Computer Networking

2006 Cisco Systems, nc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 1
Chapter 8:
Networks
IT EssentiaIs: PC Hardware and Software v4.0
2006 Cisco Systems, nc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 2
Purpose of this Presentation
ist of chapter objectives
Overview of the chapter contents, including
student worksheets
student activities
student labs
Reflection/Activities for instructors to complete to
prepare to teach
Additional resources
To provide to instructors an overview of Chapter 8:
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Chapter 5 3
Chapter 8 Objectives
8.1 ExpIain the principIes of networking
8.2 Describe types of networks
8.3 Describe basic networking concepts and technoIogies
8.4 Describe the physicaI components of a network
8.5 Describe LAN topoIogies and architectures
8.6 Identify standards organizations
8.7 Identify Ethernet standards
8.8 ExpIain OSI and TCP/IP data modeIs
8.9 Describe how to configure a NIC and a modem
8.10 Identify names, purposes, and characteristics of other
technoIogies used to estabIish connectivity
8.11 Identify and appIy common preventive maintenance techniques
used for networks
8.12 TroubIeshoot a network
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Chapter 8 Worksheets, Activities, and Labs
8.1.2 Activity: Advantages and Disadvantages of
Networking
8.2.3 Activity: Network Types
8.3.2 Worksheet: dentify P Address Classes
8.3.4 Activity: Network Protocols
8.8.3 Activity: OS Model
8.9.1 Worksheet: nternet Search for NC Drivers
8.9.2 ab: Configure an Ethernet NC to use DHCP
8.10.3 Worksheet: Answer Broadband Questions
8.12.2 Worksheet: Diagnose a Network Problem
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Introduction
Chapter 8 is an overview of network principles,
standards, and purposes
t covers the following types of networks:
LocaI Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WireIess LAN (WLAN)
These topics are covered:
Network topologies, protocols, and logical models
Hardware needed to create a network
Configuration, troubleshooting, and preventive maintenance
Network software, communication methods, and hardware
relationships
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Networks are systems that are formed by links.
People use different types of networks every day:
Mail delivery system
Telephone system
Public transportation system
Corporate computer network
The nternet
Computers can be linked by networks to share data and
resources.
A network can be as simple as two computers
connected by a single cable or as complex as hundreds
of computers connected to devices that control the flow
of information.
PrincipIes of Networking
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Computer Networks
Network devices include:
Desktop and laptop computers
Printers and scanners
PDAs and Smartphones
File and print servers
Resources shared across networks include:
Services, such as printing or scanning
Storage devices, such as hard drives or optical drives
Applications, such as databases
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Chapter 5 8
enefits of Networking
Fewer peripherals needed
ncreased communication
capabilities
Avoid file duplication and
corruption
ower cost licensing
Centralized administration
Conserve resources
Different types of network
media:
Copper cabling
Fiber-optic cabling
Wireless connection
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Types of Networks
A computer network is
identified by:
The area it serves
How the data is stored
How the resources are
managed
How the network is
organized
The type of networking
devices used
The type of media used to
connect the devices
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LocaI Area Network (LAN)
A group of interconnected
computers that is under the
same administrative control.
Can be as small as a single
local network installed in a
home or small office.
Can consist of
interconnected local
networks consisting of
many hundreds of hosts,
installed in multiple
buildings and locations.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN connects ANs in geographically separated
locations.
A WAN covers a much larger
area than a AN.
The nternet is a large WAN.
Telecommunications service
providers (TSP) are used to
interconnect these ANs at
different locations.
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WireIess LAN (WLAN)
WireIess devices are used to transmit and receive
data using radio waves.
Wireless devices connect to access points within a
specified area.
Access points connect to the
network using copper cabling.
WAN coverage can be
limited to the area of a
room, or can have greater
range.
You can share resources
such as files and printers,
and access the nternet on
a WAN.
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Peer-to-Peer Networking
Share files, send messages, and print to a shared printer.
Each computer has similar capabilities and
responsibilities.
Each user decides which data and devices to share.
No central point of control in the network.
Best if there are ten or fewer computers.
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Disadvantages of Peer-to-Peer
Without centralized network administration, it is difficult
to determine who controls network resources.
Without centralized security, each computer must use
separate security measures for data protection.
More complex and difficult to manage as the number
of computers on the network increases.
Without centralized data storage, data backups must
be performed by users.
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CIient/Server Network
Client/server network model provides security and
control for the network.
Client requests information or services from the server.
Server provides the requested information or service.
Servers are maintained by network administrators.
Data backups and security measures
Control of user access to network resources
Centralized storage and services include:
Data stored on a centralized file server
Shared printers managed by a print server
Users have proper permissions to access data or printers
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Networking Concepts and TechnoIogies
A computer technician is required to configure and
troubleshoot computers on a network.
A computer technician should understand P
addressing, protocols, and other network concepts.
