ANSWERS & QUESTIONS 1 Outline the five general duties of employers to employees, as defined by HSWA.

The five general duties of employers are: - Provision and maintenance of safe plant and equipment and a safe system of work. - Safe arrangements and absence of risks to health for storage, transport, handling and use of articles and substances, etc. - Provision of adequate instruction, training, supervision and information necessary to ensure the health and safety at work of employees. - Provision and maintenance of a safe workplace including a safe means of access and egress. - Provision of a safe working environment and adequate welfare facilities and arrangements. 2 Outline the two general duties of employees, as defined by HSWA. The two general duties of employees are: - To take reasonable care for the health and safety of themselves and of other persons who may be affected by their acts or omissions at work. - As regards any duty or requirement imposed on their employer or any other person by or under any of the relevant statutory provisions, to cooperate with him so far as is necessary to enable that duty or requirement to be performed or complied with. 3 What are the responsibilities of employers to persons who are not employees? Employers must make adequate provision to protect third parties from harm as a result of their work activities by: Conducting their undertakings in such a way as to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that persons not in their employment who may be affected by such

undertaking are not exposed to risks to their health and safety. Give persons who are not their employees sufficient information regarding the undertaking as might affect their health and safety for example, details of potential hazards. 4 Under what conditions might an employer charge employees for the provision of safety equipment? Where the equipment provided is not a specific legal requirement. 5 Who may be regarded as first aiders, and what treatment is they expected to provide to anyone injured at the workplace? First aiders are those who have been trained to render first aid to ill or injured employees at work, and hold a current first aid certificate issued by a training course approved by HSE. They should render only emergency first aid treatment in which they have been specifically trained. 6 Where business premises are rented, is the employer responsible for health and safety matters relating to points of entry to and exit from the workplace? It would depend on the terms of the tenancy agreement. Responsibility lies with the person who may be said to control the particular aspect of the premises. 7 Outline the four areas of responsibility placed on persons in the supply chain for the articles and substances they supply to workplaces. All persons involved in the design, manufacture and supply of articles and substances, insofar as it relates to their own role, must: Ensure that the articles and substances, so far as is reasonably practicable, are safe and without risks to health at all times when being

used or stored at the workplace. The definition of the word use is deliberately broad.) Carry out or arrange for the carrying out of such testing and examination as may be necessary for the performance of the above. Take such steps as are necessary to secure that those supplied with the article or substance are provided with adequate information about the use for which the article is designed or has been tested, the risks to health or safety to which the inherent properties of the substance may give rise, and about any conditions necessary to ensure that the article or substance will be safe and without risks to health when in use. Take such steps as are necessary to secure that those supplied with information are provided with revisions as necessary by reason of it becoming known that anything gives rise to a serious risk to health or safety. 8 Outline the responsibilities of the client and the contractor where a contractor is working in the clients own workplace. In general terms, the client would be responsible for the workplace and environment, and the contractor for the job, with each being responsible as the employer to his own workers. 9 How may employers consult employees? Directly, or through elected representatives (safety representatives or nonunion elected representatives). 10 What are the main similarities and differences between the functions of union-appointed safety representatives and non-union elected representatives? The main functions which both union-appointed safety representatives and non-union elected representatives have in common are: Making representations to the employer on potential hazards and dangerous occurrences

at the workplace which affect or could affect the group of employees which they represent. Making representations to the employer on general matters affecting the health and safety at work of the group of employees which they represent. Representing those employees in consultations with health and safety inspectors. Safety representatives have the following additional functions which do not apply to nonunion elected representatives: To carry out inspections of the workplace. To look at the causes of accidents. To attend meetings of the safety committee. 11 What rights do safety representatives have? Safety representatives are entitled to the following: To receive any information which is necessary to enable them to perform their functions, and the employer must, where possible, make that information available. To inspect and take copies of any document relevant to the workplace or to the employees whom they represent and which the employer is required to keep by virtue of any relevant health and safety statutory provision. To receive information from inspectors. To be allowed time off with pay for the purpose of carrying out his/her functions, and for training. 12 Which employers have to establish a safety committee?

Employers have to establish a safety committee when requested to do so by two or more safety representatives. 13 What are safety circles?

Safety circles are small groups of employees who meet informally to discuss safety problems in their immediate working environment 14 Define health and safety culture Your definition should cover the main points of the two definitions given in the unit: From HSG65: The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organisations health and safety management. From IOSH: The characteristic shared attitudes, values, beliefs and practices of people at work concerning not only the magnitude of risks that they encounter but also the necessity, practicality, and effectiveness of preventive measures. 15 What is the difference between proactive and reactive indicators of a health and safety culture? Proactive indicators show how successfully health and safety plans are being implemented, mainly through the extent of compliance with systems and procedures. Reactive indicators show the outcomes of breaches of health and safety systems and procedures, mainly through accidents, etc. 16 Why are low accident rates not a good indicator of a positive safety culture? A low incidence of accidents may mask a high number of near misses, or even a lack of reporting. In low risk organisations, a very low rate of accidents would be expected and any accidents may be a cause for concern. It is not the accident rate itself which indicates the state of health and safety in the workplace, but why those accidents take place. 17 Why do accident rates rise during periods of organisational change?

A lack of focus on health and safety by management and staff, increased pressure of work on individuals during the change period, uncertainty over the outcome of change causing demotivation. 18 List the main internal and external influences on the approach to health and safety in an organisation. The main internal influences are management commitment, the demands of production, the form of communication, levels of competence and employee representation The main external influences are public opinion and expectations, legislation, trade unions and insurance companies. 19 What is perceptual distortion and how may it arise? Perceptual distortion, as applied to risk, occurs where the risk is not recognised for what it is. This may occur because of a failure to notice the hazard or a failure to interpret it as a risk. 20 What is the difference between an error and a violation? An error is an action or decision which was not intended, involving a deviation from an accepted standard and leading to an undesirable outcome. A violation on the other hand is a deviation from a rule, procedure, instruction or regulation. 21 How do an individuals peers exert influence over his/her behaviour? Through the influence of groups and group norms. 22 Why is encoding such a key element in the communication process? In order for the communication to be effective, the message at the centre of the communication must be understood by the recipient in the way intended by the sender. The process of encoding (and then decoding) involves putting the

message into words, gestures and symbols, etc. which the recipient will understand, so this is central to the effectiveness. 23 Is feedback essential for effective communication? No. Feedback opportunities may help, but are not essential. Most written communication is one-way and this does not, in itself, make that form of communication ineffective. 24 What are the main advantages and disadvantages of both written and oral forms of communication? The following table shows the advantages and disadvantages of the two forms of communication.
advantages Permanent record Written Disadvantages Expensive

More careful compilation Impersonal Widely distributed with Lack of feedback may ease lead to misunderstandings Immediate provision of Time consuming and information expensive Immediate feedback Personal and direct Impermanent Opportunities for misinformation

25 How are graphical symbols used in safety communications? Predominantly in signs. 26 How may safety briefings be supported? By the use of procedural manuals and by reinforcing signs. 27 What are the main functions of committees and working groups?

Oral

The main functions of formal meetings are to: provide members with an opportunity to exchange views and information make recommendations for action to a higher organisational level generate ideas or solutions to problems make policy and other decisions for the organisation. 28 What should be the first priority in induction training? To set out the general instructions and procedures to be followed for safe movement around the workplace and what to do in the event of a fire or accident. 29 Apart from induction, when should training always be provided? Whenever there is a change to the job or tasks which employees are expected to perform, and when new legislation is introduced. 30 Why is the distinction between hazards and risks so important to health and safety management? Hazards will always exist, to some degree, in the workplace and it is generally not possible to eliminate them. Risk can be controlled and reduced. This, therefore, is the focus of health and safety management. 31 State the purpose and objectives of risk assessment. Risk assessment is an examination of what could cause harm to people as a result of work activities in order than appropriate precaution may be put in place to prevent harm. Its overall aim is to ensure that no one suffers harm as a result of workplace activities. 32 Do near misses have to be reported or recorded?

Yes on both counts. Depending on the nature of the accident, a near miss may well fall into the categories requiring reporting as a dangerous occurrence. All near misses are accidents and, as such, need to be documented in the organisations safety records since they may indicate hazards and risks which are not being adequately protected against. 33 What is the basic calculation for risk? Risk = Frequency Severity 34 What do accident triangles show? Accident triangles show the relationship between numbers of accidents with different outcomes. They state the numbers of less serious accidents which occur for each occurrence of the most serious. 35 What limitations are there on the use of accidents statistics to draw comparisons with other workplaces or the industry as a whole? The basis on which the statistics were prepared may not be the same and the workplaces themselves may not directly comparable. The larger numbers of accidents included in statistics for an industry as a whole are likely to provide a more accurate reflection of the reality than the smaller numbers involved in one particular workplace. 36 What are the two ways in which accidents may be classified? By the cause of the accident itself or by the cause of the injury arising from the accident. 37 What are the main causes of accidents? Human failings. 38 State the four forms in which chemical agents may be encountered. Liquids, dusts, fumes and mists 39 What is the difference between an acute and a chronic effect?

acute effect is the response induced by a single dose or limited exposure to an agent and a chronic effect is the long-term response, usually after repeated exposures to a sub-lethal concentration of the agent. 40 State the four ways in which physical hazards may cause harm to a persons general health. Physical hazards cause harm to the body through mechanical, radiation or thermal sources or because of ergonomic conditions. 41 Into what categories are accidents which result in injuries caused by falling divided? Slips, trips and falls on the same level, and falls from a height. 42 State the five steps involved in risk assessment. Identifying hazards, determining who might be harmed and how, evaluating the risks arising from the hazards and deciding if existing precautions are adequate or more should be done, recording the findings, and reviewing the assessment. 43 Under what conditions may an employer not have to prepare a written record of the risk assessment? Where the employer has fewer than five employees. 44 Apart from operatives, what particular staff groups need special consideration during a risk assessment? Maintenance staff, cleaners, young workers, lone workers, new and expectant mothers and disabled staff. 45 What techniques are used for identifying hazards? Inspection, job/task analysis, analysis of incident data, examination of legislative requirements and associated guidance, examination of manufacturers information.

46 What is residual risk? Residual risk is the level of risk remaining after the application of safety precautions. It should be only low-level, tolerable risk. 47 What factors are used to evaluate risk? The likelihood of harm occurring and the severity of that harm. 48 State the three principles underlying the order of the general control hierarchy. Elimination of the hazard, using physical or engineering controls to reduce the risk at source and provide protection generally, and control of the person by job design, management or (as a last resort) personal protective equipment. 49 What conditions would necessitate a risk assessment review Factors that would require a risk assessment include changes in legislation or control measures, a significant change in work practices and processes, or installation of new machinery and equipment. 50 Which three general principles of prevention are not included in the following list? -Avoiding risks (wherever possible). -Evaluating risks that cannot be avoided by carrying out a risk assessment. -Adapting work to the requirements of the individual. -Adapting to technical progress. -Replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or less dangerous. -Developing a coherent overall prevention policy. The three missing principles are: -Combating the risks at source, rather than taking measures to control the risk in the wider context of the workplace.

-Giving priority to collective protective measures over individual protective measures. -Giving appropriate instructions to employees. 51What type of sign is represented by the following? (i)
Blue

(ii) (iii) (iv)

Red

Yellow Gree n

Mandatory action must put litter in bins. Prohibition not drinking water. Safe conditions drinking water. Warning radiation hazard. 52 State, in order, the three elements of the hierarchy of control. - First, eliminate the hazard through elimination or substitution. - Second, use engineering controls which reduce the risk at source and provide protection generally rather than individually. - Finally, control the way people interact with the hazard by working patterns and methods, or as a last resort, the use of personal protective equipment. 53 What do engineering controls do? Engineering controls provide plant and equipment with built-in safety features, and add particular safety equipment to processes in order to remove or reduce risks.

54 When should personal protective equipment be used? When it has not been possible to eliminate the hazard or reduce risk to acceptable levels by the use of engineering controls, working methods or working patterns. 55 Define a safe system of work. A safe system of work is a formal procedure which results from systematic examination of the tasks of a work process in order to identify all the hazards and defines methods of working which eliminate those hazards or minimise the risks associated with them. 56 under what legislative requirements are employers under a general duty to ensure, as far as is practicable, a safe system of work for their employees? Section 2(2) of the Health and Safety at Work Etc. Act 1974. 57 How does involving employees in the development of safe systems of work contribute to the strengthening of the safety culture? Involvement enables employees to gain a deeper understanding of hazards and risks, and of the way in which safe systems of work will minimise those risks. 58 What is the difference between technical, procedural and behavioural controls? Technical, or engineering, controls are those that are applied directly to the hazard itself in order to minimise the risk. Procedural controls define the way in which work should be carried out in relation to the hazard. Behavioural controls define how the individual operative, or groups of workers, must act in relation to the hazard. 59 Which of these types of control are used in permits-to-work?

