University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

INDUCTION MOTORS 1. OBJECTIVE

To study a 3-phase induction motor, by using its experimentally developed equivalent circuit diagram and by obtaining its basic characteristics: torque/slip, current/slip and efficiency /slip characteristics. Note: Induction machines on table numbers (1 and 6) need to be connected as a Y on the stator side whereas the induction machines on table numbers (3 and 4) need to be connected as a .

2. SAFETY
1. The voltages used in this experiment are lethal. Assemble or modify a circuit only with the breakers off. Do not apply power to a circuit until the wiring has been checked by an instructor. Do not touch any node or component of a live circuit. Be careful when moving near a circuit so that a wire is not accidentally snagged. 2. The machines used in this experiment are physically dangerous. Guards must be in place over any rotating components before applying power. Do not wear loose clothing or neckties, and keep long hair away from the machines. 3. If an emergency occurs, the power for the entire laboratory can be disabled using the red button on the power distribution panel. 4. Before starting the induction motor, make sure that the auto-transformer and the starter box are cranked to position 0. 5. In the experiment, currents in various parts of the circuit may be very large; therefore use high current capacity leads. 6. Use ammeters and wattmeters with proper current ratings. 7. Never apply a DC voltage to an AC machine. 8. Ground all machines and the starter box by connecting them to the panel ground.

3. INTRODUCTION
3.1 Equivalent Circuit Diagram and Losses The induction motor working in the steady state (1 and s ) can be represented by a single-phase equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1.
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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

R1

X1

I1 a I3

X2 I2

R2

V1

Rc

Xm

E2

R2 (1-s)/s

Stator

Rotor

Fig. 1 Per-phase equivalent circuit of a 3-phase induction motor As can be seen the power balance of the motor shown in Fig. 2 can be derived directly from this equivalent circuit. Hence, the efficiency of the motor can be written as: = = + 1 + 2 + +

where, is the power on the shaft, 1 and 2 are copper losses in the stator and rotor respectively, is the core loss, and is the mechanical (friction) loss.

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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

Pgap Pin

Pm

Po

DPcu1

DPc

DPcu2

DPm

Stator
Fig. 2 Power balance of induction motor

Rotor

Since the only directly measurable electrical values of the induction motors are , 1 , 1 , and 1 , evaluation of and must be done indirectly, basing on the fact that is 2 proportional to 1 and that 2 is negligible when = 0. The latter fact occurs during running light load (no-load) test. That test however, cannot be performed with a voltage less than certain value V1 . Thus, to extract values of at a required voltage (say, 1 ) from and , a graphical construction, based on the function = (12 ), is needed as shown in Fig. 3.

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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

Po Po = DPcu1 + DPc + DPm

Po - DPcu1 = DPc + DPm

DPm

V1(min) Extrapolation

V1(max)

V12

Fig. 3 Connection for finding losses DPm and DPc

3.2 Characteristics of Induction Motor Slip is an important parameter that characterizes a point of operation of the induction motor. Hence, characteristics of the machine are usually given as functions of slip. The most interesting of these characteristics are: Torque/slip characteristics = (); Current/slip characteristics 2 = (); Efficiency/slip characteristics = ();

Only a limited part of the characteristics can be obtained experimentally because in load test the slip varies within small interval for loads from no-load to reasonably high values (say 120% of its rated capacity). Thus, the full characteristics can be obtained only from the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1. The induced torque of an induction motor is given by:
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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

For a constant , knowing one can determine the induced torque of the induction motor. Referring to the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1, the per-phase air-gap power is the power absorbed by the resistance 2 /. Therefore the total (3-phase) air-gap power is given by:
2 = 32

Accordingly, if 2 can be determined, then the air-gap power and the induced torque are known. The easiest way to find 2 is to determine the Thevenins equivalent of the portion of the circuit to the left of terminals a-b. Using the Thevenins theorem, we get:
= jV1 Xm 1 + (1 + ) j R1 + 1 R1 + (1 + )

= R T + jX T =

This leads to the following expressions for the rotor current and the induced torque: 2 = ( + 2 )2 + ( + 2 )2

2 3VT

R R T + s2

R2 s + XT + X2

1 s 2

where = 2 /60.