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andwidth
amount of data that can
be transmitted within a
fixed time period
measured in bits per
second and is usually
denoted by the following:
bps - bits per second
Kbps - kilobits per
second
Mbps - megabits per
second
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Three Modes of Transmission
Data is transmitted in one of three modes:
1. SimpIex (Unidirectional transmission) is a single, one-
way transmission.
Example: The signal sent from a TV station to your TV.
2. HaIf-dupIex allows data to flow in one direction at a
time.
Simultaneous transmission in two directions is not allowed.
Example: Two-way radios, police or emergency mobile radios
3. FuII-dupIex allows data to flow in both directions at
the same time.
Bandwidth is measured in only one direction. 100 Mbps full-
duplex means a bandwidth of 100 Mbps in each direction.
Broadband technologies, such as digital subscriber line (DS)
and cable, operate in full-duplex mode.
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IP Address
An P address is a unique number that is used to identify
a network device.
An P address is represented as a 32-bit binary number,
divided into four octets (groups of eight bits):
Example: 10111110.01100100.00000101.00110110
An P address is also represented in a dotted decimaI
format.
Example: 190.100.5.54
When a host is configured with an P address, it is
entered as a dotted decimal number, such as
192.168.1.5.
Unique P addresses on a network ensure that data can
be sent to and received from the correct network device.
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IP Address CIasses
Class A
arge networks, implemented by large companies and some
countries
Class B
Medium-sized networks, implemented by universities
Class C
Small networks, implemented by SP for customer subscriptions
Class D
Special use for multicasting
Class E
Used for experimental testing
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Subnet Masks
Used to indicate the network portion of an P address
s a dotted decimal number
Usually, all hosts within a broadcast domain of a AN
(bounded by routers) use the same subnet mask.
The default subnet masks for three classes of P
addresses:
255.0.0.0 is the subnet mask for Class A
255.255.0.0 is the subnet mask for Class B
255.255.255.0 is the subnet mask for Class C
f an organization owns one Class B network but needs to
provide P addresses for four ANs, the organization will
subdivide the Class B network into four smaller parts by
using subnetting, which is a logical division of a network.
The subnet mask specifies how it is subdivided.
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IP Address Configuration
Manual configuration
Manually configure each device with the proper P address and
subnet mask.
Dynamic configuration
A Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
automatically assigns P addresses to network hosts.
Network nterface Card (NC) is the hardware that
enables a computer to connect to a network and it has
two addresses:
The P address is a logical address that can be changed.
The Media Access ControI (MAC) address is "burned-in" or
permanently programmed into the NC when manufactured.
The MAC address cannot be changed.
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Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocoI
(DHCP)
DHCP automatically
provides computers with an
P address.
The DHCP server can
assign these to hosts:
P address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
Domain Name System (DNS)
server address
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DHCP Process and Advantages
DHCP process:
1. DHCP server receives a request from a host.
2. Server selects P address information from a
database.
3. Server offers the addresses to requesting host.
4. f the host accepts the offer, the server leases the P
address for a specific period of time.
Advantages of DHCP:
Simplifies the administration of a network
Reduces the possibility of assigning duplicate or
invalid addresses
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Configure Host to Use DHCP
Configure the host to "Obtain an P address automatically"
in the TCP/P properties of the NC configuration
window
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Internet ProtocoIs
A protocoI is a set of rules.
nternet protocols are sets of rules governing
communication within and between computers on a
network.
Many protocols consist of a suite (or group) of protocols
stacked in layers. These layers depend on the operation
of the other layers in the suite to function properly.
The main functions of protocols:
dentifying errors
Compressing the data
Deciding how data is to be sent
Addressing data
Deciding how to announce sent and received data
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Common Network ProtocoIs
Protocols used for browsing the web, sending and receiving
e-mail, and transferring data files
Description
TCP/IP A protocol used to transport data on the nternet.
NETEUI
NETIOS
A small, fast protocol designed for a workgroup network that
requires no connection to the nternet.
IPX and SPX A protocol used to transport data on a Novell Netware network.
HTTP and HTTPS A protocol that defines how files are exchanged on the Web.
FTP A protocol that provides services for file transfer and manipulation.
SSH A protocol that is used to connect computers together securely.
TeInet
A protocol that uses a text-based connection to a remote
computer.
POP
A protocol used to download email messages from an email
server.
IMAP
A protocol used to download email messages from an email
server.
SMTP A protocol used to send mail in a TCP/P network.
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Internet ControI Message ProtocoI (ICMP)
Internet ControI Message ProtocoI (ICMP) is used by
devices on a network to send control and error
messages to computers and servers.
PING (Packet Internet Groper) is a simple command
line utility used to test connections between computers
Used to determine whether a specific P address is accessible.
Used with either the hostname or the P address.
Works by sending an CMP echo request to a destination
computer.
Receiving device sends back an CMP echo reply message.
