fat grams to the exclusion of all other dietary considerations is not such a good idea. It is definitely possible to not eat enough fat, and dieters should understand the differences between good fats, essential fatty acids, and bad fats. Even when the fad diet pendulum swings back to its high carbohydrate/low fat phase, it is possible for dieters to eat too little fat for good overall health. For some impressionable dieters, fat in any form becomes the thing that must be avoided at all costs, since fat in the food is mistakenly believed to become fat on the body. Because of this irrational fear of dietary fat, some extreme dieters can easily eat too little to maintain vital body functions and processes. Not all dietary fat is bad for the body, and even the US government's own guidelines recommend that fats should constitute 30% of a person's daily caloric intake. For some dieters following an extreme high carbohydrate/low fat diet, the idea of consuming this much fat may sound counter-intuitive, but anything lower than a 20% daily intake generally means the dieter will not eat enough to meet minimal guidelines. The side effects of eating too little fat can be just as serious as consuming too much. The body may get a significant amount of energy from carbohydrates such as pasta, but it actually gets better fuel from essential fatty acids and lipids. If dieters eat too little fat, especially the good kinds like unsaturated and monounsaturated fats, they often lose a significant amount of energy throughout the day and, as a result, their metabolism rates may slow, causing the body to store more fat, ironically enough. Plants oil- The fat content of the human body is about 97% saturated and monounsaturated fat, with only 3 % Polyunsaturated fats. Half of that three percent is Omega-3 fats, and that balance needs to be there.

Vegetable oils contain very high levels of polyunsaturated fats, and these oils have replaced many of the saturated fats in our diets since the 1950s. The body needs fats for rebuilding cells and hormone production, but it has to use the building blocks we give it. When we give it a high concentration of polyunsaturated fats instead of the ratios it needs, it has no choice but to incorporate these fats into our cells during cell repair and creation. The problem is that polyunsaturated fats are highly unstable and oxidize easily in the body (if they havent already oxidized during processing or by light exposure while sitting on the grocery store shelf). These oxidized fats cause inflammation and mutation in cells. In arterial cells, these mutations cause inflammation that can clog arteries. When these fats are incorporated into skin cells, their mutation causes skin cancer. (This is why people often get the most dangerous forms of skin cancer in places where they are never exposed to the sun, but that is a topic for another day!) When these oils are incorporated into cells in reproductive tissue, some evidence suggests that this can spur problems like endometriosis and PCOS. In short, the body is made up of saturated and monounsaturated fats, and it needs these for optimal health. Vegetable Oils Contain High Levels of Omega-6 Fatty Acids Ive talked before about how the body needs Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats in balance, preferably a 1:1 ratio. Most people consume a much higher ratio of Omega-6 fats, and this can lead to problems. Vegetable oils contain a very high concentration of Omega 6 fatty acids and polyunsaturated fats, which cause an imbalance of these oils in the body. Omega 6 fats are easily oxidized with heat or light exposure. This is another reason that when these types of fats/oils are incorporated into tissue like skin cells, the heat and light from sun exposure can increase skin cancer risk. Unbalanced levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats have been linked to skin cancer and many types of cancers. As this article explains: In one study performed at the University of Western Ontario, researchers observed the effects of ten different dietary fats ranging from most saturated to least saturated. What they found is that saturated fats produced the least number of cancers, while omega-6 polyunsaturated fats produced the most. Numerous other studies have also shown that polyunsaturated fats stimulate cancer while saturated fat does not1 and that saturated fats do not break down to form free radicals.2 In another study, Dr. Vivienne Reeve, PhD, Head of the Photobiology Research Group at the University of Sydney irradiated a group of mice while feeding while feeding different groups of them polyunsaturated and saturated fats.She discovered that the mice that consumed only saturated fat were totally protected from skin cancer. Those in the polyunsaturated fat group quickly developed skin cancers. Later in the study, the mice in the saturated fat group were given polyunsaturated fats. Skin cancers quickly developed. The 3% of our body that is made up of polyunsaturated fats is approximately half Omega-3 fatty acids and half Omega-6 fatty acids and our body needs this balance. Omega-3s have been shown to reduce inflammation and be protective against cancer, while too much Omega-6 fats cause inflammation and increase cancer risk. Over time, consumption of these oils high in Omega-6s and polyunsaturated fats can also lead to other problems, as the above article elaborates: The journal Epidemiology published a study called, Margarine Intake and Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease in Men.Authors of the study followed participants of the Framingham Heart Study for 20 years and recorded their incidence of heart attack. They also tracked both butter and margarine consumption. The researchers discovered that as margarine consumption increased heart attacks went up. As butter consumption increased heart attacks declined. The study also divided the data into ten year increments. What they discovered is that during the first ten years, there was little association between margarine consumption and heart attacks. However, during the second decade of follow-up, the group eating the most margarine had 77% more heart attacks than the group eating none!

