FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS

Conservation of Mass The Continuity Equation

Finite Control Volume Analysis
Derivation of the Continuity Equation
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
Finite Control Volume Analysis
Many practical problem in fluid mechanic require analysis of
behavior of contents of a finite region in space (control
volume)
The base of this analysis method are some fundamental
principles of physics, namely conservation of mass, Newtons
second law of motion and the law of thermodynamic.
Resultant techniques are powerful and applicable to a wide
variety of fluid mechanical circumstances that require
engineering judgment.
The finite control volume formulas are easy to interpret
physically and not difficult to use.
Identify the various kinds of forces and moments
acting on a control volume.
Use control volume analysis to determine the forces
associated with fluid flow.
Use control volume analysis to determine the
moments caused by fluid flow and the torque
transmitted.
Objective
What is a System??
A systemis a collection of matter of fixed identity (always
the same atom or fluid particle), which may move, flow
and interact with its surroundings.
What is a Control Volume ??
A control volume is a volume in space through which
fluid may flow.
A system is defined as a collection of unchanging
contents, so the conservation of mass principle for a
system is simply stated as;
time rate of change of the system mass = 0
or
) 1 . 5 ....( .......... .......... 0 =
Dt
Dm
sys
Derivation of the Continuity Equation
Figure 5.1: System and control volume at 3 different instances of
time.
(a) system and control at time t-t.
(b) system and control volume at t, coincident condition.
(c) system and control volume at t+t.
Figure 5.1b shows a system and a fixed, non-deforming control
volume that are coincident at an instant of time.
(considering conservation of mass B:mass, b = 1)
Thus, from Reynolds Transport Theorem:
) 2 . 5 .......( ..........
1 1 1 2 2 2
V A V A
t
m
Dt
Dm
cv
sys
+
c
c
=
Time rate of change
of the mass of the
coincident system
=
time rate of change of
the mass of the contents
of the coincident control
volume
+
net rate of flow of mass
through the control
surface
) 3 . 5 .......(
to; modified be can 5.2 Eq.
outlet, and inlet multiple has volume control the If
, volume control in mass of amount The
m Because
cv
in in in out out out
sys
cv
cv
V A V A d
t Dt
Dm
d m
d
}

}
+
c
c
=
=
=

) 4 . 5 ( .......... 0 =
c
c
t
m
cv
When the flow is steady;
0 =
c
c
}
cv
d
t

So that, for steady flow;
Eq. 5.5 is restricted to fixed, non-deforming control volumes having
uniform properties across the inlets and outlets, with the velocity
normal to the inlet and outlet areas.
) 5 . 5 .....( 0 = +
c
c

}
in in in out out
cv
out
V A V A d
t

The control volume expression for conservative of mass,
commonly called the continuity equation, is obtained by
combining Eq.5.1 and 5.3
For a steady, uniform flow with one entrance and one exit
If the density is constant in CV, the derivative / = 0
even if the flow is unstable.
The continuity equation then reduce to

Mass flow rate, through a section of a volume having area A is defined
as;
Q AV m = =
-
: fluid density
V : component of fluid velocity normal to area A
Q = VA : volume flowrate
Note: symbols used to denote mass,m(slugs or kg), and mass flowrate,
m (slugs/s or kg/s)

A
VdA
V
A

}
=
If the velocity is considered uniformly distributed (1-D flow) over
the section area, then;
V V =
Often the fluid velocity across a section area A is not uniform.
Average value of the component of velocity normal to section
area involved:
The cross-sectional area of the test section
of a large water tunnel is 100 ft
2
. For a test
velocity of 50 ft/s, what volume flow rate
capacity in minute is needed?
Exercise 1
Example 1: conservation of mass: steady , incompresible flow
Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shape
nozzle at the end of a fire horse. If the nozzle exit velocity
must be at least 20m/s, determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m
3
/s.
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume
Solution example 1:
- - -
= =
=
= +
c
c

}
2 1
1 1 1 2 2 2
m that with So
0
becomes (1) Eq outflows, one and inflow one is There
) 1 .......( 0
give to volume
control this of contents the to applied is 5.5 Equation
m m AV
V A V A
V A V A pd
t
in in in out out out
cv