All of them. 60 Why do instruction, training and supervision form a part of safe systems? Because only persons who are competent by means of appropriate training and instruction may be allowed to undertake the work. Supervision is necessary to ensure that staff follows instructions and their training. 61 What is a permit-to-work? Permits-to-work are formal written documents specifying the work to be done and the precautions to be taken. Work can only start when it is confirmed that it is safe to do so, and the work must be carried out in strict adherence to the requirements of the permit. On completion, confirmation is required that all safe measures have been reinstated before any further work can commence. 62 What three key elements are missing from this list of requirements for a permit-to-work form? Permit title, number and reference to other relevant permits or isolation certificates. Job location, plant identification, description of work to be done and its limitations. Hazard identification and precautions necessary. Signature of the manager releasing the plant for the job and confirming that isolations have been made/precautions taken, except those which can only be taken during the work. Signature confirming understanding of the work to be done, the hazards involved and the precautions required. Hand-back signatures, with time and date, of both the permit acceptor and issuer confirming that all the procedures have been carried out correctly, the work has been

completed and the plant is ready for testing and recommissioning. Cancellation signatures, with time and date, certifying that the work has been tested and the plant satisfactorily recommissioned, and that it has been accepted back in a safe condition for production to recommence. The three missing elements are: -Protective equipment necessary when undertaking the work. -Date and time duration of the permit. -Extension/shift hand-over procedures signatures confirming that checks have been made to ensure that the plant remains safe to be worked upon, and that the new acceptor/workers have been made fully aware of the hazards and precautions. Where an extension to the work is involved, a new expiry time for the permit must be given. 63 What is the main objective of an emergency procedure? The main objective of emergency procedures is to provide a safe environment for employees during an emergency and to limit the loss of property. 64 What hazards should be included in a risk assessment relating to emergency procedures? Hazards at the workplace, and also those at nearby facilities which may affect it. 65 What is the role of those with special designated responsibilities in the event of an emergency? Their role will be to: Receive information about incidents likely to give rise to an emergency situation. Determine the initial response to the situation, including whether an evacuation is necessary, and lead that response.

Contact the emergency and rescue services as necessary, and brief them on the nature of the incident and any special problems/hazards they might face. 66 What items should not be included in a first aid kit? Medicines and tablets (since these may only be dispensed by qualified medical personnel). 67 What are the three main types of hazard faced by pedestrians? Slips, trips and falls; collisions; injury or damage caused by environmental conditions. 68 What are the main hazards causing slips, trips and falls on the same level? Wet or greasy floors, uneven or loose surfaces, and obstacles on the surface. 69 What are the four main environmental hazards? Lighting levels, heat, noise and air quality. 70 State four items that a risk assessment should consider in relation to potential hazards to pedestrians. There are a large number of such factors. The following were identified in the unit: -The natural patterns of movement in and around, and in the vicinity of, the workplace. -Patterns of movement outside of those which are natural, whether authorised or not, and which may be reasonably predicted. -The particular needs of certain groups. -The needs of persons not normally on the premises. -The impact of different weather conditions. -The impact of maintenance strategies and processes. -Accident and incident reports.

-The effectiveness, in practice, of existing measures and systems of work in providing adequate protection for pedestrians. 71 What is a designated walkway? Designated walkways are areas which are specially protected from hazards, particularly in respect of segregation from vehicles, and within which pedestrians should be reasonably safe from harm. 72 Where are handrails required? Secure handrails must be provided for moderate or steep slopes, on ramps used by people with disabilities, on at least one side of every staircase and, where the width of the staircase exceeds one metre, on both sides. 73 Where and how should hazard warning markings be placed? Hazard warning markings yellow diagonal stripes on a black background should be fixed by tape or painted onto any object likely to present an unforeseen hazard. In addition, they may be used to indicate areas to avoid, such as around doors used by vehicles, and delineate the edges of safe walkways. 74 What safety measures may be taken in respect of doors? Four strategies are suggested: One-way systems through double doors Automatic doors or soft doors Hazard signals and warning lights on the doors themselves, and in surrounding areas Insertion of viewing panels 75 What are the three main types of hazard caused by vehicle operations? Loss of control, overturning and collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians or fixed objects. 76 What may cause loss of control of a vehicle? Driver error, mechanical failure and environmental conditions.

77 What factors may contribute to the risk of overturning? Several factors may be involved, including: Speed of travel Steepness of the slope Height of the vehicle (including its load) Stability of the load High tyre pressure Any external longitudinal pressure, such as wind or colliding objects Presence and size of, any bumps or holes in the surface. 78 Identify the environmental conditions which might contribute to accidents. Adverse environmental conditions include: Poor weather Poor lighting. Poor sight lines. Poor ground surface. Congestion. 79 How can visibility be improved? By ensuring adequate lighting is provided for the traffic route (and its surrounds) and by ensuring that sight lines are optimised. 80 Identify the main safety features used to manage vehicle operations and movement. Management of vehicle operations and movements encompasses the following measures: Movement systems. Speed limits. Vehicle parking. Signs and markings. Signalling. Loading and unloading procedures. Specific rules for particular sites.

General rules for ensuring vehicles do not become hazards. 81 On what key areas should vehicle maintenance concentrate to ensure the safety of vehicles? Vehicle maintenance, in respect of safety, should concentrate on: Braking systems. Steering mechanisms. Tyres. Exhaust systems. 82 In what conditions should warning lights and alarm systems be used? Warning lights and alarms should be used to inform people and other drivers of the approach of a vehicle. They are particularly important at blind corners, junctions and doorways, and on reversing. 83 What special equipment should be fitted to vehicles to protect drivers? The main means of protecting drivers are the use of seat belts, secured doors and protective cages and cabins with shatter-proof glass. 84 What are the main means of segregating vehicles and pedestrians? There are three main means of segregation: Barriers and/or clear surface markings to delineate separate routes for pedestrians and vehicles. Designated points for pedestrians to use when crossing vehicle routes. Separate doorways, etc. for pedestrians. 85 What are the main causes of injury to persons as a result of manual handling operations? The main causes of injury are: Failing to use a proper technique for lifting and/or moving the object(s) or load

Moving loads which are too heavy Failing to grip the object(s) or load in a safe manner Not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. 86 what is a WRULD and how might it be brought about? WRULD stands for work related upper limb disorder and refers to ill-health conditions affecting the upper limbs, particularly the soft connecting tissues, muscles and nerves of the hand, wrist, arm and shoulder. WRULDs arise from the repetition of ordinary movements (such as gripping, twisting, reaching or moving), often in a forceful and awkward manner, without sufficient rest or recovery time. 87 What is the primary means of minimising the hazards of manual handling? The elimination of risk by the use of mechanical aids. 88 What are the characteristics of the load which present a hazard? The characteristics of a load which constitute a hazard are its weight, size, shape, resistance to movement, rigidity or lack of it, position of its centre of gravity, presence or absence of handles, surface texture, stability of any contents and the contents themselves. 89 Identify the main hazards presented by the working environment in respect of manual handling operations. The main hazards in the working environment are: Constraints on movement and posture Conditions of floors and other surfaces Variations in levels Temperature and humidity Strong air movements Lighting conditions

90 How can manual handling tasks be redesigned to make them less hazardous? Re-design of the task may include: Sequencing adjusting the sequence of tasks in a process to minimise the number of operations involving lifting and carrying loads. Work routine reducing repetitious operations to allow variation in movement and posture, by such means as introducing breaks, job rotation and providing ways in which workers can operate more at their own pace, rather than the work being conditioned by a continuous supply of materials to be handled. Using teams sharing the load by using teams of workers to carry out the task. 91 What are the most common hazards associated with: Fork-lift trucks Lifts and hoists Cranes Sack trucks The most common hazard of lift trucks is that, with their small wheels and particularly when loaded and with the forks raised, they may become unbalanced, resulting in them shedding their load or tipping over. Other hazards arise from the constant need to reverse the truck, obscured vision when the load is raised and using unsuitable trucks for the working environment. The main risks associated with lifts and hoists are falls from a height (from a landing level, from the platform or with the platform) and being hit by materials falling from the platform. Other hazards include being struck by the platform or other moving parts, and being struck by external objects or structures while riding on the platform. The main hazards associated with cranes are the risk of them becoming unbalanced and toppling over, the arm of the crane swinging out of control or the load striking something whilst being moved horizontally or falling.

(1) (2)

The main hazards of sack trucks are overloading, instability of the load, tipping when moving over uneven ground or on slopes, and careless stowage. 92 What personal protective equipment might be appropriate for working with? Pallet trucks Safety footwear, as well as gloves and aprons to protect whilst handling loads. Cranes Safety helmets. 93 How can access to and egress from lifts be made safe for people? The main means of protection is the use of interlocking gates which ensure that access to and egress from the lift platform is only possible when the lift is at rest. Other relevant safety measures include the positioning of the operator so that each access point can be seen or the use of signallers to inform the operator that it is clear. 94 When, under the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998, must a thorough examination of lifting equipment used to carry people be conducted? When the lifting equipment is used for the first time, or the first time it is used at a new location, and thereafter, at least every six months. 95 Define work equipment. Work equipment is any machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or installation for use at work (whether exclusively or not). (i) Define use. Use covers any activity at work, including starting, stopping, programming, setting, transporting, repairing, modifying, maintaining, servicing and cleaning. 96 What does a CE mark signify? The fixing of a CE mark to a piece of machinery signifies that it conforms to all the relevant

essential health and safety requirements for that machinery as laid down by EU Directives. It provides, therefore, an assurance of the initial integrity of the equipment i.e. that it is safe when properly installed, maintained and used for its intended purpose. 97 What environmental considerations are recognised by PUWER as necessary for the safe use of work equipment? Stability, lighting, markings and warnings, and clear and unobstructed workspace 98 In what situations is a planned programme of preventative maintenance required, and on what should it be based? A programme of preventive maintenance is required in cases where the safety of a piece of work equipment depends upon the installation conditions, or where it is exposed to conditions liable to cause deterioration to a dangerous state. The programme will be based on regular inspection of the work equipment. 99 In what situations are workers required to receive training in the use of a particular piece of work equipment? All persons who use work equipment should receive training on the equipment they are expected to use including the health and safety implications, potential risks and precautions. This applies at all times, not to certain conditions or pieces of equipment, although clearly the extent of the training required will vary with the complexity and risk presented by the equipment. 100 From what do the risks in the use of hand tools arise? The risks in the use of hand tools arise from operator error, misuse and improper maintenance. 101From what do the additional risks of portable power tools arise? The additional risks of portable power tools arise from the presence of the power source (and

especially the cables) and the speed and force of the tool itself. 102 Why might each power tool be marked? To identify it for inspection purposes as part of a routine maintenance system. 103 What are the general factors about machines and the way in which people may come into contact with them which cause the specific mechanical hazards in any situation? There are six general factors: Shape of the machine for example, whether an object has sharp edges, angular parts, etc., which may be a hazard even if not moving. Relative motion of machine parts or of a machine part to a body, or part of a body. Mass and stability of the machine or parts of it, including the work piece. Acceleration of moving parts of a machine (or the work piece), either under normal conditions or if something breaks. Inadequate mechanical strength of a machine or part of it. Potential energy of elastic components which may be translated into movement. (103)What are drawing-in injuries? These occur where a part of the body is caught between two moving parts and drawn into the machine. (104)List the non-mechanical hazards arising from the use of machinery. Noise, vibration, electricity, temperature, hazardous materials and substances (including radiation) and ergonomics. (105)What hazards might arise from the use of the following machines? Bench top grinder Simple robot Pneumatic drill Bench-mounted saw

i)

ii)

(i)Bench top grinder: Mechanical contact, ejection of parts, swarf Non-mechanical dust Simple robot: Mechanical - impact/crushing Non-mechanical noise Pneumatic drill: Mechanical - impact/crushing Non-mechanical noise, vibration, dust Bench-mounted saw: Mechanical cutting/severing Non-mechanical noise, dust 106What is the hierarchy of protective measures? Regulation 11(2) of PUWER specifies the hierarchy of protective measures as follows: Fixed enclosing guards Other guards or protection devices Protection appliances The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision. (107)What five requirements are there for any guarding system? That they should: Be compatible with process Of adequate strength Maintained Not increase risk Not be easily by-passed or disabled (108) Describe the principles of an interlocking guard system. Interlocking guards comprise a system which links the opening of the primary guard to the operation of a second safety device either to the complete stoppage of the machine or to the operation of another guard. (109) What is a trip device?

A trip device is a system which stops or reverses the motion of a machine when a person enters the hazard area. (110)What are the limitations of adjustable guards? There are two potentially serious limitations: They can easily be defeated. They rely upon operators being 100% vigilant in providing for their own safety, a condition the guard should provide, not the operator. 111 What are protection appliances? These are hand held tools or hand controlled fixed devices which are used to hold or manipulate a work piece as it enters the machine, is worked on and/or removed from the machine. They allow the operator to keep control of the piece whilst not coming into contact with the hazardous parts of the machine. They include push sticks, jigs and other types of holder. 112 How may two-handed controls be overridden? Two people can override the system by each holding one handle. 113 When are operators required to be trained in the use of safety equipment? At all times and in all situations. 114 What is the voltage of a circuit? Voltage is the measure of difference in electrical potential between the two terminals of a circuit. 115 What determines the current in a circuit? The current in a circuit is determined by the voltage. 116 What is the difference between resistance and impedance? In principle, there is no difference both terms relate to the slowing of the flow of electricity through a circuit. Generally, resistance relates to the components connected to a circuit,

whereas impedance relates to resistance within the conductor itself. 117 What is a short circuit? A short circuit is formed where another conductor touches the circuit and provides the electricity with an alternative path to a terminal with a larger potential difference than the neutral terminal, usually the earth. 118 What is earthling? Earthling provides a safe path for any faulty current to be dissipated to earth through a designated conductor. 119 What is the main effect of electric shock on the body? An electric shock results in a convulsive response by the nervous system to the passage of electricity through that part of the body, causing the muscles to contract, often violently so. 120 If a person receives a shock for one second which passes through the body along a path with an impedance of 10,000 ohms, what would be the current received and what effect might it have on the person if the voltage of the circuit touched was: 240 volts 110 volts 50 volts Using the equation for calculating current from Ohms Law, and expressing the result in milliamps:
(i) I = mA. (ii) I = mA.
V V R V R 240 This will cause strong muscle = 1o,000 = 24 contraction and possibly some breathing difficulties.