Based on the equivalent circuit, it can be shown that the torque for a constant (V/f) ratio with = / is
2 R 3VT z 2 s = RT R2 2 + + XT + X2 z zs

1 s 2

Equation above shows the frequency dependence of torque-speed characteristics of an induction motor.
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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

4. PROCEDURE
For all the following tests, the induction motor is connected to the starter box as shown in Fig. 4.

4.1 No-load Test

1. Decouple the induction motor and the DC machine. 2. Determine the effective turns ratio (stator to rotor). 3. Apply a variable three-phase voltage using an auto-transformer to the induction motor stator terminals as shown in Fig. 5. 4. Record input power, line current and voltage for a voltage range of about 30 % to 110% of the rated value. 5. Start the machine at rated voltage then increase applied voltage to 110% of rated value. As the voltage is reduced to about 30%, do not allow the machine to stall.

Note: 1. In the two wattmeter method, if one of the wattmeters shows a negative deflection, switch-off and flip its current coil connection. That wattmeter reading is treated as negative and subtracted from the positive wattmeter reading. 2. The induction motor starter box inserts additional resistance in the rotor circuit in order to limit the rotor current at starting. The knob has to be at position 0 (i.e. maximum resistance inserted in the rotor circuit) to start the machine. Once the motor picks up speed the additional resistance in the rotor circuit can be brought back to a zero value by moving the knob to position 10.

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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

W1 A 100 % 0 A1 V 100 %
L1 T1 L3 R3 R2 R1 T2 T3

A2

0 B1

B2

3-phase supply

L2

100 % Starter box R1 V R2 W2 Auto-transformer

0 C1 Stator winding

C2

R3 Rotor winding

Fig. 4 Detailed connection of the induction motor

W1 T1 A 100 % 0 A1 V 100 % T2 100 % W2 Auto-transformer 0 B1 0 C1

Starter box

IM

T3

Fig. 5 No load test connection diagram

4.2 Locked Rotor Test (Short-circuit Test) Caution: Perform this test starting with zero voltage at input, and increasing it gradually. 1. Retain the connection of the induction motor to the auto-transformer. 2. Mechanically immobilize the rotor of the machine. 3. Measure the input power, line current and voltage at the rated (nameplate) rotor current.

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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

Note: Bring back the additional resistance in the rotor circuit (starter box resistance) to zero by moving the knob to position 10 before recording your readings. Otherwise, the rotor resistance calculated will include the additional resistance from the starter box.

4.3 Load Test

1. Retain the connection of the induction machine to a variable three-phase supply, as shown in Fig. 5, and connect the DC machine as a separately excited generator shown in Fig. 7 (Refer to the diagram of the DC machine panel). 2. With the DC machine decoupled, run the induction motor at its rated voltage and record the motors input power, line current, voltage, speed and calculate its torque when it is running under no-load conditions overcoming core losses, friction, windage and stray losses). Note: You need a low rating for the ammeter and wattmeter current coils (line current < 5A) to get the values for your measurements in this part of the experiment. 3. After recording the no-load readings, couple the DC generator to the induction motor as shown in Fig. 6. Starting at no load connected to the generator, record your readings and then start loading the generator gradually up to the full load of either motor or generator, whichever occurs first. Record motor input power, line current, voltage and calculate its slip, and torque. Caution: Use the 30 A scale for ammeter and wattmeters when applying the resistances of the toaster box. 4. Rotor Resistance Speed Control: It is possible to control speed induction motor by changing its rotor resistance. Repeat the load test on the induction for two other values of rotor resistances (starter box knob positions set at positions 5 and 10). Also remember to record the values of external rotor resistance inserted in the circuit (use a FLUKE 75 meter to get the resistance values).

Note: The output power of the induction motor is calculated from the equivalent circuit and then output torque can be calculated from there knowing the value of speed. Measuring Slip

When a light load is applied to the induction motor, the speed variation is very small; hence the tachometer used during previous measurements is inadequate to accurately measure the slip. A stroboscope is required to get a more accurate slip during light loading conditions. 1. Adjust the light flashing frequency of the stroboscope such that a stationary image is observed when the induction motor is operating under no-load (DC generator is

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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

decoupled). Use a tachometer to measure the value of the no-load speed (say, 1796 rpm) and leave the knob position of the stroboscope at this position. 2. Couple the DC generator back to the induction motor and measure the slip. If, for example, the shaft speed is 1794 rpm, the tab has slipped one revolution in 0.5 minutes. Thus in one minute two tab revolutions are observed. Use a stop watch to measure the time elapsed.