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Ping Command Switches
These command line switches (options) can be used
with the ping command.
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Output of the Ping Command
Four CMP echo requests (pings) are sent to the
destination computer to determine the reliability and
reachability of the destination computer.
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PhysicaI Network Components
Network devices:
Computers
Hubs
Switches
Routers
Wireless access points
Network media:
Twisted-pair copper cabling
Fiber-optic cabling
Radio waves
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Hubs
Extend the range of a signal by receiving then
regenerating it and sending it out all other ports
Traffic is sent out all ports of the hub
Allow a lot of coIIisions on the network segment and
are often not a good solution
Also called concentrators because they serve as a
central connection point for a AN
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ridges and Switches
A packet, along with its MAC address information, is
called a frame.
ANs are often divided into sections called segments
bounded by bridges.
A bridge has the intelligence to determine if an
incoming frame is to be sent to a different segment, or
dropped. A bridge has two ports.
A switch (multiport bridge)
has several ports and refers
to a table of MAC addresses
to determine which port to
use to forward the frame.
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#outers
#outers are devices that connect entire networks to
each other.
Use P addresses to forward packets to other networks.
Can be a computer with special network software installed.
Can be a device built by network equipment manufacturers.
Contain tables of P addresses along with optimal routes to
other networks.
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WireIess Access Points
Provide network access to
wireless devices such as
laptops and PDAs.
Use radio waves to
communicate with radios in
computers, PDAs, and other
wireless access points.
Have limited range of
coverage.
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MuItipurpose Devices
Perform more than one function.
More convenient to purchase and
configure just one device.
Combines the functions of a switch,
a router and a wireless access point
into one device.
The inksys 300N is an example of a
multipurpose device.
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Twisted-Pair CabIing
A pair of twisted wires forms a circuit that transmits data.
The twisted wires provide protection against crosstaIk
(electrical noise) because of the canceIIation effect.
Pairs of copper wires are encased
in color-coded plastic insulation
and twisted together.
An outer jacket, called poly-vinyl
chloride (PVC), protects the
bundles of twisted pairs.
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Two asic Types of Twisted-Pair CabIes
UnshieIded twisted-pair (UTP)
Has two or four pairs of wires
Relies on the cancellation effect for reduction of interference
caused by electromagnetic interface (EM) and radio
frequency interference (RF)
Most commonly used cabling in networks
Has a range of 328 ft (100 meters)
ShieIded twisted-pair (STP)
Each pair is wrapped in metallic foil to better shield the wires
from electrical noise and then the four pairs of wires are then
wrapped in an overall metallic braid or foil.
Reduces electrical noise from within the cable.
Reduces EM and RF from outside the cable.
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Category #ating
UTP comes in several categories that are based on two
factors:
The number of wires in the cable
The number of twists in those wires
Category 3 is used for telephone connections.
Category 5 and Category 5e have are the most
common network cables used.
Category 6 cable has higher data rate than the Cat 5
cables.
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CoaxiaI CabIe
A copper-cored network cable surrounded by a heavy
shielding
Types of coaxial cable:
Thicknet or 10ase5 - Coax cable that was used in networks
and operated at 10 megabits per second with a maximum
length of 500 m
Thinnet or 10ase2 - Coax cable that was used in networks
and operated at 10 megabits per second with a maximum
length of 185 m
#G-59 - Most commonly used for cable television in the US
#G-6 - Higher quality cable than RG-59 with more bandwidth
and less susceptibility to interference
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Fiber-Optic CabIe
A glass or plastic strand that transmits
information using light and is made up of
one or more optical fibers enclosed
together in a sheath or jacket.
Not affected by electromagnetic or radio
frequency interference.
Signals are clearer, can go farther, and
have greater bandwidth than with copper
cable.
Usually more expensive than copper
cabling and the connectors are more
costly and harder to assemble.
Two types of glass fiber-optic cable:
MuItimode and SingIe-mode
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Two Types of LAN TopoIogies
PhysicaI topoIogy is the
physical layout of the
components on the
network
LogicaI topoIogy
determines how the hosts
access the medium to
communicate across the
network
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LogicaI TopoIogies
The two most common types of logical topologies are
broadcast and token passing.
n a broadcast topology, there is no order that the
hosts must follow to use the network it is first come,
first served for transmitting data on the network.
Token passing controls network access by passing an
electronic token sequentially to each host. When a host
receives the token, it can send data on the network. f
the host has no data to send, it passes the token to the
next host and the process repeats itself.
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LAN PhysicaI TopoIogies
A physical topology defines the way in which computers,
printers, and other
devices are
connected to a
network.
Bus
Ring
Star
Hierarchical star
Mesh
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Chapter 5 45
us TopoIogy
Each computer connects to a common cable
Cable connects one computer to the next
Ends of the cable have a terminator installed to
prevent signal reflections and network errors
Only one computer can transmit data at a time or
frames will collide and be destroyed
Bus topology is rarely used today. Possibly suitable for
a home office or small business with few hosts
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#ing TopoIogy
Hosts are connected in a physical ring or circle.