= 1o,000 = 11 This will be painful and there will be some muscle contraction.
50

110

I = = 1o,000 = 5 This will be barely perceptible (iii) R perhaps some mild tingling will be felt. mA.

121 What is the first step in treating a victim of electric shock? The first action should be to break any continuing contact between the victim and the current. 122 What is arcing and what risks does it pose? Arcing is the electrical bridging, through air, of one conductor with a very high potential to another nearby, earthed conductor. If the arc is connected to a person, the victim may be subject to both a flame burn from the arc and electric shock from the current which passes through the body. There is also a danger of burns from ultraviolet radiation and radiated heat, even where the arc does not actually touch a person. Arcing can also provide a source of ignition for fire. 123 Why are cable drum extensions leads dangerous? The bends in the cable increase resistance and may cause overheating of the conductor. 124 What five factors should be used to assess the suitability of the construction of an electrical system? The factors to be considered when evaluating the suitability of the construction of electrical systems are: The manufacturers recommendations The likely load and fault conditions The probable use of the system(s) The need for suitable electrical protection devices, such as overload protection The environmental conditions which may affect the mechanical strength and protection required. 125 What protection is offered by the cord grip in a plug? A cord grip restricts movement at the point of entry of the flexible cable into the plug, thus preventing abrasion of the cable. It also

prevents the conductors being pulled loose from their terminals. 126 What is the difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker? A fuse forms a weak link in a circuit by overheating and melting by design if the current exceeds the safe limit. A circuit breaker is a mechanical device in the form of a switch which automatically opens if the circuit is overloaded. 127 What is the purpose of fan in an item of electrical equipment? A fan is designed to dissipate excess heat generated by the normal operation of the equipment. It is not designed to prevent overheating from electrical faults. 128 What is Equipotential bonding? Equipotential bonding is the process of connecting all extraneous metalwork in the system to a common bonding conductor, thus ensuring that all the metalwork is at the same potential and, if any of the metal fittings become live, current will not flow through the system. 129 What is the difference between switching off and isolation? Switching off refers to depriving the equipment of electric power, but still leaving it connected. Isolation refers to physically separating it from any source of electric power, with the additional step being taken of ensuring that it cannot be inadvertently re-energised. 130 What protection is offered by a reduced voltage transformer in a circuit? Reduced voltage circuits reduce the effect of any shock received from making contact with part of the circuit. 131 State the main elements of a proper system of maintenance. The main elements of a proper system of maintenance are:

Identification of the equipment which has to be maintained and where/how it is to be used Discouragement of unauthorised equipment in the workplace Carrying out simple user checks for signs of damage for example, casing, plug pins and cable sheath Formal visual inspections carried out routinely by a competent person Periodic testing of equipment by a competent person Systems for the reporting and replacement of defective equipment Recording of all maintenance and test results along with the inventory of equipment in use. 132 What checks should be carried out before an item of electrical equipment is used? The person utilising the electrical equipment should visually check for signs that the equipment is not in sound condition for example: Damage to the cable sheathes, joints or plugs The equipment has been subjected to conditions for which it is not suitable for example, it is wet or excessively contaminated Damage to the external casing of the equipment or there are loose parts or screws. 133 What is the safest method of powering electric hand tools which are being used outside? If they cannot be powered by battery, the electrical power should be delivered through a reduced voltage circuit and/or protected by a residual current circuit break 134 What is likely to happen if you open a window to release the dense smoke in a room created by a fire? The smoke may begin to clear, but by allowing fresh air into an oxygen-depleted environment, the fire is likely to burn with increased intensity.

Explain briefly how each of the following might start a fire. (i) Static electricity (ii) Friction (iii) Space heater (i) Static electricity is an electrostatic charge produced by friction or induction. The charge may be transported a considerable distance from the point of origin and a spark may be produced when sufficient charge accumulates. This spark may have enough energy for ignition. (ii) Friction is the process whereby heat is given off by two materials moving against one another. In the absence of a lubricant or cooling substance, it can result in the surfaces of the materials becoming hot or actually producing sparks, either of which may be sufficient to cause ignition. Friction can be caused by impact (one material striking another), rubbing (when moving parts of a machine contact stationary surfaces) or smearing (for example, when a steel surface coated with a softer light metal is subjected to a high specific bearing pressure with sliding or grazing). (iii) A space heater is designed to give off considerable heat and, close to the heater, temperatures may be very high. Fire may be started by combustible materials being placed too close to the source of the heat (through radiation) or by actually touching the hot surfaces of the heater itself. 135 Identify the process of heat transmission/fire spread shown in the following photographs. (i) Convection

Source: Safe Practice Fire Safety (ii)

(iii)Source: Safe Practice Fire Safety Conduction

Source: Safe Practice Fire Safety

Radiation

136 What additional method of heat transfer/fire spread is not illustrated by the photographs above? Direct burning 137 Identify the fire classification of each of the following types of fire. Butane gas cylinders burning in the storage area of a garden centre. Class C fires involving gases or liquefied gases.. - Fire in the paint shop of a car manufacturer. - Class B fires involving flammable liquids or liquefied solids. - Fire in an office. - Class A fires involving solid, mainly carbonaceous, materials (here, most likely paper and furniture, etc.).

138 How might you minimise the risk of fire in a woodworking area? Fire risk can be minimised by ensuring that wood shavings and dust are cleared regularly and ignition sources such as cigarettes and sparks from electrical equipment do not come into contact with combustible materials. 139 What precautions should be taken when using flammable liquids? The volume of flammable liquids in use at any one time should be minimised (up to 50 litres is usual) and it should be held in appropriate (usually metal), correctly labelled containers with secure lids. The need to decant highly flammable liquids from one container to another should be minimised, thus reducing the risk of spillages. 140 Upon what does the fire resistance of each of the following building materials depend? Timber The fire resistance of timber depends on the four Ts the thickness or cross-sectional area of the piece, the tightness of any joints involved, the type of wood and any treatment received. Reinforced concrete The fire resistance of reinforced concrete depends on the type of aggregate used and the thickness of concrete over the reinforcing rods. Brick walls The fire resistance of a brick wall depends on its thickness, the applied rendering or plastering, whether the wall is load-bearing or not, and the presence of perforations or cavities within the bricks. 141 Describe the effects of fire on an unprotected steel beam. The beam will distort, possibly causing the collapse of any structure it is supporting. It will also conduct heat and increase the possibility of fire spread.

142 Describe how flame retardant paint protects covered timber. The paint, when exposed to heat, bubbles rather than burns, and thus gives additional protection to the covered timber. 143 What three topics must be addressed in a fire risk assessment? A site plan, the fire hazards and their level of risk, and fire control and evacuation measures 144 What are the limitations of manual alarm systems and how may they be overcome? Manual systems alone can only raise an alarm over a limited area and for a limited time. There needs to be some means for the person raising the alarm to make it general by using the phone or public address system, or a manual/electric system. 145 Identify the three ways in which fire may be detected and state the types of automatic detector associated with each. (i) Detection of smoke or other fumes by ionisation or optical smoke detectors. (ii) Detection of flames by ultra-violet and infrared radiation detectors. (iii) Detection of heat by fusion or expansion heat detectors. 146 Identify the three ways of extinguishing a fire. (4) Starvation (removing the fuel), smothering (removing the oxygen) and cooling (removing the heat). 147 identify the classes of fire for which each of the following extinguishing agents/devices are suitable. Water Carbon dioxide gas Dry powder Foam Fire blankets (i)Water class A(ii) Carbon dioxide gas classes A and B(iii) Dry powder classes A, B, and D(iv)Foam class B(v) Fire blankets classes A, B, D and F

148 State the four colour coding requirements for portable fire extinguishers. Water Red Chemical foam Cream Carbon dioxide Black Dry powder Blue 149 Outline the main points to be covered in training in the use of fire extinguishers. General understanding of how extinguishers operate. The importance of using the correct extinguisher for different classes of fire Practice in the use of different extinguishers When to and when not to tackle a fire When to leave a fire that has not been extinguished 150 Which premises require a fire certificate? Factories, offices, shops and railway premises where either: more than 20 people are at work; or more than 10 people work elsewhere than the ground floor; or Explosives or highly flammable liquids are stored or used. Hotels and boarding houses providing sleeping accommodation for more than six guests or staff. 151 Are premises which do not require a fire certificate regulated in any way in respect of fire safety? Yes. Unless they are specifically exempted, they have to meet the requirements of Fire Precaution (Workplace) Regulations 1997, as amended 1999, which apply very similar standards to those in respect of fire certificates. 152 What areas may be used as assembly points? An assembly point should be a place of ultimate safety (outside the building, in the open air, away from any further danger from the fire) or a place of comparative or relative safety, in a fireprotected area.

153 What should take place in an assembly point following an evacuation? There should be a roll call to ensure that all people in the affected area are present. 154 State the escape times and distances for High fire risk areas Normal fire risk areas Low fire risk areas High fire risk areas one minute or 12 - 25 metres Normal fire risk areas three minutes or 18 - 45 metres Low fire risk areas five minutes or 45 - 60 metres 155 What is the purpose of signs used on escape routes? To direct occupants to the means by which they can safely leave the premises. 156 Outline the main requirements for an escape route. The escape route should be as straight as possible direct to the assembly point, clear of obstruction, free of materials which could pose a fire hazard, and be wide enough throughout (including at doorways and openings) to provide for the unrestricted flow of people. 157 List the actions for which fire marshals/wardens are responsible when an evacuation takes place. Ensuring all occupants leave by the designated escape route Searching all areas to ensure that the area is clear Ensuring that fire escape routes are kept open and clear at all times Ensuring all doors and windows are closed on leaving the area Conducting the roll call at the assembly area

Meeting the fire brigade on arrival and informing them of all relevant details. 158 State the forms of chemical agents which may arise in the workplace. (1) Liquids, gases, vapours, mists, fumes and dusts 159 Identify the three general classifications of chemical hazards and the categories of danger associated with each. The classification of hazardous substances into categories of danger is shown in the following table. PhysicalToxicology Chemical Explosive Very toxic Oxidising Toxic Extremely Harmful flammable Corrosive Highly flammable Irritant Flammable Sensitising Carcinogenic Mutagenic Toxic for reproduction Environmental Toxic or harmful to aquatic organisms Long-term effects such as persistence Toxic to the nonaquatic environment Dangerous for the ozone layer

160 Distinguish briefly between acute and chronic ill-health effects. Acute ill-health effects arise where the quantity of a toxic or harmful substance absorbed into the body produces harmful effects very quickly i.e. within seconds, minutes or hours. Chronic ill-health effects arise where the harmful effects of a substance absorbed into the body take a very long time to appear months or perhaps years. 161 Identify the routes of entry of chemical and biological agents into the body.

Inhalation, ingestion, absorption, aspiration and injection. 162 What is a risk phrase? A risk phrase is a simple sentence which describes the nature of a hazard. It is added to the category of danger to complete the classification of substances hazardous to health. 163 What are the conditions which allow the Legionella bacterium to develop? The Legionella bacterium thrives in: Water temperatures in the range of 2045C. The presence of sediment, sludge, scale and/or organic material in the water which act as a source of nutrients. Slime on the surface of water. 164 What is the difference between the effects of CO2 and CO? Both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are asphyxiants that is, on inhalation, they do not cause direct injury to the respiratory tract, but reduce the oxygen available to the body. CO2 is a simple asphyxiant which displaces air, whereas CO is a chemical asphyxiant which combines with haemoglobin to form a compound which prevents oxygen transport by the blood. 165 What is the difference between an inhalable substance and a respirable substance? Inhalable substances are capable of entering the mouth, nose and upper reaches of the respiratory tract during breathing. Respirable substances are capable of deeper penetration to the lung itself. It is the size of the individual particle that determines whether a substance such as a dust is inhalable or respirable. 166 What is pneumoconiosis? Pneumoconiosis is the general term for an accumulation of dust in the lungs and the tissue reaction to its presence. 167 What is the Approved Supply List?

The Approved Supply List sets out the classification (categories of danger and risk phases) of chemical substances deemed hazardous to health. It forms part of the CHIP Regulations. 168 What is Guidance Note EH40? Guidance Note EH40 sets out the occupational exposure limits for substances hazardous to health. 169 What is the difference between an MEL and an OES? A Maximum Exposure Limit (MEL) is the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a particular period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances. An Occupational Exposure Standard (OES) is the concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a particular period, at which, according to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if they are exposed by inhalation day after day to that concentration. 170 What you understand by the term timeweighted average in relation to an OEL? Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) are expressed time-weighted averages, meaning that measurements are taken over a particular time period (15 minutes for short-term limits or 8 hours for long-term limits) and then averaged out. The concept of time-weighted averages allows concentrations levels to exceed the limit, provided that there are equivalent exposures below it to compensate. 171 Give three examples of the limitations of OELs? The limitations of OELs are: They are designed only to control absorption into the body following inhalation. They take no account of human sensitivity or susceptibility (especially in relation to allergic response).