W1 T1 A 100 % 0 A1 V 100 % T2 100 % W2 Auto-transformer 0 B1 0 C1 DC separately excited generator (mechanical load)

Starter box

IM

DC load bank

T3

Fig. 6 Load test connection diagram

F1 + DC supply F2 A2 A Field rheostat A1

C12

C11 A Toaster box

C21

C22

Fig. 7 Separately excited DC generator 4.4 Speed Control of Induction Motors Using Armature-Frequency Control

In Section 4.3, speed control of induction motors was studied by changing its rotor-circuit resistance. The principal disadvantage of this method is low efficiency and poor speed regulation with respect to changes in load. Solid-state inverters with variable voltage and frequency are the preferred methods of choice today. This part of the experiment will use a Hitachi SJ 300 inverter for speed control.

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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

1. Rewire the induction machine with a SJ 300 Hitachi inverter connected to its input terminals. 2. Set the SJ 300 in the auto-tuning mode using the keypad of the inverter and the instruction manual. Run the induction motor in the auto-tuning mode using the Pro Drive software. 3. Repeat the load test on the induction motor for three different values of input electrical frequencies ( = 60 , 48 , 24 ) with a zero value for rotor external resistance. Two other values of rotor resistances (starter box knob positions set at positions 5 and 10). Also remember to record the values of external rotor resistance inserted in the circuit (use a FLUKE 75 meter to get the resistance values). Note: In order to read the input power supplied to the induction motor (ie output of the inverter), remember to connect an external wattmeter to the inverter. The SJ 300 gives power measurements only at its input side. 4.5 Resistance

Determine the resistances of the stator windings per phase of the induction motor using a FLUKE 75 multimeter or by the dc ammeter-voltmeter method.

Load bank + I A R1 R1 V

R1 C

Fig. 8 Voltmeter-ammeter method Note: 1. Perform the stator resistance measurements at the last so that the resistance measurements obtained are those corresponding to the operating temperature of the induction motor. 2. If you are using a FLUKE meter, remember to subtract the contact resistance of the leads from the readings obtained.

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University of Saskatchewan EE 392 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III

5. RESULTS FOR YOUR REPORT

1. Determine the per phase stator resistance corrected to the normal operating temperature of the induction motor. 2. Determine the per phase equivalent circuit diagram of the induction motor. For wound rotor induction machines (slip-ring type), the stator and rotor reactances are distributed equally. 3. Plot torque-slip characteristic for the induction machine at the full rated voltage, the stable part obtained experimentally and the full characteristic obtained from the equivalent circuit diagram. Compare. Calculate the value of starting current and torque as well as maximum torque and the corresponding slip. 4. Plot the torque-slip characteristics for the induction machine with extra resistances inserted in the rotor circuit at the full rated voltage. Calculate the value of starting current and torque as well as maximum torque and the corresponding slip and compare the results with those obtained in (4). 5. Plot torque-slip characteristic for the induction machine for the three different frequencies with constant (V/f) ratio. The stable part obtained experimentally and the full characteristic obtained from the equivalent circuit diagram. Calculate the value of starting current and torque as well as maximum torque and the corresponding slip. Compare the torque-slip characteristics with the results obtained in (3). 6. Plot the curves of motor line current and efficiency versus slip. 7. Sketch the power balance of the induction motor as shown in Fig. 2. 8. From the equivalent circuit, determine the input current for blocked rotor at the same voltage used in the locked rotor test. Compare with the measured value. 9. Sketch a phasor diagram corresponding to rated slip and rated applied voltage.

6. REFERENCES
1. IEEE Standard 112: Test Procedures for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators. New York, IEEE Press 1991. 2. Fitzerald, A. E, Kingsley, C., Umans, S., Electric Machinery 6th Ed, New York: McGrawHill, 2003. 3. Malik, O.P., Walsh, P., Electric Machine Lab Manual, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2003.

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