The ring has no beginning or end, so the cable does not
need to be terminated.
A special frame, a token, travels around the ring,
stopping at each host.
The advantage of a ring topology
is that there are no coIIisions.
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There are two types of ring topologies:
Single-ring - All the devices on the network
connect to a single cable and the data travels
in one direction only. Each device has an
opportunity to send data over the network.
Dual ring - All the devices on the network
connect to two cables and the data travels in
both directions. Only one cable is used at a
time. n the event of a failure of one ring, data
is transmitted on the other ring.
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Star TopoIogy
Has a central connection
point: a hub, switch, or
router
Hosts connect directly to
the central point with a
cable
Costs more to implement than the bus topology
because more cable is used, and a central device is
needed
Easy to troubleshoot, since each host is connected to
the central device with its own wire.
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HierarchicaI or Extended Star TopoIogy
A star network with an additional networking device
connected to the main networking device to increase
the size of the network.
Used for larger networks
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Mesh TopoIogy
Connects all devices to each other
Failure of any cable will not affect the network
Used in WANs that interconnect ANs
Expensive and difficult to
install because of the
amount of cable needed
The nternet is an example
of a mesh topology
Often used by governments
when data must be
available in the event of a
partial network failure
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LAN Architecture
s the overall structure of a computer or communication
system.
Describes both the physical and logical topologies used
in a network.
Designed for a specific use and have different speeds
and capabilities.
The three most common AN architectures:
Ethernet
Token Ring
Fiber-Distributed
Data nterface (FDD)
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Ethernet
Ethernet uses a logical bus or broadcast topology
and either a bus or star physical topology.
Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard, which
specifies that a network use the Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with the Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) access control method. n
CSMA/CD,hosts access the network using the
first come, first served broadcast topology method
to transmit data.
Standard transfer rates
10 Mbps (Ethernet) "10Base-T
100 Mbps (FastEthernet) "100Base-T
1000 Mbps = 1 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet) "1000Base-T
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Token #ing
Reliable network architecture
based on the token-passing
access control method.
Originally developed by BM
Used with smaller computers
and mainframes
Physically, a star-wired ring
because the outer appearance
of the network design is a star
nside the device, wiring forms a
circular data path, creating a
logical ring
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Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
A type of Token Ring network
Often used for ANs, connecting several buildings in
an office complex or on a university campus
Runs on fiber-optic cable
High-speed performance combined with token-passing
advantage
Runs at 100 Mbps with a primary and secondary ring
topology
Normally, traffic flows only on the primary ring and uses
a secondary ring is a backup.
FDD dual ring supports up to 500 computers per ring
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Standards Organizations
Name Type Standards EstabIished
ITU-T
ITU TeIecommunication
Standardization Sector
(formerIy CCITT)
one of the three
Sectors of the
InternationaI
TeIecommunication
Union
Standards covering aII
fieIds of
teIecommunications
ecame ITU-T in
1992
IEEE
Institute of EIectricaI and
EIectronics Engineers
A non-profit,
technicaI
professionaI
association
Standards for the
computer and eIectronics
industry
1884
ISO
InternationaI Organization
for Standardization
A network of the
nationaI standards
institutes of 157
countries
Promote the deveIopment
of internationaI standards
agreements
1947
IA
Internet Architecture oard
A committee; an
advisory body
Oversees the technicaI
and engineering
deveIopment of the
Internet
1979; first named
ICC
IEC
InternationaI
EIectrotechnicaI
Commission
GIobaI organization
Standards for aII
eIectricaI, eIectronic, and
reIated technoIogies
1906
ANSI
American NationaI
Standards Institute
Private, non-profit
organization
Seeks to estabIish
consensus among
groups
1918
TIA/EIA
TeIecommunications
Industry Association /
EIectronic Industries
AIIiance
Trade associations
Standards for voice and
data wiring for LANs
After the
dereguIation of the
U.S. teIephone
industry in 1984
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Ethernet Standards
Ethernet protocols describe the rules
that control how communication
occurs on an Ethernet network.
The 802.2 standard defines how a
device addresses other devices
on the medium.
The 802.3 standard defines the
methodoIogy that devices must
use when they use the media.
The 802.11x standards define how
wireIess devices communicate
using radio waves.
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CabIed Ethernet Standards
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard specifies that a network implement
the CSMA/CD access control method.
n CSMA/CD operation:
All end stations "listen" to the network wire for clearance to
send data.
When the end station detects that no other host is transmitting,
the end station will attempt to send data.
f no other station sends any data at the same time, this
transmission will arrive at the destination computer
successfully.
f another end station transmits at the same time, a collision will
occur on the network media.
The first station that detects the collision, sends out a jam
signal to tell all stations to stop transmitting.