They do not take account of the synergistic effects of mixtures of substances. They do not provide a clear distinction between safe and dangerous conditions. They cannot be applied directly to working periods which exceed eight hours. They may be invalidated by changes in temperature, humidity or pressure. 172 What information must be provided on the label of a substance or preparation which has been classified as dangerous for supply? The label on a preparation which is dangerous for supply must give the following information: The name(s) of the hazardous constituents The indication(s) of danger and the corresponding symbols The risk phrases The safety phrases Name, address and telephone number of the supplier. 173 What is the purpose of safety data sheets? Safety data sheets are intended to provide users with sufficient information about the hazards of the substance or preparation for them to take appropriate steps to ensure health and safety in the workplace in relation to all aspects of their use, including their transport and disposal. 174 What do the following symbols indicate? (i)

(ii) (iii) Oxidising Toxic or very toxic

Harmful or irritant 175 What is the difference between passive and active sampling devices? In passive sampling devices, the air sample passes through/into the device by means of natural air currents and diffuses into a chamber containing an absorbent material which can be removed for later analysis. In active sampling devices, the air sample is forced through the instrument by means of a pump. 176 Give three examples of limitations in the use of stain tube detectors. The limitations of stain tube detectors are: The volume of air sampled may not be accurate due to incorrect assembly interfering with the air flow (through leaks, etc.) or incorrect operation. There may be the possibility of crosssensitivity of tube reagents to substances other than the one being analysed. There may be problems caused by variations in temperature and pressure. The indicating reagent in the tubes may deteriorate over time. There may be variations in the precise reagent make-up between tubes. Hand-operated detectors are capable of only a single point in time spot sample. 178 What are smoke tubes used for? Smoke tubes are used to test the effectiveness of ventilation or air conditioning systems and chimneys, to detect leaks in industrial equipment, to assess relative air pressures used in certain types of local ventilation systems, and to provide general information about air movements in a work area. 179 What principles of control are illustrated by the following measures? Using granulated pottery glazes instead of powders Substitution

Vacuuming rather than sweeping up Work process change Job rotation Reduced time exposure 180 Using water-based adhesives rather than solvent-based ones. Elimination 181 What is the difference between local exhaust ventilation and dilution ventilation? Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is a control measure for dealing with contaminants generated from a point source. Dilution ventilation deals with contamination in the general atmosphere of a workplace area. 182 What are dead areas and why are they a problem for dilution ventilation systems? Dead areas are areas in the workplace which, owing to the air-flow pattern produced by the positioning of extraction fans and the inlets for make-up air used in the ventilation system, remain dormant and so the air is not changed. They can move from one position in the workplace to another as a result of changing the positions of fans and inlets, by the intrusion of other air through windows and doors or moving the position of machinery or workbenches. 183 List the five main types of respirator and the three main types of breathing apparatus The types of respirator are filtering face-piece respirators, Orin-nasal or half-mask respirators, full-face or canister respirators, powered cleanair respirators and powered visor respirators. For breathing apparatus, the three main types are fresh air hoses, compressed airlines and selfcontained systems. 184 What are the key criteria in the selection of the appropriate respirator to use? The type of hazard (dust, gas, vapour, etc.) and the category of danger, contaminant concentration levels and wearer acceptability. 185 What is the main purpose of routine health surveillance?

The main purpose of routine health surveillance is to identify, at as early a stage as possible, any variations in the health of employees which may be related to working conditions. 186 Authorisation is required before hazardous substances may be discharged into the environment. From whom is this authorisation required in respect of: (i)Discharges into the air? The Environment Agency (where IPC applies) or the local authority (where LAPC applies). (ii)Discharges into controlled waters? The Environment Agency 187 What controls are placed on the disposal of special waste? The Environment Agency must be notified at all stages in the movement and disposal of special waste and records kept. The location of any deposits of special waste in or on land must be recorded. Unauthorised mixing of different categories of special waste or mixing special waste and other waste is not permitted. 189 What is the hierarchy of waste management options? Waste reduction, followed by re-use, followed by recovery/recycling and finally disposal. 190 What hazards arise from landfill sites? The hazards are fire (and associated noxious gases and smoke), explosions, contamination of groundwater, noise, odours, dust and litter, and vermin. 191 Sum up the aims of ergonomics in a simple phrase. Fitting the task to the worker 192 What are the categories of health risks arising from poor task and workstation design? Physical stress, resulting in injury or general fatigue, visual problems and mental stress.

193 What is HAVS and how is it caused? Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) is a condition produced at work by exposure to vibrations from hand-held tools. The vibration affects blood flow to the fingers and arms causing blanching of the fingers (white finger) and tingling of muscles, and may cause blocking and restriction of blood flow in small arteries and even gangrene. 194 State the risk factors involved in the physical requirements of the task. Posture and physical action, forces involved repetition, and duration and recovery time. 195 What aspects of lighting are risk factors? (2) Illumination, contrast, flickering and glare. 196 Summarise the requirements relating to the following elements of workstations. Work surface/desk the work surface or desk should be large enough to accommodate all necessary equipment and other items used from time to time, and to allow them to be arranged to suit the individuals needs. If necessary, it should also be deep enough to accommodate a VDU for viewing at a distance of about 350 to 600 mm without cramping the work surface in front of it. Keyboard The keyboard should be of appropriate design to be usable with comfort, with the keys being of sufficient size and clarity to suit the demands of the task. It should be able to be tilted and separated from the screen, so the operator can find a comfortable position. The keyboard should be of appropriate design to be usable with comfort, with the keys being of sufficient size and clarity to suit the demands of the task. It should be able to be tilted and separated from the screen, so the operator can find a comfortable position. Chair A work chair must have an adjustable seat back, good lumbar support and be adjustable in height to suit the user.

Space There should be sufficient clear and unobstructed space at each workstation to enable the work to be done safely, allowing for the manoeuvring and positioning of materials. This should also provide for adequate freedom of movement and the ability to stand upright. 197 Do employers have to provide each of the following at all times, and if not, are there circumstances in which they must? Soap and a towel or air drier in washing facilities Yes Baths or showers No, only where the nature of the work is particularly strenuous or dirty, or there is a risk of contamination of the skin from harmful or offensive substances. Changing rooms: No, only if separate changing facilities are required for men and women. Eating facilities Yes it does not have to be a special place, but there must be facilities for eating food Natural light for workstations No, only as far as is reasonably practicable A temperature of 16 degrees centigrade No, this is a minimum temperature only Footrests for seated workers No, but they must be provided on request Ear protection No, but ear protection must be made available where noise levels are at the first action level and must be worn where noise levels are at or above the second action level. 198 What does an LEPD of 85 Db (A) mean and what is significant about this figure? This refers to a daily personal exposure to noise (LEP,d) at a level of 85 dB(A) over the course of a working day (eight hours), or an equivalent exposure over a shorter period. The significance of the level is that it is the first action level.

199 What are the limitations of ear defenders and earplugs? There is a general limitation on the level of noise reduction that can be achieved, depending on the quality and type of ear protection. Taking off the protection reduces 13-4 its effectiveness (obviously!). In addition, the seal between the ear and the protective device may be less than perfect due to long hair, thick spectacle frames and jewellery, incorrect fitting of plugs or the wearing of helmets or face shields. 200 Identify the protective measures to be used for working in conditions of extreme heat. Providing as much ventilation as is reasonably practicable, ensuring that the length of time for which individual workers are exposed is limited, there are adequate rest facilities, away from the heat, with appropriate facilities to counter the effects of exposure, including cold drinks. Where there is a direct source of heat, protective clothing will have to be provided such as face shields and heat/flame resistant footwear, gloves and clothing. 201 What type of non-ionising radiation is given off by the following pieces of equipment? Radio transmitter Radio frequency Hot plate in a kitchen Infra-red radiation Arc welder in operation Ultra-violet Laser Visible radiation 202 What are the health risks of visible radiation? Visible radiation can cause serious burns to exposed skin tissue and is particularly dangerous to the eyes. 203 What is the role of a radiation protection adviser? A qualified Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA) must be appointed where a controlled area has been designated. RPAs should provide advice and guidance on compliance with legislation, the formulation and operation of local rules and

systems of work, methods of monitoring and record keeping, sitting, shielding and testing of equipment and radioactive materials, and investigation of incidents. 204 What is the difference between a controlled and a supervised area in respect of radiation controls? Controlled areas are where it is likely that exposures exceeding three tenths of an ionising radiation dose limit may be received and are, typically where radioactive materials are stored and dispensed. Supervised areas are where exposures exceeding between one tenth and three tenths of a dose limit may be received, which is where most work with radiation is carried out. Far stricter controls are operated in controlled areas. 205 State the nine categories of cause of workrelated stress and, for each, give one example of a preventive measure. Culture Preventive measures include taking stress seriously, with encouragement to raise any problems, knowing that they will be recognised and dealt with promptly, and recognition of the importance of the work-life balance. Work demands Preventive measures include ensuring that there are sufficient resources available, and support is offered to re-negotiate priorities and deadlines. Control over work Preventive measures include encouraging employees to plan their work, and make decisions about how it is completed and how problems will be tackled. Relationships between staff Preventive measures include clear standards of conduct and policies to tackle harassment and bullying. Organisational change Preventive measures include consultation and involvement of staff in determining processes.

Role conflicts and uncertainties Preventive measures include clear work objectives, job descriptions and reporting responsibilities. Support by management Preventive measures include providing positive feedback, focusing on performance, not on personality. Training Preventive measures include training needs assessments and the provision of appropriate training programmes where necessary. Factors unique to the individual Preventive measures include taking account of individual differences in skills and approaches in allocating and managing work. 206 State the main risk factors for violence at work. The risk factors reside in particular situations as follows: The handling of high value goods. Contact with customers or clients where the outcome will be to refuse the person what they want. Contact with customers/clients where the outcome is to censure them in some way. Contact with customers/clients who are under stress (perhaps as a result of frustrations or delays in obtaining the necessary contact), under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or with a history of violence. 207 What strategies are available to avoid the risk of violence? Minimisation of cash handling, minimisation of customer/client frustration and refusing access to potentially violent customers and clients. 208 State briefly the main activities covered by the term construction. Construction work covers the preparation of a site for an intended structure, the building of the structure itself, maintenance work (including alterations, conversion, renovation, repair and

redecoration, etc.) and demolition or dismantling. 209 What are the requirements for mixed stores? In mixed stores, different goods and materials should be separated in different areas to allow for easy location and access. Incompatible hazardous materials should not be stored together, nor should flammable materials be mixed with other materials and flammable liquids, solids and gases should be kept separately. 210 What are the requirements for the internal storage of flammable materials? Internal stores for flammable materials must be constructed of fire-resistant materials and provide a good level of ventilation to stop dangerous levels of gases accumulating. The requirement for fire-resistant materials is not necessary if the store is a completely separate building located in a safe place. 211 To what types of construction work do the CDM Regulations apply? (i) Work where it is believed that the project will last more than 30 days or there will be five or more persons engaged on-site at any one time, plus any type of work which includes demolition. (ii) Projects where the construction phase is planned to last over 30 days or involve more than 500 person days. 212 What types of construction work must be notified to the HSE? Allocate adequate resources for health and safety and ensure that all persons appointed to work on the project have or will allocate adequate resources Ensure an initial health and safety plan has been prepared before work on the construction phase starts.

Provide all relevant information to the planning supervisor about known health and safety hazards on the land or buildings. Retain the health and safety file and make it available to those who undertake work on the site/structure in the future. 213 What are the main duties of the following parties under the CDM Regulations? The client must: Appoint competent people to act as planning supervisor and principal contractor and ensure the competence of any persons appointed as designers or contractors The planning supervisor The planning supervisor is responsible for co-ordinating health and safety at the design and planning phase (including preparation of an initial health and safety plan), the notification of projects to the HSE and the preparation of the health and safety file (and its handing over to the client on completion). The principal contractor The principal contractor is responsible for developing and completing the initial health and safety plan for the construction phase, co-ordinating the activities of all contractors (with particular reference to health and safety) and ensuring that only authorised persons are allowed onto the site. 214 What is the safe method of working on a fragile roof? The use of roof ladders (or crawling boards) laid across the roof surface, supported by the underlying load bearing roof members, in order to distribute the load of the worker over a wide area. 215 What are the main hazards of using ladders? Not being tied or not resting on firm ground, which may cause the ladder to tip. Poor storage and maintenance allowing the ladder to rot or warp, which may cause the rungs to break. 216 Outline the requirements for edge protection on working platforms.

That there must be a main guard rail at least 910 millimetres above the working platform, a toe board at least 150 millimetres above it and there should not be any unprotected gap between the guardrail and toe board of more than 470 millimetres. 217 What measures should be taken to prevent materials falling from a height? To prevent materials from falling in the first place, the following control measures should be used: Not stacking materials near edges, and particularly unprotected edges. Close boarding of working platforms minimising gaps between scaffold boards or placing sheeting over the boards so that material cannot fall through. Avoiding carrying materials up or down ladders, etc. by using hoists and chutes to move materials. 218 In respect of scaffolding: What is the difference between standards, ledgers and transoms? Standards are the vertical tubes (the uprights), ledgers are the horizontal tubes running parallel to the face of the building and transoms are the tubes spanning across ledgers to secure a scaffold transversely. 219 What is the difference between tying and bracing? Tying secures the scaffolding to the building, whereas bracing is used to stiffen the framework. 220 State the safety precautions which need to be taken when mobile elevating work platforms are in use. The precautions for the use of MEWPs are That there is firm, sound ground for the vehicle to stand on.

