MAT 2384 B

Homework 1

Due date: Friday, September 28

1. Solve the following initial value problems: 1. y = x(1 + y)/(1 + x2 ), y(0) = 1 Solution of 1. We can use the method of separation of variables. Rewrite the equation as dy xdx = . (1 + y) 1 + x2 Integrating both sides, and taking into account that y is positive on an interval containing x = 0, we obtain ln(1 + y) = 1 ln(1 + x2 ) + k. If we solve for y we obtain the 2 2 ). The initial value problem imposes the equation general solution y = 1 + c (1 + x 1 = 1 + c, which gives c = 2. The solution of the initial value problem is therefore y = 1 + 2 (1 + x2 ). 2. x2 y = xy 2y 2 , Solution of 2. Dividing both sides by x2 we obtain the equation y y y = 2 x x
( )2

y(1) = 1

Let u(x) = y/x: then, since y = u x + u, the previous equation in the u-variable becomes u x + u = u 2u2 We can use separation of variables now: write the equation in the form du dx = 2 2 u+u x which yelds (note that because of the IVP we can assume u > 0) ln(u) ln (1 + u) = 2 ln x + k. Exponentiating both sides we obtain u c = 2 1+u x and the general solution ( after switching back to y = ux) is therefore y= cx . c

x2

Finally the initial condition imposes the equation c/(1 c) = 1, hence c = 1/2 and therefore the solution of the initial value problem is y= x 1

2x2

3. ex dx + ey dy = 0, Solution of 3

y(0) = 0

If we rewrite the equation as ex dx = ey dy, we conclude that ex = ey + c, hence y = ln(c ex ) is a general solution. From the initial condition y(0) = 0 we obtain the equation 0 = ln(c 1), which gives c = 2. Hence the solution of the initial value problem is y = ln(2 ex ). Solution of 3 (bis) ex dx + ey dy is an exact dierential. In fact, let u = ex + ey : then du = ex dx + ey dy. Therefore the solutions of the equation are of the form ex + ey = c. From the initial value condition we get that e0 + e0 = 2 = c. Hence the solution of the initial value problem is y = ln(2 ex ). 4. dx + ex dy = 0, Solution of 4. dy = ex dx, therefore y = c + ex is the general solution. The initial value problem gives the equation 0 = c + 1, hence y = 1 + ex . 5. y + (2/x)y = x3 , Solution of 5. For example, we can use the formula for the general of the equation y + p(x)y = r(x), namely y(x) = eh with r(x) = x3 and h(x) =
( )

y(0) = 0

y(1) = 0

eh rdx + c)

p.

The application of the formula gives the general solution y(x) = x4 c + 2 6 x

Solving the initial value problem imposes the equation 1/c + c = 0, and the solution is y(x) = 1 x4 2. 6 6x

6. y + (sin x)y = (sin x)y 2 , Solution of 6.

y(/2) = 2.

Recall that the equations of the type y + py = ry a are called Bernoulli equations, and the trick when a = 1 is to switch to u = y 1a . Then in u the equation becomes u + (1 a)pu = (1 a)r, which has the advantage of being linear. In our case a = 2, hence u = 1/y and we obtain u (sin x)u = sin x, which can be solved via separation of variables du = (sin x)dx. u1 Since at x = /2 we have that u = 1/2 (look at the IVP), we can assume that 1u < 0 and if we integrate we obtain u = 1 ce cos x The general solution is therefore y= The initial condition imposes that is
1 1c

1 . 1 ce cos x = 2, hence c = 1/2 and the solution of the IVP

y=

1 1 e cos x /2

Remark about the next two problems. In order to show that the solution is correct up to 6 decimals, you have to show that the 6th decimal remains the same for at least 3 consecutive iterations. 2. Let f (x) = x4 2x + 1. Verify that f (x) = 0 has a solution in the interval [0, 0.8]. Write the equation in the form g(x) = x. Use the xed-point iteration to nd the solution up to 6 decimal places, starting with x0 = 0.7. Explain why your choice of g(x) implies that the iteration will converge to the solution (in other words: what is the basic condition on g that guarantees that the xed-point method will work?) Solution Since we can calculate that f (0) > 0 while f (0.8) < 0, by the intermediate value theorem there exists a solution of f (x) = 0 on the interval [0, 0.8]. To nd an approximate solution, we can use the function g(x) = (x4 + 1)/2, and nd the xed point of g. The xed point method will converge: indeed, for 0 x 0.75, |g (x)| 0.85. Note: one can show that the solution is actually inside the smaller interval [0, 0.75], and on this interval the method works. Now, for the iteration, see the le Fix. 3. Use Newtons Method to nd the solution of e2x 10x = 0 in the interval [1, 2], up to 6 decimal places. Start with x0 = 1.5. Solution See le Newton