All stations stop transmitting and re-try after a random period of
time.
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10ASE-T
10BASE-T is an Ethernet technology that uses a star topology.
The ten (10) represents a speed of 10 Mbps.
BASE represents baseband transmission.
n baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of a cable is used for
one type of signal.
The T represents twisted-pair cabling.
Advantages of 10BASE-T:
nstallation is inexpensive compared to fiber-optic installation.
Cables are thin, flexible, and easier to install than coaxial cabling.
Equipment and cables are easy to upgrade.
Disadvantages of 10BASE-T:
The maximum length for a 10BASE-T segment is 328 ft (100 m).
Cables are susceptible to EIectromagnetic Interference (EMI).
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100ASE-TX "FastEthernet"
Has a bandwidth of 100 Mbps.
The "X" indicates different types of copper and fiber-optic
can be used.
Advantages of 100BASE-TX:
Transfer rates of 100BASE-TX are ten times that of 10BASE-T
Disadvantages of 100BASE-TX:
Maximum length for a 100BASE-TX segment is only 329 ft (100
m).
Cables are susceptible to Electromagnetic nterference (EM).
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1000ASE-TX "Gigabit Ethernet"
Advantages of 1000BASE-T:
1 Gbps is ten times faster than Fast Ethernet and 100
times faster than Ethernet.
The 1000BASE-T architecture has interoperability
with 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX.
Disadvantages of 1000BASE-T:
Maximum length for a 1000BASE-T segment is 328 ft
(100 m).
t is susceptible to interference.
Gigabit NCs and Switches are expensive.
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WireIess Ethernet Standards
IEEE 802.11 is the standard that specifies connectivity
for wireless networks.
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity), refers to the 802.11 family
802.11 (the original specification)
802.11b
802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
These protocols specify the frequencies, speeds, and other
capabilities of the different Wi-Fi standards.
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IEEE 802.11a WLAN Standard
Allows data rates as high as 54 Mbps
Devices operate in the 5 GHz radio frequency range
Avoids some interference issues of 802.11b
802.11a is not backward compatible to 802.11b
Dual mode wireless NCs are available
802.11a has a range of approximately 100 ft (30 m)
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IEEE 802.11b WLAN Standard
Operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range
Maximum theoretical data rate of 11 Mbps, but typically
about 6.5 Mbps
Average range of approximately 100 ft (30 m) at 11
Mbps and 295 ft (90 m) at 1 Mbps
Range fluctuates depending on the operational speed.
Signal quality dictates the operational speed of 802.11b.
Bluetooth devices, cordless phones, and even
microwave ovens operate in the 2.4 GHz band, possibly
causing interference.
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IEEE 802.11g and 802.11n
802.11g
Allows data rates as high as 54 Mbps
Operates in the same 2.4 GHz spectrum as 802.11b
802.11g is backward compatible with 802.11b
nteroperability among all speeds (a, b, g) exists
Average range of approximately 100 ft (30 m)
802.11n
Has a theoretical bandwidth of 540 Mbps
Operates in either the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency range
Maximum range of 164 ft (50 m)
Expected approval for 802.11n is April 2008 or earlier
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WireIess Ethernet Standards
andwidth Frequency #ange InteroperabiIity
802.11a
Up to 54
Mbps
5 GHz band
100 feet
(30 meters)
Not interoperabIe with
802.11b, 802.11g, or
802.11n
802.11b
Up to 11
Mbps
2.4 GHz band
100 feet
(30 meters)
InteroperabIe with
802.11g
802.11g
Up to 54
Mbps
2.4 GHz band
100 feet
(30 meters)
InteroperabIe with
802.11b
802.11n
Up to 540
Mbps
2.4 GHz band
164 feet
(50 meters)
InteroperabIe with
802.11b and 802.11g
802.15.1
Iuetooth
Up to 2 Mbps
2.4 GHz band
or 5 GHz
band
30 feet
(10 meters)
Not interoperabIe with
any other 802.11
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 66
OSI and TCP/IP Data ModeIs
Architectural model
Separates functions of protocols into manageable layers
Each layer performs a specific function in network
communication
TCP/P model
A four-layer model that explains the TCP/P suite of protocols
TCP/P is the dominant standard for transporting data across
networks
Open Systems nterconnect (OS) model
Standards defining how devices communicate on a network
Ensures interoperability between network devices
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 67
The OSI ModeI
The OS model is an industry standard framework that is
used to divide network communications into seven
layers.