That there must be sufficient clearance from any building or obstacle Barriers need to be put in place to provide an exclusion zone which also prevents collisions with the equipment. That there is adequate edge protection for the cradle That the controls of the arm should be inside the cradle. 221What is the angle at which ladders should be positioned? 75 222 When should scaffolding be inspected? Before being taken into use for the first time, after any substantial alteration or any event likely to affect its strength or stability, and every seven days. 223 Identify the main hazards associated with excavation work. The two main hazards are that things (and people) may fall into the excavation and that the ground will collapse into it. Other hazards include buried services, flooding and hazardous substances. 224 What is battering? Battering is the process of allowing the sides of an excavation to lie naturally at an angle to the floor of the excavation which is below the angle of repose for the materials involved. 225 What are the key elements of shoring? The key elements of shoring are the support boards laid against the face of the side wall and the struts which brace those boards against a secure surface. 226 Identify the requirements for crossing points. The crossing points should be of sound construction and suitable to support all the types of vehicles and equipment likely to use

them. They should be fitted with guard rails and toe boards 227 How can the hazards of buried services be avoided? By identifying, as far as possible, the location (routes and depth) and nature of all buried services before work starts, planning work to avoid them, marking their location on working plans and on the surface, and through safe digging practices. 228 When must excavations be inspected? The Regulations require that a competent person shall inspect the working areas of an excavation once a day or, if deeper than 2 m, before each shift. Additional inspections will be required after any event likely to have affected the strength or stability of the excavation, or any part of it. No person is allowed to work in an excavation before it has been competently examined. 229 What is the prime purpose of an accident investigation? The prime purpose of an accident investigation is to find the cause, with the intention of preventing a recurrence. 230 What are the four elements of the investigation process? Establishing The facts, identifying immediate causes, identifying any underlying causes and identifying remedial action to prevent the causes from occurring again. 231 identify the categories of staff who may be considered useful members of an internal accident investigation team. The categories of staff might include the immediate supervisor or foreman, a member of management, a safety representative and a safety officer. 234 List the types of documentation which may need to be consulted during an accident investigation.

(3) The types of record to be consulted are: Inspection and maintenance records Risk assessments Environmental measurements Medical records General and specific safety reports and analyses which relate to the circumstances Training and other personnel records Minutes of safety committee meetings 235 What are the two categories of immediate cause of accidents/incidents? Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions 236 There have been a number of serious rail crashes in recent years. Give examples of both the immediate and underlying causes which had been identified for these. The immediate causes of some recent rail crashes have included passing signals at red and broken rails. Many different underlying causes have been given for these, including: Poor inspection regimes for checking conditions and for checking maintenance and repair work Badly placed signals Lack of in-train automatic warning and braking systems Lack of response by management to similar, previous incidents Lack of investment Cutting corners in pursuit of profits by private contractors 237 What incidents need to be reported to the enforcement agency immediately and, in their case, is any further action required? Fatalities and major injuries, and dangerous occurrences need to be reported immediately. In addition, an accident report form (F2508) must

be completed and submitted to the enforcing authority within ten days of the incident. 238 For how long should records of reportable incidents be kept? For at least three years. 239 Outline, with examples, the types of disease which must be reported. The types of reportable disease are: Certain skin diseases such as occupational dermatitis, skin cancer, chrome ulcer, and oil folliculitis/acne Certain lung diseases including occupational asthma, farmers lung, pneumoconiosis, asbestosis and mesothelioma Certain infections such as leptospirosis, hepatitis, tuberculosis, anthrax, legionellosis and tetanus Other conditions such as occupational cancer, certain musculoskeletal disorders, decompression illness and hand-arm vibrations syndrome. 240 Who is initially responsible for the reporting of accidents and safety-related incidents? The first-line manager or supervisor. 241 Why is it in the interests of the victim that the accident is reported and recorded? So that the accident is classified as an industrial accident, which will assist in dealing with any claim for welfare or insurance benefits, or any legal proceedings 242 What is the purpose of analysing all information about accidents? To identify underlying causes of accidents and to provide information about trends and other patterns in workplace accidents. 243 To whom do the results of accident investigations need to be communicated?

The result of an individual accident investigation would be communicated to the victim, his/her immediate manager and the local safety representative in all instances. Depending on the seriousness of the accident and the extent of the underlying causes, it may also be necessary to inform other managers in the organisation, including senior management, and the safety committee. For reportable incidents, the results must also be notified to the enforcement agency 244 Apart from the accident documentation about the particular incident, what other information may be relevant to a claim for damages in respect of injuries suffered as a result of a guard malfunctioning on a drill. The types of information may include: Accident documentation about other, similar, incidents. Risk assessments relating to drilling work in that particular workplace. Inspection and maintenance records in respect of the particular guard, and others in the area. Other recent and relevant documentation relating to the use of guards, reporting of faults, employee history (including training records), etc. 245 Define reactive and proactive monitoring Reactive monitoring is where accidents and other safety-related incidents are investigated to find out what went wrong and identify action to put it right so that there will be no recurrence. Pro-active monitoring is where the existing safety measures are inspected to find out if anything may go wrong and identify action to put it right before there is an incident. 246 What are performance standards and what role do they play in monitoring? Performance standards are the statements of who does what, when and with what result in respect of the organisational arrangements and control measures designed to ensure health and

safety at work. They form the basis against which actual performance may be measured to identify how effective the safety policy is in practice. 247 What do we mean by systematic monitoring? Systematic monitoring involves the taking of planned, regular action to seek information about the effectiveness of the organisation and arrangements in respect of health and safety. 248 State the sources of information used in reactive monitoring. The information for reactive monitoring comes from the investigation of accidents and other safety-related incidents, issues raised by employees and failings identified by external agencies (usually enforcement authorities). 249 What are the limitations of accident and illhealth data as a performance measure for health and safety? The following are limitations of accident and illhealth data when used as a performance measure for health and safety: It is historic. It only reflects outcomes and not causes. Many ill-health problems have built up over a long time so the reporting of ill-health may be too late to prevent many other occurrences. Low injury rate can cause complacency. There is likely to be under-reporting of incidents (particularly of minor injuries and near misses) Whether a particular incident results in an injury is often a mater of chance, so it will not necessarily reflect whethe4r or not a hazard is under control. Injury statistics do not always reflect the potential severity of an event, only the actual consequence.

250 State the purpose of workplace inspections. The purpose of workplace inspections is to ensure that the control arrangements specified in the safety policy are operating effectively and that they cover all the risks. 251 What three key elements do all forms of workplace inspection include? The three common elements of all inspections are: An assessment of the standards of workplace health and safety against the specified performance standards and the risks. The identification and reporting of any deficiencies. The identification of causes and of action to be taken to remedy the problem. 252 What inspections involve operators? Routine inspections of the immediate work area and plant, machinery and equipment used. 253 What is the difference between a safety survey and safety tour? Safety tours are generally unannounced inspections of the major control measures in a workplace following a predetermined route. Safety surveys are in-depth inspections of specific issues or procedures where there is reason to believe that there may be deficiencies in the existing safety systems either because of changes in the workplace or on the basis of problems identified by other monitoring techniques 254 What role does senior management have in workplace inspections? Senior management has responsibility for ensuring that effective workplace inspection regimes are in place and are operated effectively. This will include receiving reports and overseeing/agreeing action. In addition, the visible involvement of senior managers in all types of inspection is to be encouraged for the commitment it demonstrates towards safety and

the effect on the promotion of a positive health and safety culture. 255 Why are checklists used in inspections? Checklists help to ensure a consistent, systematic and comprehensive approach to checking all the safety elements to be covered during an inspection. 256 Identify the seven Cs which underpin effective report writing The seven Cs are be: Clear Concise Correct Courteous Complete Consistent Convincing 257 What should the introductory part of a report contain? The introductory part of a report should set the scene covering the background to the issue, why it is being dealt with and briefly, what is to come. Specifically, the following elements should be covered: Preface stating the title, who the report is to and who has written it, the date, general authority for its writing, and reference. List of contents. Brief summary of the aims, main findings and recommendations. Statement of purpose and objectives, including the organisational context of the inspection, problems or issues addressed, approach and any legal aspects which apply. 258 What is the sample taken in safety sampling? The sample is the snapshot of the state of health and safety at one particular time throughout the premises. 259 Performance review is concerned with ensuring that incident investigations are properly concluded. True or false?

True, but it is concerned with more than just reactive monitoring. It encompasses all forms of systems for monitoring, checking and measuring the effectiveness of health and safety arrangements and, where there are deficiencies, for reporting and taking action at the appropriate level to remedy them. 260 State five factors which influence the frequency of monitoring activities The main factors influencing the frequency of monitoring activities are: Suitable intervals to ensure that specific planned milestones are achieved. The potential for change in conditions over time. The relative importance of the activity or particular precaution relative to the overall control of risk. Where inspection and maintenance intervals are prescribed by suppliers/manufacturers. Where intervals for monitoring are prescribed by legislation. Where there is evidence that there is noncompliance. Where there is evidence of compliance. 261 Define health and safety auditing. Health and safety auditing is the structured process of collecting independent information on the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of the total health and safety management system and drawing up plans for corrective action. 262 What is a compliance rating and what does a compliance rating of 54% indicate? A compliance rating indicates the degree to which the organisation is meeting a particular performance standard. A rating of 54% would indicate that compliance is at the minimum acceptable level, probably sufficient only to meet statutory requirements.

263What is Work Method Statement? A document showing the various methods through which a particular job is being carried out. It also provides a section for the safety measures for activities. What is the use of work method Statement? WMS describes the method in which a particular job is to be done. This can give complete awareness to the working crew. A JSA can be prepared based on the WMS. In fact, it helps to finish the job safely. 264 What is JSA and what is its use? Job Safety Analysis, It is prepared after analyzing the different steps of a particular work and the hazards involved in those different stages. It recommends the necessary precautions to be taken to complete the job safely. 265 What is Work Permit? A written document authorizing a person or a group to perform maintenance, inspection or construction work. 266 What is a Confined Space? Any space, having limited means of access and egress, and which could be subject to the hazards of Oxygen deficiency or the accumulation of poisonous or flammable gases or dusts. 267 In what circumstances a Confined Space Work Permit can be issued? Gas test is done and the result is favorable. Experienced working crew. Trained Entry-Watch with Entry Log Sheet. Effective Emergency Evacuation Plan

268 Who is a Confined Space Watch-Man? / entry attendant/hole watch man The trained person who stands outside the entrance of the confined space with the Entry Log Sheet and records the details of the entrants. He always keeps communication with the entrants. In an emergency, he will call for assistance. 269 What are the Hazards in a Confined Space? Limited access/egress, limited visibility, oxygen deficiency, presence of toxic or flammable gases or mixtures, dust and fall hazards. 270 What are the duties of a Confined Space Attendant? Stay outside the entrance of the confined space. Record the details of the entrants such as name, trade, ID number, Time going in, time coming out, etc. Keep communication with the entrants. Call for rescue in an emergency. 271 Give some Examples of a Confined Space? Tanks, Vessels, Ducts, Silos. Name on Hazardous Job inside a Confined Space? Hot Works. 272Who is Competent Person? A person who, Because of qualification and experience, has the necessary skills and so is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards that can be dangerous to people, property or environment. This person is authorized to take prompt corrective actions to eliminate the recognized unsafe conditions. 274What is an Accident?

An unwanted and undesired occurrence resulted in injury to people or damage to property or environment. 275 What is a near-miss? An unwanted or undesired occurrence has the potential to give injury to people or damage to property or environment. 276 Who makes an Accident Report? The work Supervisor. 277 What is Waste Management? The collection, segregation and disposal of various waste materials according to the rules and regulations of the authorities. 278 What is MSDS? Material Safety Data Sheet It is issued by the manufacturer of a hazardous substance along with the material. It shows all details regarding that material, including related to health hazards and their precautions. 279 What is an Isotope? Two or more forms of the same element having same atomic numbers but with different atomic weights. 280 What is Radioactivity? The spontaneous emission of radiation by atomic nuclei resulting in their disintegration is called Radioactivity. 281 What is the unit for measuring radiation? Sievert (SV) Roentgen. 282 In what conditions a Work Permit can be issued for Radiography? Valid documents for the source, certified radiographer, trained crew, barricading, and sign

boards placed, properly using radiation monitors and area evacuated. 283What are the safety measures to be taken while doing radiography? Authorized and trained crew, proper PPEs, use radiation monitors including Film Badge, Barricading, Sign Boards, and Warning lights and monitoring the observed area. 284 What is a Controlled Area? An area cordoned and posted prior to exposing a sealed source or starting up an X-ray machine, where at the periphery the pre-calculated radiation dose shall not exceed 0.75 mR averaged over any on hour. 285 What is a Geiger Meter? Equipment for monitoring radiation. What is the use of a film Badge? After exposure, can be analyzed to find the amount of radiation to which the person is exposed. 286 What is a Decay Chart? The Chart showing the rate of decomposition of a radioactive element over a period of time. Who is an Authorized Exposed Person? Authorized Radiographer. 287 What are the requirements for a ManBasket? Valid third party certification, SWL marked on the side and tag-line. 288 Who inspect the slings? A competent person such as a rigging supervisor. 289 What is Working Radius?

The distance from the center pin of the crane to the center of gravity of the load. 290 What is SWL? Safe Working Load. 291 What is a lifting Plan? The document describing the plan for a safe lifting. It shows the details of the crane to be used, lifting tackles to be used, details of the load, details of crane set-up, lifting steps, etc. 292 What is an Excavation? Any work done by breaking the surface of the earth by using hand tools or by machines. 293 What is a trench? A trench is an excavation. But the depth is greater than the width; but not greater than 15 feet at the base. 294 What is Shorting? The safety measure adapted to avoid eave-ins by providing wooden planks or metal sheet plates at the side of the excavation with hydraulic or screw jacks. 295 What are the classes of fire and what types of Extinguishers are used for them? A- Class for ordinary combustible materials like wood, paper, cloth, etc. B- Class for combustible liquids or gases like petrol, thinner, etc. C- Class for electrical fire. DCP, and use All Kind of fire. DCP extinguishers are used for A, B, and C. DCP and Carbon dioxide extinguishers are used for C. 296 What are the responsibilities of a fire watch?