Hmm saturated fats dont cause heart disease and vegetable based fats do! Sounds like something Ive said before. Imbalance of these fats can also cause damage to the intestines and along with processed grain consumption can set the body up for a host of food allergies and auto immune problems. Chemicals and Additives in Vegetable Oils and Fats Since vegetable oils are chemically produced, its not really surprising that they contain harmful chemicals. Most vegetable oils and their products contain BHA and BHT (Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Butylated Hydroxytoluene) which are artificial antioxidants that help prevent food from oxidizing or spoiling too quickly. These chemicals have been shown to produce potential cancer causing compounds in the body, and have also been linked to liver/kidney damage, immune problems, infertility or sterility, high cholesterol and behavioral problems in children. Vegetable oils also contain residues of the pesticides and chemicals used in their growth and manufacture and most often come from genetically modified sources. Reproductive Problems and Problems in Children caused by Vegetable Oil Consumption Vegetable oils are extremely damaging to the reproductive system and the developing bodies of unborn babies and children. Because the reproductive system in both men and women is constantly producing and dividing new cells, there is potential for mutation and problems when these cells are made of the wrong kind of fats and are oxidized. This same thing applies to unborn babies and children, whose cells are dividing at high rates. There is more potential for mutation because there are more cells dividing. From this article: What the scientific literature does tell us is that low fat diets for children, or diets in which vegetable oils have been substituted for animal fats, result in failure to thrivefailure to grow tall and strongas well as learning disabilities, susceptibility to infection and behavioral problems. Teenage girls who adhere to such a diet risk reproductive problems. If they do manage to conceive, their chances of giving birth to a low birth weight baby, or a baby with birth defects, are high. Excess consumption of vegetable oils also causes problems with hormone production, since hormones are dependent on certain fats for their manufacture. Vegetable oils that are hardened by hydrogenation to make shortening or margarine are especially damaging. Other Effects of Vegetable Oils on the Body Because vegetable oils oxidize easily, they deplete the body of antioxidants since the body must use these to attempt to neutralize the oxidation. People with high consumption of vegetable oils and their products are at risk for Vitamin E deficiency and other deficiencies. Vegetable oil consumption has been linked to a host of other problems, among them (from the same article above): In test animals, diets high in polyunsaturates from vegetable oils inhibit the ability to learn, especially under conditions of stress; are toxic to the liver; compromise the integrity of the immune system; depress the mental and physical growth of infants; increase levels of uric acid in the blood; cause abnormal fatty acid profiles in the adipose tissues: have been linked to mental decline and chromosomal damage and accelerate aging. Excess consumption of polyunsaturates is associated with increasing rates of cancer, heart disease and weight gain. In light of all that information, how do you sort out which oils are healthy, and which ones arent. Even more important, how do you know how much of each one to consume to be healthy?

Oral contraceptives- COCs contain synthetic estrogen and progestin. A selected list

of available COCs is shown in Table 1 . The two estrogen components available in the United States are ethinyl estradiol (EE), the most commonly used estrogen, and mestranol. Mestranol is a prodrug that must be converted to EE by

the liver.[5] No product has less than 50 mcg mestranol because lower dosages have diminished contraceptive efficacy. Most low-dose oral contraceptives contain 30 to 35 mcg EE, while ultralow-dose contraceptives contain 20 mcg EE. Some newer formulations (e.g., Cyclessa -- Organon) contain 25 mcg EE.