Although other models exist, most network vendors
today build their products using this framework.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 68
The OSI ModeI
Layer Description
AppIication 7
#esponsibIe for network services to appIications
Presentation 6
Transforms data formats to provide a standard
interface for the AppIication Iayer
Session 5
EstabIishes, manages and terminates the
connections between the IocaI and remote
appIication
Transport 4
Provides reIiabIe transport and fIow controI across a
network
Network 3
#esponsibIe for IogicaI addressing and the domain
of routing
Data Link 2
Provides physicaI addressing and media access
procedures
PhysicaI 1
Defines aII the eIectricaI and physicaI specifications
for devices
Remember the OS layers with this mnemonic:
"All People Seem To Need Data Processing"
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 69
The TCP/IP #eference ModeI
Description ProtocoIs
AppIication
Provides network services to user
appIications
HTTP, HTML,
TeInet, FTP,
SMTP, DNS
Transport
Provides end-to-end management of
data and divides data into segments
TCP, UDP
Internet
Provides connectivity between hosts
in the network
IP, ICMP, #IP,
A#P
Network
Access
Describes the standards that hosts
use to access the physicaI media
Frame of reference used to develop the nternet's
protocols
Consists of layers that perform functions necessary to
prepare data for transmission over a network
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 70
Compare OSI and TCP/IP ModeIs
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 71
Configuring a NIC and a Modem
nstall the NC and the
driver.
f necessary, download an
updated driver from the
manufacturer.
Connect the computer to
the network.
Also, you may need to
install a modem to connect
to the nternet.
NIC
Modem
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 72
InstaII or Update a NIC Driver
Manufacturers publish new driver software for NCs
May enhance the functionality of the NC
May be needed for operating system compatibility
nstall a new driver
be sure to disable virus protection software so that none of the
files is incorrectly installed. Some virus scanners detect a driver
update as a possible virus attack.
nstall only one driver at a time. otherwise, some updating
processes may conflict updating processes
Close all applications that are running so that they are not using
any files associated with the driver update.
Visit the manufacturer's website and download a self-extracting
executable driver file that will automatically install or update the
driver
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 73
InstaII or Update a NIC Driver
nstall the NC and the driver.
f necessary, download an
updated driver from the
manufacturer.
After updating the driver,
reboot the computer.
f a new NC driver does not
perform as expected after it
has been installed, the driver
can be uninstalled, or rolled
back, to the previous driver.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 74
Attach Computer to Existing Network
Plug a network cable into the
network port on the computer.
Plug the other end into the
network device or wall jack.
After connecting the network
cable, look at the EDs, or link
lights, next to the Ethernet port
on the NC.
f there is no activity, you may
have to replace a faulty cable,
a faulty hub port, or even a
faulty NC to correct the
problem.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 75
After you have confirmed that the computer is
connected to the network and the link lights on the NC
indicate a working connection, the computer will need
an P address. Most networks are set up so that the
computer will receive an P address automatically from
a local DHCP server. f the computer does not have an
P address, you will need to enter a unique P address
in the TCP/P properties of the NC.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 76
Configure the NIC
The computer will now need an P address.
f the computer does not acquire an P address from a DHCP
server, you will need to enter a unique P address in the
TCP/P properties of the NC.
Click Start > ControI PaneI > Network Connections > LocaI
Area Connection
Every NC must be configured with the following
information:
The same protocoI must be implemented between any two
computers that communicate on the same network.
The IP address must be unique to each device and can be
configured manually or dynamically.
The MAC address is a unique address assigned by the
manufacturer and cannot be changed.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 77
What is the Assigned IP Address?
f you do not know your P address yet, use the ipconfig
program, to find it.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 78
Test Connectivity Using Ping
Ping your own P address to make sure your NC is
working properly.
Ping another computer on your network.
Ping a popular website.
f you cannot ping one of these items, you may need to
begin troubleshooting.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 79
Modem InstaIIation
A modem is an electronic device that transfers data
between one computer and another using analog signals
over a telephone line.
A transmitting modem converts digital data to analog signals,
called modulation.
The receiving modem reconverts the analog signals back to
digital data, called demodulation.
An internaI modem plugs into an expansion slot on the
motherboard and a software driver is installed.
ExternaI modems connect to a computer through the
serial and USB ports and also require a software driver.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 80
DiaI-up Networking (DUN)
When computers use the public telephone system to
communicate, it is called diaI-up networking (DUN).
After the line connection has been established, a
"handshaking sequence" takes place between the two
modems and the computers.
The digital signals from the computers must be
converted to an analog signal to travel across
telephone lines. They are converted back to the digital
form, 1s and 0s, by the receiving modem so that the
receiving computer can process the data.
Uses AT commands
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 81
AT Commands
All modems require software to control the communication session.
Uses the Hayes-compatible command set. The Hayes command
set is based on a group of instructions that always begins with a
set of attention characters (AT), followed by the command
characters. These are known as AT commands.
The AT commands are modem control commands.
The AT command set is used to issue dial, hang up, reset, and
other instructions to the modem.
Most modem user manuals list the AT command set.
The Standard Hayes compatible code to dial is ATDxxxxxxx
Usually no spaces in an AT string.
The "x" signifies the number dialed.