Wear visible vest, stay alert at the job area. Identify any fire hazards, inspect and arrange fire fighting equipments properly and know how to use them in an emergency. If any unsafe conditions arise, stop the job. 297 What is Color Coding System? All tools and equipments are inspected periodically by concerned competent persons and color coded accordingly. 298 Who can apply a color cod? A competent person after inspection. 299 What is the maximum distance between two adjacent accesses in a long excavation? 20 Meters. 300 When is an excavation considered as a confined space? If the depth is more then 1.2 meters. 301 Who can erect scaffolding? Qualified Scaffolders. 302 Who can inspect the components used for erecting a scaffold? Qualified Scaffolders. 303 What is Tag System? Tag is applied a scaffoldings. They are of three colors Red, Yellow and Green. Red means do not use the scaffolding only use Scaffolders, Yellow Means the scaffolding is not complete. Use full body harness, Green, means safe scaffold for work. 304 Who can place a scaffold tag? Scaffolding Supervisor. 305What are the details in a scaffold tag?

Location, date of erection, request no., SWL name and signature of the inspected scaffolding supervisor and columns for future inspection. 306 What is the minimum overlapping of two adjacent planks in a scaffold platform? 30 cms. 307 What is a Guard-rail system? Guard-rail system consists of top rail, mind rail and toe-board. 308 What is a Toe-board? The plank or metal sheet kept vertical to the platform at a minimum height of 4 inches in order to avoid materials from falling down and to protect personnel. 309 What is the minimum height of a toe-board? 4 inches. 310 What is the height of the top-rail from the platform? 0.95 to 1.15 m.z 311 What is the minimum width required for a walk-way? s 27 inches or three planks. 312 What materials can be placed on a scaffold platform? Only the tools of the working crew; but should not exceed the SWL. 313 What are the requirements for working on a mobile scaffold? Inspected and tagged, the wheels must be locked, no overloading, personnel properly hooked and no travelling. 314 When should we inspect a scaffold? Weekly 315 With what color a ladder can be painted?

Ladder should not be painted. 316 What is a life-line? Where ever no other fall arrest systems are feasible, life lines can be provided with wire ropes. The life lines should be able to support a minimum of 5000 pounds per person hooking. 317 How can we calculate the safe anchorage of life-line? 5000 pounds per hooking person. What are the following? STARRT Safety Task Analysis Risk Reduction Talk. COSHH - Control of substances Hazardous to Health. OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration. ELCB - Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker. GFCI Ground fault Circuit Interrupter. SWL - Safe Work Load. LTI Lost Time Injury. LTIFR - Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate. FA - Fast Aid. FAFR - Fast Aid frequency Rate. RWC - Restricted Work Case. RWCFR - Restricted Work Case Frequency Rate. 318 What is a Toolbox Meeting? A communication session between the work supervisor and his crew regarding the work activities they have to perform in order to help in completing the work in a safe manner. 319 What is an Emergency evacuation plan? The plan describing the method of evacuation done in an emergency.

320 What is Hydro testing? The pressure test done in pipe, vessels, etc. by filling with water and giving pressure in order to find any defects related to leakage. 321 What is hypot-test? The test done in cables at high voltage in order to check the voltage holding capacity cable. What are the safety requirements for doing hot work? Hot work permit, fire blanket, fire watch man should be available, complete PPEs, Face Sheet, etc. What are the benefits of near-miss reporting? Make possible to analyze the incidents. Fine the root cause, develop remedial measures and implement them. 322 What is Risk Assessment? The document prepared before starting the job for assessing the risks involved in the various steps of a particular job and to find the necessary remedial measures. 323 What is the emergency evacuation procedure to follow in the event of a gas release? Stop all activities, shut down all equipments, move out of the working area in an orderly way, check the direction of the wind sock and move a cross wind way to the nearest assembly point and wait there until heard-count is done and further instructions are given. 324 What is a muster point? The assembly point where to assemble in an emergency evacuation.

325 What is meant by head-counting? What is its purpose? After evacuating to the Assembly point, the supervisors will make a count for their employees according to that days attendance register. It helps to find if any body is missing. What is heat-stroke? What are the different stages through which a person can undergo before be gets heat-stroke? It is caused by dehydration of the body. It is reached through the stages of heat cramps and heat exhaustion. 326 What is an Aerial Device? Any vehicle-mounted device, telescoping or articulating, or both, which is used to position personnel. 327 Who is an affected employee? Employee whose job requires the operation or use of machinery or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lock-out or tag-out or whose job requires work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. 328 What are the details included in a PTW? Permit to work formats vary for each task covered, but most have common points, which include: A unique permit number. The contract name or number. Date and time of issue. Duration of the permit to work. Identification of the precise work location.

 Description of the hazard, foreseeable risks. List of the precautionary measures to be taken. Testing and proving procedures. Details of emergency procedures. 329 What is a Toxic Material? A Toxic material is one that adversely affects the body and organs. What is a Carcinogenic Material? Sensitizer is a chemical that after repeated exposure can cause an allergic-type reaction. 330 What is a Corrosive Substance? Corrosive is any chemical that cause visible destruction or changes in living tissues by 331 What are Asphyxiates? Chemicals/gases which can cause suffocation by retracting the uptake of oxygen or by respiratory paralysis or by diluting/displace below levels needed by the body. 332 What are flammable & Combustible Liquids? Liquids that give off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air and produce a flame when a source of ignition is present. 333 What are the requirements for a cranelifting? Documents including third party certificate of the Crane, Certified rigger, inspected rigging tackles, barricading the swing radius, lifting permit, lifting plan, JSA, Proper PPE for the crew and favorable climatic conditions. Inspection sticker, Operator license from Saudi Arabia Qualified riggers

 Cranes Boom moment area free and barricading Out rigger fully extended and must be on pads. Float. Check ground level and ground stability Check the SWL (Safe work load) Never lifting load beyond rated capacity of crane. Check slings wire, shackles, and belts. Not allowed to enter under the suspended load. Tag line restricts swinging of load. Never place under the over load power lines. 334 What are the requirements in placing an access ladder on scaffolding? Base of the ladder fixed to a firm ground, ladder slanting in the ration of 4:1, ladder not damaged or painted and the top should extend minimum 3 feet above the landing platform. 335 What is lotto & what Is Lock-out / Tag-out System? Lock-out Involve the process of turning off and lockout the flow of energy from a power source to a piece of equipment or circuit and keeping it lockout. Tag-out Is placing a tag on power source The tag acts as a warning not to store any energy It is not to store physical restraint. Tag must be installing in English language and local country language.

 Do not operate or remove this tag. 336 What are the Safety requirements for doing a hot work? Any activity with generate Spark, Hit, Flame, An or source of Ignition is called hot work Work permit, fire extinguishers, housekeeping, PPEs, inspected tools and equipments, barricading and sign boards, grounding of the equipments, GFCI (Ground fault circuit interrupter) using fire blankets and trained fire watch. 337 What is Housekeeping? Keeping the work area safe and clean. Keeping things in proper place and in proper way. Dispose of waste in a proper way. 338 What is a corrosive substance? Corrosive is any chemical that cause visible destruction or changes in living tissues by action upon chemical. 339 What is Safety? Safety is the barricade between hazard and safe way. Safe youre self then others, 340 What is JSA? Identification to hazard related the job and precautionary measure to be taken is called JSA (Job Safety Analysis).
SABIC SAFETY STANDARDS

DEFINITIONS
A Abrasive Blasting: A process used for removing old paint or rust from large steel surfaces prior to repainting.

Accident: An undesired event that results in injuries to personnel and/or property damage. Accident prevention tags: Tags that are used as a temporary means of warning employees of an existing hazard, such as defective tools, defective equipment, condition of isolation valves etc. Aerial device: Any vehicle-mounted device, telescoping or articulating, or both, which is used to position personnel. Aerial ladder: ladder. An aerial device consisting of a single or multiple section extendible

Affected Employee: Employee whose job requires the operation or use of machinery or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lockout or tagout or whose job requires work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. Affiliate Employee: All Personnel who are on the payroll of the concerned Affiliate. Affiliates: The facilities that are owned (wholly or partially) and managed by SABIC. Ampere: The unit of current. Angle of Repose: The angle with the horizontal at which a particular earth material will stand indefinitely without movement. ANSI: American National Standard Institute APFs: NIOSH Assigned protection factors for the respirators.

Appointed: Assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employers representative. Approved Tools: Tools that have been approved as meeting minimum acceptable safety standards. Approved Personal Protective Equipment: Equipment which has been approved as meeting minimum acceptable safety standards, as given in this standard. Articulating boom platform: An aerial device with two or more hinged boom sections. ASTM: American Standard Testing Methods.

Authorized Area: An area specifically designed to accommodate hot work operations (i.e., welding shop, grinding shop, etc.) where hot work permit is not required.

Authorized Employee: An employee who has been designated by management and has been qualified and properly trained to operate Motorized Equipment for carrying loads and for Aerial lifts for working at height. Authorized Employee: Person who locks or tags out machines or equipment in order to perform the servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment. Authorized Medical Physician/Surgeon: A medical physician or surgeon appointed by the Affiliate for classification of injury in accordance with Injury/Illness Classification Guidelines (Attachment-2). The Authorized Medical Physician/Surgeon may be on the payroll of the Affiliate or a general practitioner and shall be familiar with these guidelines. Automatic Crane: A crane which when activated operates through a present cycle or cycles. Auxiliary Hoist: A supplemental hoisting unit of lighter capacity and usually higher speed than provided for the main hoist. B Bearer: A horizontal member of scaffolding upon which the platform rests and which may be supported by ledgers. Blanking: Blanking is the process of installing a blank or blind flange over the open end of a pipe or piece of equipment. When screwed piping is used, caps or plugs may be used to blank the open lines. Blanking is the most positive form of isolation. Blinding: Physical isolation of any equipment from rest of the equipment by installing a blind. Blanking or Blinding: The absolute closure of a pipe, line or duct, by fastening across its bore with a solid plate or cap which extends at least to the outer edge of the flange at which it is attached; and which is capable of withstanding the maximum upstream pressure. Blind: A rigid metal disc that is slipped in between two bolted flanges to block the flow of material within a pipe. Brace: A tie that holds one scaffolding member in a fixed position with respect to another member. Brake: A device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means. Bridge Travel: Crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway. Bridge: Part of a crane consisting of girders, trucks, end-ties, foot walks, and drive mechanisms, which carries the trolley or trolleys.

Bumper: An energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel; or when two moving cranes or trolleys come in contact. C Cab: The operators compartment on a crane. Cab-Operated Crane: A crane controlled by an operator in a cab located on the bridge or trolley. Cantilever Gantry Crane: A gantry or semi-gantry crane in which the bridge girders or trusses extend transversely beyond the crane runway on one or both sides. Capable of being locked out: Electrical energy isolating device is capable of being lockout if it has a hasp or other means of attachment to or through which a lock can be affixed or it has a locking mechanism built into it. Other electrical energy isolating devices are capable of being locked out, if lockout can be achieved without the need to dismantle, rebuild or replace the Electrical energy isolating device or permanently alter its energy control capacity. Carbon Monoxide (CO): It is a colorless, tasteless and flammable gas. Its TimeWeighted Average (TWA) concentrations is 50 ppm. Carseal: A Safety/Security device used to seal isolation valves that shall remain normally open or normally close during plant operations, for safety considerations. Caution Sign: Fixed signs that are installed at places where it is required to warn against potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices. Caution tag: Tags that are temporarily used only to warn against potential hazards and to caution that special procedures must be followed. Charter: Scope of the incident investigation. Chemical Hose: Any hose designed and used to transfer chemical materials. Chemicals for the purpose of this standard are all liquid or gas materials other than utilities supplied. Circuit: The complete path of an electric current.

Class A - Major Incident: Incident that meets any of the criteria listed under Class A Incidents of the Incident Severity Guidelines (Attachment-3). These incidents shall be classified as Major Incidents.

Class B - Significant Incident: Incident that meets any of the criteria listed under Class B Incidents of the Incident Severity Guidelines (Attachment-3). These incidents shall be classified as Significant Incidents. Class C - Minor Incident: Incident that meets any of the criteria listed under Class C Incidents of the Incident Severity Guidelines (Attachment-3). These incidents shall be classified as Minor Incidents. Clearance: The distance from any part of the crane to a point of the nearest obstruction. Concerned Affiliate: The Affiliate where the incident has occurred Concerned SABIC Affiliate: The SABIC Affiliate that has the responsibility to transport and ensure delivery of hazardous material to its final destination outside Affiliates own premises and the SABIC Affiliate that has a loading/unloading facility for hazardous material is referred as the Concerned SABIC Affiliate. Condensate: Term used to identify liquid water formed by condensing steam. Condensate can be found at a variety of temperatures and pressures. Typical ranges are from 50C (122F) to several hundred degrees C, and from 1 atmosphere to 40 atmospheres of pressure. Conductors, Bridge: The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley. Conductors, Runway: The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the crane. Confined Space: Any enclosure having a limited opening for entry and exit; unfavorable natural ventilation which could contain or produce dangerous air contaminants; presents serious hazards to occupants; or which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. Confined spaces include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, process vessels, ventilation and exhaust ducts, manholes, pits, and excavations more than four feet in depth. Connectors/Couplings: Devices/fittings on each end of a hose or on an inlet/outlet of a system which allow attachment of the hose to a secure point, another system or between two hoses. Container: Any vessel of 227 liters (60 U.S. gallons) or less capacity used for transporting or storing liquids. Container: material. Bulk Containers or ISO-Containers used for transportation of hazardous

Bulk Container: Pressurized/vacuum or atmospheric tank to ensure that the hazardous material is safely transported on the road.