Currently, nine progestins with various biologic activities are available in the United States. They include the first-generation estrane progestins: norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, and ethynodiol diacetate. The secondgeneration gonane progestins are levonorgestrel and norgestrel (a racemic mixture of dextronorgestrel and levonorgestrel in which dextronorgestrel is inert). Third-generation gonane progestins consist of desogestrel and norgestimate. An older progestin, norethynodrel, is not commonly prescribed because of its high estrogenic activity. The newest progestin available in the United States is drospirenone. A spironolactone analogue, drospirenone has a molecular structure and activity profile that is markedly different from those of other progestins.
Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy primarily by inhibiting ovulation through the combined actions of progestin and estrogen.[5] The dominant component is progestin, which inhibits ovulation by suppressing the cyclical release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Progestins also create a thick cervical mucus that slows sperm transport and inhibits capacitation (the activation of enzymes that permit the sperm to penetrate the ovum). Estrogen in COCs contributes to ovulation inhibition by suppressing the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH. Estrogen also accelerates ovum transport, which decreases fertilization time. Finally, estrogen alters secretions within the uterus to produce areas of edema and dense cellularity, making implantation less likely. The biologic activity of most COCs consists of estrogenic, progestational, and androgenic properties. Unlike other progestins, the new progestin drospirenone has demonstrated antiandrogenic activity in animal studies.[6] Data are conflicting on the clinical importance of the differing hormonal activities among COCs.[7,8] However, most authorities suggest that it is important to consider biologic activity, which varies with component and dosage, when selecting COCs for individual patients MySlim3 Mechanisms of Action - Increasing Fat Burning - Reduction of Fat Resorption - Suppression of Appetite

INGREDIENTS: Water, Sodium Benzoate, Natural and Artificial Colors, Flavor, Acidulant, Ascorbic Acid, Isomalt, L Carnitine, Yerba Mate Leaf Extract. Slimming, and that too through drinking shakes and detox drinks? Is that even possible? Well, as a matter of fact, it is possible, and how! And apart from a number of surveys that have testified for the same, people all around the globe too have been enjoying the ripe fruit of weight loss through such detox diet drinks. So do these detox drinks really work? And if they do, how do they bring about a pattern of weight loss in the individuals who are obese or are on the verge of crossing over onto the unfit life? Here are some pointers to help you out Detox diet drinks help restrict the calorie intake, without cutting down on the intake of natural nourishing nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Another advantage of having a detox drink is that it allows you to feel full, even when you have not had the meal that has been replaced by the drink itself. So for instance, if you have had a detox drink for your lunch, you will feel full (to some extent at least), and also wouldnt miss out ion any of the valuable nutrients that would have been present in the meal. And fat, oil etc? No thanks! Slimming detox diet drinks are the best plan available, especially if you wanted to enjoy a flavored and tasty alternative to distasteful slimming pills and other similar tasteless weight loss supplements. Flavors such as chocolate, strawberry, vanilla et al can help you actually enjoy your slimming drink weight loss regimen, without falling out of the program due to boredom or lack of enthusiasm. The best detox drinks help you slim down in the smallest of time frames, without complicating the physical health of the individual or adding to any intense side effects. oThe absence of side effects can be explained as most of the slimming drinks are usually made of skimmed milk, flax or spinach etc as well as fresh fruits for the vitamins and the flavor. oWith such a healthy recipe for a drink, it goes without saying that not only will it be devoid of any side effects, but can often overtake the actual breakfast or dinner meal in nutritional value. Slimming drinks usually do not suppress the appetite of an individual, and neither do they fuel the same. Instead, they help replace the fat and the obesity-oriented food ingredients in the meal with nutritional value and the minerals and vitamins that can keep you fresh and active for ages!