Seven digits for a local call and 11 digits for long-distance.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 82
Function
AT
Attention code that precedes aII modem action commands
AP
DiaI the phone number, xxxxxxx, using puIse diaIing
ATDT xxxxxxx
DiaI the phone number, xxxxxxx, using tone diaIing
ATA
Answer the phone immediateIy
ATHO
Hang up the phone immediateIy
ATZ
#eset the modem to its power up settings
ATF
#eset modem parameters and settings to the factory
defauIts
AT+++
reak the signaI, change from data mode to command mode
P
Signifies puIse diaIing
T
Signifies tone diaIing
W
Indicates that the modem wiII wait
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 83
Types of Connectivity
Phone, cable, satellite, and private telecommunications
companies provide nternet connections.
n the 1990s, low-speed modems used the pIain oId
teIephone system (POTS) to send and receive data.
Today, many businesses and home users have switched
to high-speed nternet connections, which allows for
transmission of data, voice and video.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 84
Integrated Services DigitaI Network (ISDN)
A standard for sending voice, video, and data over
telephone wires.
Provides higher-quality voice and higher-speed data
transfer than traditional analog telephone service.
Three services offered by SDN digital connections:
Basic Rate nterface (BR), Primary Rate nterface (PR),
and Broadband SDN (BSDN).
SDN uses two different types of communications
channels:
"B" channel is used to carry the information - data, voice, or
video.
"D" channel is usually used for controlling and signaling, but can
be used for data.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 85
ISDN Types
Type Description
#I
SDN Basic Rate nterface offers a dedicated 128
Kbps connection using two 64 Kbps B channels.
SDN BR also uses on 16 Kbps D channel for call
setup, control, and teardown.
P#I
SDN Primary Rate nterface offers up to 1.544
Mbps over 23 B channels in North America and
Japan or 2.048 Mbps over 30 B channels in Europe
and Australia. SDN PR also uses one D channel
for call maintenance.
ISDN
Broadband SDN manages different types of service
all at the same time. BSDN is mostly used only in
network backbones.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 86
DigitaI Subscriber Line (DSL)
An "always-on" technology; there is no need to dial up
each time to connect to the nternet.
Uses the existing copper telephone lines to provide
high-speed data communication between end users
and telephone companies.
Asymmetric DS (ADS) is currently the most
commonly used DS technology.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 87
DSL Types
Type Description
ADSL
Asymmetric DS is most common. Downstream speed from
384 Kbps to 6 Mbps. Upstream speeds lower than
downstream speeds.
HDSL
High Data Rate DS provides equal bandwidth in both
directions.
SDSL
Symmetric DS provides the same speed, up to 3 Mbps, for
uploads and downloads
VDSL
Very High Data Rate DS is capable of bandwidths between
13 and 52 Mbps downstream, and 16 Mbps upstream.
IDSL
SDN DS is DS over SDN lines. Uses ordinary phone
lines. Requires SDN adapters
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 88
Power Line Communication (PLC)
Uses power distribution wires (local electric grid) to
send and receive data.
May be available in areas without any other service.
s faster than an analog modem.
May cost less than other high-speed connections.
Will become more common in time.
Can be used in a home or office environment through
an electrical outlet.
Can control lighting and appliances.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 89
roadband Connectivity
roadband is a technique used to transmit and receive
multiple signals using multiple frequencies over one
cable.
Broadband uses a wide range of frequencies that may
be further divided into channeIs.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 90
CabIe Modem
A cabIe modem connects your computer to the cable
company using the same coaxial cable that connects to
your cable television.
You can connect the computer directly into the cable modem.
You can connect a router, switch, hub, or multipurpose network
device so multiple computers can share the nternet connection.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 91
DSL Modem and FiIter
Voice and data signals are carried on different
frequencies on the copper telephone wires.
A filter is used to prevent DS signals from interfering
with phone signals. Plug the filter into a phone jack and
plug the phone into the filter.
The DS modem does not need a filter. A DS modem
can connect directly to your computer,
or it can be connected to a networking device to share
the nternet connection between multiple computers.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 92
A TypicaI ISDN Connection
SDN uses multiple
channels and can
carry voice, video,
and data; therefore,
it is considered a
type of broadband.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 93
roadband SateIIite
Uses a satellite dish for two-way
communication.
Download speeds are typically up to
500 Kbps, while uploads are closer
to 56 Kbps.
People in rural areas often use
satellite broadband because it is a
faster connection than dial-up and no
other broadband connection may be
available.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 94
s a method used to carry telephone calls over data
networks and the nternet.
Converts the analog signals of voices into digital
information that is transported in P packets.
Can also use an existing P network to provide access
to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
Depends on a reliable nternet connection. When a
service interruption occurs the user cannot make phone
calls.
Voice over IP (VoIP)
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 95
Preventive Maintenance for Networks
Common preventive maintenance techniques should
continually be performed for a network to operate
properly.
Keep network rooms clean and change air filters often.
Checking the various components of a network for wear.