ISO-Containers: Pressurized bulk-Container used for transportation of hazardous material. Contractor Employees: Personnel who are supplied by Contractor or sub-contractor to work at the Affiliate site on full or part-time basis. Control Braking: A method of controlling crane motor speeds when in the overhauling condition. Controller, Spring Return: A controller which when released will return automatically to a neutral position. Counter Torque: A method of control by which the power to the motor is reversed to develop torque in the opposite direction. Coupler: A device for locking together the component parts of a tubular metal scaffolding. The material used for the couplers shall be of a structural type, such as a drop-forged steel, malleable iron, or structural grade aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is not recommended. Crane: A machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanism as an integral part of the machine. Cranes whether fixed or mobile are operated manually or by power. Current: The rate of flow of electric charge. Current collectors: Contacting devices for collecting current from the runway or bridge conductors.

D Danger Signs: Fixed signs that are installed at places where an immediate hazard/danger exists such as sub stations, transformers, etc. Danger tags: Tags that are temporarily used where an immediate hazard exists. Days away from work/ Lost Workdays/Days Charged: All work days (consecutive or otherwise but excluding the scheduled days off such as weekends, company holidays) on which an employee is unable to perform all of his routine assignments as a result of work related injury/illness. This also includes the restricted duty days in which the employee is assigned a different or light duty because of the work related incident. This does not include days in which employee was required to visit the medical facilities for treatment. For fatality, permanent total disability or permanent partial disability the number of days charged is a predetermined total as given in the Guidelines for Determination of Days Charged for Fatalities and Disabilities. Even if the employee

returns to work earlier than the predetermined days, the days shall be charged as given in the Guidelines for Determination of Days Charged for Fatalities and Disabilities (Attachment-4). Deactivation of Relief Devices: Includes any of the following actions:

Disconnecting or restricting pressure leads to pilot operated relief devices. Physically interfering with the free operation of a relief device by use of weight, plugs, slip blinds, blanks or other mechanical means. Physical removal of the device. The full or partial closure of a relief devices inlet or discharge block valve.

Designated: Selected or assigned by the employer or the employers representative as being qualified to perform specific duties. Direct Cause: The main cause (unsafe act and/or condition) that resulted in the incident/accident. Documents (Also Called Shipping Documents): Papers that are essential for the movement of hazardous materials in accordance with this SABIC standard. Do Not Operate Tags: Tags that are temporarily used on tools or equipment that are defective and should not be used. Double Block and Bleed: The isolation of a piece of equipment by closing two positive shut off valves and opening a bleed or drain valve in between Double Block and Bleed : The closure of a line, duct or pipe by locking and tagging a drain or vent that is open to the atmosphere in the line between two locked-closed valves. Double pole or independent pose scaffolding: A scaffolding supported from the base by a double row of uprights, independent of support from the walls and constructed of uprights, ledgers, horizontal platform bearers, and diagonal bracing. Drag Brake: A brake that provides retarding force without external control. Drift Point: A point on a travel motion controller that releases the brake while the motor is not energized. This allows for coasting before the brake is set. Dropline: A line which extends from the anchorage point and to which a lanyard or safety belt may be securely attached. The dropline should be at least 1.25 cm (1/2 inch) diameter nylon, 1.25 cm (1/2 inch) diameter polyester, 1.9 cm (3/4 inch) diameter firstgrade manila or 1.1 cm (3/8 inch) diameter steel cable with a minimum breaking

strength of 2455 kilos (400 lbs). The dropline shall meet the NFPA 1983 Fire Service Life Harness and Hardware standard. Drum: The cylindrical member around which the ropes are wound for raising or lowering the load. Dynamic: A method of controlling crane motor speeds when in the overhauling condition to provide a retarding force.

E Electrical Hazard: A recognizable, dangerous condition involving electrical equipment or systems, which could be the cause of an injury or fatality if proper precautions or actions are not taken. Electricity: Electric current for lighting, heating, etc. Emergency Deactivation: is the condition, which exists upon operation (opening) of a relief device at pressure lower than design or failure of a device to reclose after relieving thus requiring temporary removal of the device from service. The decision as to whether an emergency condition exists should be made by the Unit Supervisors or shift Foreman during off hours. Emergency Shutdown System: System that brings equipment to a failsafe condition when harmful or dangerous events occur. Activation may be either automatic or manual. Emergency Stop Switch: A manually or automatically operated electric switch to cut off electric power independently of the regular operating controls. Emergency: Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers or failure of control equipment, which results in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace. Employers premises: The whole area for the core business (operating plants and off-site facilities supporting plant operations) of the Affiliate that may or may not be fenced, including the Administration and other buildings in that area excluding the Employees/Visitors car parking lots. Energized: Connected to an electrical energy source or system containing residual or stored energy. Energy isolating device: A mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of electrical energy, including but not limited to the following: A manually operated electrical circuit breaker; a disconnect switch; a manual operated switch by which the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from all ungrounded supply

conductors and, in addition, no pole can be operated independently. Push buttons, selector switches, and other similar control devices are not energy isolating devices. Energy source: Any source of electrical energy. Entry: The action by which a person passes through an opening into a confined space. Entry is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the persons body breaks the plane of an opening into the space. Equalizer: A device, which compensates for unequal length of stretch of a rope.

Excavation: Any work that requires breaking the earths surface or pavement including the removal of previously installed roadways, slabs or foundations at or below the surrounding ground level. Exemption Permit: Authorization for deviation from Affiliates existing Safety Procedures and/or Policies or a section of such procedure or policy. Expandable or Inflatable Plugs: These are rubber, or rubber-like, plugs that can be expanded mechanically or inflated with air or nitrogen to seal off the interior of a pipe, sewer, or vessel. These should be used only at low pressures or in low risk situations. Explosion: Instantaneous release of pressure, gas and heat resulting from the combustion of a flammable and/or combustible material. Exposed: Capable of being contacted inadvertently. Applied to hazardous objects not adequately guarded or isolated. Extensible boom platform: An aerial device (except ladders) with a telescopic or extensible boom. Telescopic derricks with personnel platform attachment shall be considered to be extensible boom platforms when used with a personnel platform. External Visual Inspection: A visual examination of the exterior surface, structure, foundations and insulation of a pressure vessel to determine the apparent condition. F Fail-Safe: A provision designed to automatically stop or safely control any motion during which a malfunction occurs. Failure: Performance failure of a relief device is defined as failing to open and adequately relieve at any value over 105% of the specified relieving pressure. Premature opening or relieving is not normally considered loss of overpressure protection. Fatality: Death resulting from work related injury/illness.

Fire:

Uncontrolled generation of flame.

Fire Area: An area of a building separated from the remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour and having all communicating openings into other areas protected by assemblies having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. First Aid Injury: Any injury that requires First Aid treatment only, with no necessary follow up visit to the medical facilities. Refer to Injury/Illness Classification Guidelines (Attachment2). Fixed Anchorage: A secure point of attachment, above head height, for droplines and lanyards, capable of supporting a minimum static load of 2455 kilos (5400 lbs). Fixed Ladder: means a ladder that cannot be readily moved or carried because it is an integral part of a building or structure. A side-step fixed ladder is a fixed ladder that requires a person getting off at the top to step to the side of the ladder side rails to reach the landing. A through fixed ladder is a fixed ladder that requires a person getting off at the top to step between the side rails of the ladder to reach the landing. Flammable Limits: Minimum and maximum concentrations of vapor or gas in air below which and above which, respectively, propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition. Flammable Liquid: Any liquid having a flash point (closed cup) below 37.8C (100F) and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia (absolute pressure measured in pounds per square inch) at 37.8 degrees C (100F). Flammable Atmosphere: Any atmosphere exceeding the lower explosive or flammability limit. Flammable Limits or explosive range: The concentration (in percent) of a gas or vapor in air at which flame will propagate. When the concentration is below the Lower explosive limit (LEL), the mixture is too lean; when above the upper explosive limit (UEL), the mixture is too rich. The concentrations between the LEL and the UEL are called the Flammable Limits or explosive range. Flash Point: The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. Although other properties influence the relative hazards of flammable liquids, the flash point is the most significant factor. The relative hazard increases as the flash point decreases. Floor-Operated Crane: A crane which has a pendant (hanging) or nonconductive rope controlled by an operator on the floor or an independent platform. Foot-Candle: A unit of illumination. The illumination at a point on a surface which is one foot from, and perpendicular to, a uniform point source of one candle.

Footwalk: A walkway with handrail, attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes. Fuse: A protective device inserted in series with a circuit. It contains a metal that will melt or break when current is increased beyond a specific value for a definite period of time. G Gantry Crane: A crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley of trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails or other runway. Gin Pole: A supported pole with line attached with which loads may be raised or lowered through a sheave or block secured to the crosspiece (gin pole). GOSI: The General Organization for Social Insurance. Ground: A metallic connection with the earth to establish ground potential. The ground directs electric current away from unwanted areas in order to prevent injury, death and/or property damage. Guard: A barrier that prevents entry of any body part of the operator into the operating machine. Guardrail: A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms. H Hand Excavation: Any excavation that uses only hand tools for breaking and removing earths surface. A typical hand tool used for hand excavation is a shovel. Hand excavation is carried out in congested areas or to protect underground pipes, cable, etc. Harness: A strap system designed to spread shock load over the shoulders, thighs and seat area. It should be used where longer free falls (in excess of 2 meters) may occur. The D-ring should be positioned on the upper back straps. The harness shall meet the NFPA 1983 Fire Service Life Harness and Hardware standard. Hazard Class Number: A number between 1 to 9 giving information about the nature of hazardous substance. This number is placed at the bottom of the hazard warning sign. Hazardous Material: Any Flammable, Toxic, Corrosive, Oxidizing and organic substance including hazardous Compressed gases. Hazardous Material: Any material with the following characteristics shall be classified as hazardous material:

Flammable Toxic Corrosive Compressed gases and liquids Oxidizer or organic substance Hazardous waste as defined in Section 5.1 of Royal Commission Environmental Regulations (September 1999) Hazard Warning Panel: An orange colored panel provided on all hazardous material containers giving essential information on the nature of material being transported and recommended emergency response in the event of fire or spillage. Hazard Warning Sign: Diamond shaped symbol indicating the primary hazard of the material being transported. HAZCHEM Emergency Action Code: A generalized emergency code giving a recommended response to a fire or spillage of a hazardous chemical (Attachment- 3). Heavy-duty scaffolding: A scaffolding designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 75 pounds per square foot. High Pressure Water Jetting (HPWJ) Machine: The HPWJ machines are capable of delivering water, at the cleaning tip, up to a pressure of about 680 kg/cm2. The velocity of water emerging from the cleaning nozzle is almost twice the sound velocity (2 Mach), i.e., almost 2240 km per hour. The operation is used to clean tubes and other equipment, and for cleaning concrete or other structures. The water from HPWJ jet becomes almost as strong as penetrating bullet. Hoist Chain: The load bearing chain in a hoist. Hoist Motion: That motion of a crane that raises and lowers a load. Hoist: An apparatus which may be a part of a crane, exerting a force for lifting or lowering. Holding Brake: A brake that automatically prevents motion when power is off. Hop-up Scaffoldings: These are unit scaffoldings not more than 3 meters high which may quickly be erected for maintenance purposes. Hot Tap: The term "Hot Tap" as used in this standard applies to connections to a pipeline or a vessel that is under pressure or has been depressurized but has not been cleared for conventional construction methods. Hot Work: Work activity capable of supplying ignition energy for flammable mixtures. Examples include: 1) the process of joining together two pieces of metal (welding, brazing), 2) the breaking apart of metal into two pieces (cutting) by means of extreme heat, 3) metal grinding or other operation which produces heat, flame, and/or sparks

that could provide a possible source of ignition. Other examples of hot work include: use of non-electrically rated tools in an area which has been classified as a hazardous area, operation of internal combustion engines in electrically classified areas, and sandblasting. Hot Work Permit: Written authorization to perform operations that could provide a source of ignition such as riveting, welding, cutting, burning, heating, etc. I Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH): Any condition which poses an immediate threat of loss of life; may result in irreversible or immediate severe health effects; may result in eye damage; irritations or other conditions which could impair escape from the confined space. Incident: An undesired event that can, or does downgrade the efficiency of an activity. Incidence Rate (IR): The incidence rate for recordable injury can be computed by using the following formula: IR: Number of Recordable Injuries x 200,000 Employees hours worked 200,000 is the equivalent of 100 full-time employees working for 40 hours per week for 50 week per year (OSHA guidelines). In Running Nip Points: Formed whenever two or more parallel shafts, whether in contact or apart, rotate in opposite directions. Inspection: Formal examination of the properties and integrity of the vessel. Insulated aerial device: An aerial device designed for work on electrically energized lines and apparatus. Interior hung scaffolding: A scaffolding suspended from the ceiling or roof structure. Internal Visual Inspection: A visual examination of the interior surface and structure of a vessel to determine the apparent conditions. Isolation: The separation of a confined space from unwanted forms of energy which could be a serious hazard to confined space entrants. Isolation is usually accomplished by such means as blanking or blinding; removal of pipe sections or spool pieces; double block and bleed; or lockout/tag out. L

Ladder jack scaffolding: A light duty scaffolding supported by brackets attached to ladders. Lanyard: A flexible line, approximately 2 meters (6.5 feet) in length or less and at least 1.25 cm (1/2 inch) diameter first-grade manila rope, to secure the harness to a dropline, fixed anchorage or lifeline with a fall arrest mechanism. The lanyard shall meet the NFPA 1983 Fire Service Life Harness and Hardware standard. Ledger (stringer): A horizontal scaffolding member that extends from post to post and which support the putlogs or bearer forming a tie between the posts. Lifeline: An anchoring cable rigged between two fixed anchorage points to serve as a mobile fixture points for the attachment of lanyards or droplines. The purpose is to limit swing injuries by providing a continuous overhead fixture point as the worker moves horizontally. Important factors to be considered include: an adequate degree of sag, the shortest practical lengths possible, sufficient shock absorption and design strength proportional to the number of workers who may use the line. The lifeline shall meet the NFPA 1983 Fire Service Life Harness and Hardware standard. Lifting Gear (Tackle): Any item which is used to secure a load to lifting appliances but which is not in itself capable of lifting or lowering loads such as: Chain Sling Fiber Sling Girder Clip Hook Spreader Beam Wire Rope Sling Shackle Eyebolt Swivel Ring Plate Lifting Clamp Link

Light duty scaffolding: A scaffolding designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 25 pounds per square foot. Limit Switch: A switch that is operated by some part or motion of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter the electric circuit associated with the machine or equipment. Load Block: The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope. Lockout: Placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy isolating device and the equipment or material being controlled cannot be operated or moved until the lockout device is removed. Lockout device: A device that utilizes a positive means such as a lock, either key or combination type, to hold an Electrical energy isolating device in a safe position and prevent the energizing of a machine or equipment.