1 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
(4) and (3) Eq From
) 4 ......( .......... Therefore
ible. incompress considered
maybe , example in this as speed, low at flow Liquid
) 3 .........( obtain We
, m Because
Q Q
Q Q
Q
=
=
=
=
-

then D), - (1 uniform considered is (2), section , plane

exit nozzle at the on distributi velocity the , simplicity for If, exit.
nozzle at the flowrate volume the to equal is capacity pumping The
2 2 2 1
A V Q Q = =
. / 0251 . 0
/ 1000
40
4
) / 20 (
4
3 2
2 2
s m
m mm
mm
s m D V =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
t t
The example problem illustrate that when the flow is
steady, the time rate of change of the mass of the
contents of the control volume is zero and the net
amount of mass flow rate, through the control surface
is therefore also zero.
) 9 . 5 ( .......... 0
zero also is surface control e through th Q, flowrate, volume
of amount net the ible, incompress also is flow steady the If
) 8 . 5 .........( 0


=
=
- -
in out
in out
Q Q
m m
) 11 . 5 ..( ..........
flow, ible incompress for and
) 10 . 5 .......(
(2), and (1) sections at volume control through flowing
fluid specific a of stream one only involving flow steady For
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
V A V A Q
V A V A m
= =
= =
-

Exercise 2
Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a
long, straight section of 0.25 m inside diameter pipe.
The static temperature and pressure at each
section are indicated in Fig 2. If the average air
velocity at section (2) is 320 m/s, determine the
average air velocity at section (1).
Solution exercise 2
For steady flow between section (1) and (2),
Or
Thus

2
=
1

1
=

2

2
. Eq.1

1
=
2

2

Combining Eq. 1 and 2, and observing that A
1
= A
2

1
=

2

2

= (127 kPa)/(690 kPa) x (300K/252K) x (320 m/s)
= 70.1 m/s
Assuming that under the conditions of this problem, air behaves as an ideal
gas we use the ideal gas equation of state;

1
=

2

2
eq2
When a moving control volume is used, the velocity relative
to the moving control volume (relative velocity) is an
important flow field variable.
The relative velocity, W, is the fluid velocity seen by an
observer moving with the control volume.
The control volume velocity, V
cv
, is the velocity of the
control volume as seen from a fixed coordinate system.
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
The absolute velocity, V is the fluid velocity seen by a
stationary observer in a fixed coordinate system.
The velocities are related to each other by the vector
equation;
V = W + V
CV
V
V
CV
W
The cv expression for conservation of mass (the continuity
equation) for a moving, non-deforming control volume is
the same as that for stationary control volume, provided
the absolute velocity is replaced by the relative velocity.
) 13 . 5 ( .......... 0 = + c
c
c

}
in in in out out
cv
out
W A W A
t

This equation is restricted to cv having uniform properties
across the inlets and outlets, with the velocity normal to
the inlet and outlet areas.
Example 2:
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the
steady rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure 5.4. If the exit
area of each of the two nozzles is 30mm
2
, determine the
average speed of water leaving the nozzle, relative to the
nozzle if (a) the rotary sprinkler head is stationary, (b) the
sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm and (c) the sprinkler head
accelerates from 0 to 600 rpm.
Solution example 2:
From the equation, for steady flow:
) 1 .....( 0 = + c
c
c

}
in in in out out
cv
out
W A W A
t

Because there is only one inflow [at the base of
rotating arm, section (1)] and two outflows [the two
nozzles at the tips of the arm, section (2) and (3), each
have the same area and fluid velocity], Eq. 1 becomes;
s m
mm liter ml
m mm liter m s ml
W
or
A
Q
W W A A W A Q
W A W A W A
W A W A W A
/ 7 . 16
) 30 )( 2 )( / 1000 (
) / 10 )( / 001 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
W
that follows it and , With
0
becomes 2 Eq. , with flow ible incompress for Hence,
) 2 ........( .......... 0
2
2 2 6 3
2
2
2
3 2 3 2 1 1
1 1 3 3 2 2
3 2 1
1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2
= =
=
= = =
= +
= =
= +


The value of W
2
is independent of the speed of rotation of
the sprinkler head and represents the average velocity of
the water exiting from each nozzle with respect to the
nozzle for cases (a), (b) and (c).
The velocity of water discharging from each nozzle, when
viewed from a stationary reference (i.e., V
2
), will vary as
the rotation speed of the sprinkler head varies since from
Eq. 5.12,
V
2
= W
2
U