Check the condition of network cables because they are
often moved, unplugged, and kicked.
abel the cables to save troubleshooting time later.
Refer to wiring diagrams and always follow your
company's cable labeling guidelines.
AC power adapters should be checked regularly.
The uninterruptibIe power suppIy (UPS) should be
tested to ensure that you have power in the case of an
outage.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 96
Step 1 Gather data from the
customer
Step 2 Verify the obvious issues
Step 3 Try quick solutions first
Step 4 Gather data from the
computer
Step 5 Evaluate the problem
and implement the solution
Step 6 Close with the customer
TroubIeshooting Process
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 97
1. Gather Data from the Customer
Customer information
Company name, contact name, address, phone number
Computer configuration
Operating system, protection software, network environment,
connection type
Use a work order to collect information
Description of problem
Open-ended questions
What type of network connection is your computer using?
Closed-ended questions
Can you access the nternet?
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 98
2. Verify the Obvious Issues
Examine the most obvious causes of a problem.
Check that the network cables are properly connected.
f a cable is not connected properly or if a NC is
improperly installed or configured, the ED link lights
on the NC will not light.
Check the wireless access point signal strength in your
network client software.
Use the ipconfig tool to make sure that the computer
has a valid, unique P address. Check for errors in the
subnet mask and default gateway address.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 99
3. Try Quick SoIutions First
Check that all cables are connected to the proper
locations.
Unseat and then reconnect cables and connectors.
Reboot the computer or network device.
ogin as a different user.
Repair or re-enable the network connection.
Contact the network administrator.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 100
4. Gather Data from the Computer
Ping is used to check network connectivity. t sends a
packet to the specified address and waits for a reply.
NsIookup is used to query nternet domain name
server. t returns a list of hosts in a domain or the
information for one host.
Tracert is used to determine the route taken by packets
when they travel across the network. t shows where
communications between your computer and another
computer are having difficulty.
Net View is used to display a list of computers in a
workgroup. t shows the available shared resources on
a network.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 101
You may need to conduct further research
Problem solving experience
Other technicians
nternet search and technical websites
News groups and online forums
Manufacturer FAQs
Computer and device manuals
5. EvaIuate ProbIem & ImpIement SoIution
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 102
6. CIose with the Customer
When you are confident that the problem is resolved:
Document the customer information, problem
description, and steps to resolve the issue in the work
order.
Explain to the customer how you solved the problem .
et the customer verify that the problem has been
solved.
Complete all documentation including sales orders,
time logs, and receipts.
Complete the work order.
Update the repair journal. You can use the notes from
the journal for future reference.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 103
Common ProbIems and SoIutions
ProbIem Symptom PossibIe SoIution
Computer is not abIe to
connect to a popuIar website.
Check DNS settings, hardware
and/or software firewaII settings.
Computer has an IP address
of 169.254.x.x.
Check to make sure the DHCP server
is operationaI and can be pinged.
Computer is not abIe to
connect to the network.
Check for Ioose network cabIes.
Computer is not abIe to print
using the network printer.
Check user permissions and status
of network printer.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 104
Chapter 8 Summary
The fundamentals of networking
The benefits of a network
The ways to connect computers to a network
The different aspects of troubleshooting a network
How to analyze problems and implement simple
solutions
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 105
Instructor
Training
Activities
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 106
Activities for Instructor Training
1. Take the Quiz provided in Chapter 8 course content.
2. Complete the four worksheets, four activities, and the
lab included in Chapter 8. Make notes of potential
issues and questions that students may have.
3. Conduct nternet research to pre-screen online
resources for students to use in completing the
student worksheets, 8.9.1 nternet Search for NC
Drivers.
4. Brainstorm a list of at least 4 troubleshooting
scenarios to provide students more opportunities to
practice this skill.
Refer to the student worksheet, 8.12.2 Diagnose a Network
Problem.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 107
Instructor Training Discussion
Share with the other instructors the list of online
resources found that students might use in completing
the research.
Share with the other instructors the list of additional
troubleshooting scenarios.
Participate in a role-playing activity of one of the
troubleshooting scenarios.
Following the role-playing activity, discuss the different
ways you might incorporate role-playing activities into
your classroom. Share ideas of how to make the
student successful in these activities.
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 108
AdditionaI #esources
Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the nternational
Telecommunications Union (TU-T) http://www.itu.int/TU-T/
nstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (EEE)
http://www.ieee.org/
nternational Organization for Standardization (SO)
http://www.iso.ch/iso/
nternet Architecture Board (AB) http://www.iab.org/
nternational Electrotechnical Commission (EC) http://www.iec.ch/
American National Standards nstitute (ANS) http://www.ansi.org/
Telecommunications ndustry Association (TA)
http://www.tiaonline.org/
Electronic ndustries Alliance (EA) http://www.eia.org/
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 109
Q and A
TE PC v4.0
Chapter 5 110

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