Loss of containment: Uncontrolled release of flammable or toxic material, as defined in Attachment-3. Lost Workday Injury (LWI)/ Illness: Any injury/illness that renders the employee unable to resume his work assignment the next day of his duty. Refer to Injury/Illness Classification Guidelines (Attachment2). Lower Explosive Limit: The minimum concentration of a combustible/flammable gas or vapor in air that will ignite if an ignition source is present. Lux: A unit of illumination. 10 Lux is equal to one (1) foot candle. M Machine Excavation: Any excavation which uses machines for breaking hard surfaces like concrete or asphalt areas e.g., jack hammer, concrete cutters, hydraulic or pneumatic tools, etc., or removing earths surface e.g., back-hoe, etc. Machine excavation is used for large trench excavation or plant areas in safe locations free from underground installations. Main Hoist: The hoist mechanism provided for lifting the maximum rated load. Main Switch: A switch controlling the entire power supply to the crane. Maintenance Work: Any work for mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, civil repairs, welding, excavation, Radiography, civil construction, Confined space entry, entry of mobile equipment in the operating plants, working with spark producing equipment in the operating plants, working on equipment under pressure and installation of new or repaired equipment shall be referred to as a maintenance work for this standard. Management: A Supervisor or above level employee. Man-hours: The number of hours during which the employee is present in the work environment as a condition of his employment. Man Trolley: A trolley having an operators cab attached thereto. Manually propelled mobile scaffolding: A portable rolling scaffolding supported by casters. Master Switch: A switch, which dominates the operation of conductors, relays, or other remotely operated devices. Maximum intended load: The total of all loads including the working load, the weight of the scaffolding, and such other loads as may be reasonably anticipated. Mechanical: A method of control by friction.

Medical Treatment Injury/Illness: Any injury/ illness which because of its severity requires treatment by a Physician or by a registered Medical Professional under standing order by a Physician. Refer to Injury/Illness Classification Guidelines (Attachment2). Medium duty scaffolding: A scaffolding designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 50 pounds per square foot. Mid-rail: A rail approximately midway between the guardrail and platform, used when required, and secured to the uprights erected along the exposed sides and ends of platform. Mobile Ladder: means ladders with wheels that can be readily moved. Mobile scaffolding: Means a powered or unpowered, portable, caster or wheel-mounted supported scaffolding (see Attachment-1). Mobile unit: A combination of an aerial device, its vehicle, and related equipment. Motor Vehicle: Any automobile, motorcycle, van, bus, truck, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer propelled or drawn by mechanical power in the transportation of employees, contractors, visitors, materials, or any combination thereof. This definition does not include the following: motorized equipment (e.g., bulldozers); forklifts, locomotives, or cars operated exclusively on a rail or rails; or trolleys. MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet is a document prepared by the chemical manufacturer giving important information about the material such as:

Chemical and trade names of the material Properties of material Action and treatment in the event of exposure to the materials.

Emergency response in case of fire (together with special information such as temperature limitation or water sensitivity).
Response to chemical spills affecting the environment. Labeling and other useful information Mine Safety and Health Administration

MSHA: N

Near Miss: All incidents that did not result in any injury or damage to property but have a potential to cause injury or damage to property. Refer to Incident Classification Guidelines (Attachment-1). NFPA: National Fire Protection Association

NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Non-Emergency Deactivation: is defined as the planned deactivation of a device for maintenance or periodic test and inspection. Non-Process Safety Incident: All incidents other than those involving Process plant equipment in operating area (including off-site equipment) shall be classified as NonProcess Safety Incident. Refer to Incident Classification Guidelines (Attachment-1). Non-sparking tools: There is no tool that is totally non-sparking. However, this term is used for tools that are made of metals such as brass, bronze, Monel metal (copper-nickel alloy), copper aluminum alloys (aluminum bronze), copper-beryllium alloys (beryllium bronze), and titanium. Preferred non-sparking metals have less tensile strength than steels that are usually used to make tools. A lower tensile strength means the metal has less strength or resistance to tearing apart when stretched under test conditions and thus produces less sparks. It also means that these tools are softer, wear down more quickly than ordinary steel tools, and have to be dressed more frequently. Normal production operations: Utilization of a machine or equipment to perform its intended production function. O Occupational Injury/Illness: Physical harm and/or medically diagnosed illness to employee that resulted from exposure to chemical, physical, or biological agents in the work environment. Refer to Injury/Illness Classification Guidelines (Attachment2). OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Overhead Crane: A crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed runway structure. Overspeed Trip: A device or system provided to prevent rotating equipment from exceeding the intended design maximum rotational speed. The overspeed trip system must, therefore, be maintained in a safe operating condition and tested on a scheduled basis. Owned transport: The term has been used to identify those transport that are under the ownership of the SABIC Affiliate and are managed by the Concerned SABIC Affiliate Owner Area: The area/unit for which the Exemption Permit is requested. Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere: An atmosphere with less than 19.5% by volume oxygen at sea level. The oxygen we normally breathe at lower elevations is about 20.8 %.

Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere: An atmosphere containing more than 23.5% oxygen by volume. Oxygen-rich atmospheres expand the range of flammability, lower the ignition energy, and will cause combustible materials to burn violently when ignited. P Permit issuer: An employee who has been designated by management as being qualified and trained to issue a Work permit. Permit Receiver: An employee who has been designated by management as being qualified and trained to receive a Work permit. Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE): Equipment that will help prevent accidents and personal injury. PPE includes hard hats, goggles, face shields, steeltoed shoes, respirators, aprons, gloves and full body suits etc. Physical Restraint: The isolation of equipment by physically restraining its movement. An example might be the need to restrain a cooling tower fan from movement. Other examples include gravity and hydraulically operated equipment that may need to be pinned, blocked, or clamped to ensure no movement. Physical Separation or Removal: A method of isolating equipment by physically removing a piece of equipment from the system. An example would be to remove a spool piece from a pipeline. When pieces of equipment are physically removed from a system, the open ends of the pipe should be blanked, unless specific procedures dictate otherwise. Pilot-operated Relief Devices: a pressure relief valve in which the major relieving device is combined with and is controlled by a self-actuated auxiliary pressure relief valve. Pinch Point (Danger Zone): Any point at which a person can get a part of the body caught between moving parts of the machine, moving and stationary parts of the machine or material and moving parts of the machine. Platform: Any personnel-carrying device (basket or bucket) which is a component of an aerial device. Point of Operation: That part of the machine at which blanking, boring, cutting, shaping, etc., is accomplished on the stock. Portable ladder: means a ladder that can be readily moved or carried. Portable Tank: Any closed vessel having a liquid capacity over 227 liters (60 U.S. gallons) and not intended for fixed installation. Power-Operated Crane: A crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, air, hydraulic, or internal combustion means.

Pressure Relief Devices: Devices installed in manufacturing plants to prevent excessive over pressure in process systems and storage vessels and thus protect equipment and personnel. These devices function automatically at a predetermined set pressure to prevent excessive over pressure in the equipment on which they are installed. Pressure Vessel: An enclosure used for storage, accumulation or processing of any gas or liquid having maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) equal or exceeding 1 barg = 15 Psig or operating under vacuum, (excluding pipes). Prime Contractors: Companies or individuals contracted to perform work in the facility, but not included under the SABIC or its Affiliates organizational structure. Contractors can be hired to construct or modify process facilities, perform maintenance work on process equipment, and in some cases operate the facility. Process Safety Incident: Any incident that involves Process plant equipment in operating area (including off-site equipment) shall be classified as Process Safety Incident. Refer to Incident Classification Guidelines (Attachment-1). Property damage Incident: All Non-Process Safety incidents that resulted in damage to Affiliate property as a result of incidents other than Fire or Explosion. Refer to Incident Classification Guidelines (Attachment1). Psig (Pounds per square inch gauge): Unit of pressure Pulpit-Operated Crane: A crane operated from a fixed operator station not attached to the crane. Pyrophoric Material: A material that without an external ignition source can ignite within 5 minutes after coming in contact with air.

Q Qualified Employee: An employee familiar with the construction and operation of specific equipment, or with a specific work method, and trained to recognize and avoid electrical hazards that may be present in his work environment. A employee may be considered qualified with respect to certain equipment and methods but still be unqualified for others. Qualified Material Handling Equipment Operator: Individual who is qualified by training and experience to operate a specific type of material handling equipment.

Qualified person: A person designated by the employer, who, by reason of experience or instruction, has demonstrated familiarity, knowledge and skills with the operation to be performed and the hazards involved. R Rated Load: The maximum load for which a crane of individual hoist is designated and built by the manufacturer and shown on the equipment nameplate(s). Recordable Injury: Death or cases of occupational injuries or illnesses that result in days away from work, days of restricted work or medical treatment beyond first aid. Regenerative: A form of dynamic braking in which the electrical energy generated is fed back into the power system. Relief Valves: automatic, spring loaded, pressure-relieving devices actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve which lifts in proportion to the increase in pressure over the opening pressure. Remote-Operated Crane: A crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the crane, by any method other than pendant or rope control. Rented or Leased transport: The term has been used to identify the modes normally used to obtain contractual ownership (rented/leased) of a transportation service for delivery/taking delivery of hazardous material. All such containers with the responsibility of delivering the hazardous material to a final destination falls under this category. Repair: Activity which returns/restores the equipment to its original condition. Resistance: Any condition which retards electrical flow. It is measured in ohms. Restricted Work Injury/Illness: Any injury/illness that renders the employee unable to continue his normal work assignment. However, the employee can be assigned to a different or light duty. Refer to Injury/Illness Classification Guidelines (Attachment2). Root Cause: The factors that started the chain of events. Rope: Wire rope, unless otherwise specified. Runner: The lengthwise horizontal bracing or bearing members or both. Running Sheave: A sheave that rotates as the load block is raised or lowered. Runway: An assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which the crane or trolley travels.

Rupture Disks: non-closing relief device actuated by inlet static pressure and designed to function by the bursting of a pressure-containing disk. S SABIC Affiliates: The term has been used for SABIC facilities such as SABIC Marketing, SABIC Services Limited (SSL), SABIC R& T and SABIC Affiliate Companies such as AR RAZI, PETROKEMYA, GAS, etc. Safe Man-hours: The number of hours worked without a Lost Workday injury/Illness or Fatality. Safety Can: A Factory Mutual-Approved or Underwriters Laboratories-Listed container less than 18.9 liters (5 gallons) in capacity which has a spring-closing lid and spout cover and so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure. Safety Critical Instrumentation and Device: Instrumentation and Devices that are provided to prevent an incident which could result in significant adverse consequences. Systems mentioned below are some examples of safety critical devices/instruments. This list, however, is not meant to be all-inclusive: Safety Feet: Non-slip material and or fixtures on the bottoms of ladder feet. Metal spikes or spurs add increased resistance to movement of ladder feet. S afety Instructional signs: These are fixed signs used to provide Safety instructions. Safety Performance Index (SPI): The number of Safety incidents as a function of the severity per every 200,000 Manhours worked. Class A Safety incident: 50.0 Class B Safety incident: 5.0

Class C Safety Incident (excluding Near-misses): 1.0 SPI = (50xClass A + 5x Class B + Class C) EMPLOYEES HOURS WORKED X 200,000

Safety Valves: automatic, spring loaded, pressure-relieving devices actuated by the static pressure upstream of a valve and characterized by rapid full opening or pop action. The set pressure of a safety valve is the pressure at which the valve pops. Scaffolding: Any temporary elevated platform and its supporting structure used for supporting workmen or materials or both (see Attachment-1).

SCBA: Self Contained Breathing Apparatus. Semi-gantry Crane: A gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one or more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge being supported by a truck running on an elevated rail or runway. Senior Management: General Manager and above level employee. Servicing and/or maintenance: Workplace activities such as constructing, installing, setting up, adjusting, inspecting, modifying, and maintaining and/or servicing machines, equipment or systems. These activities include lubrication, cleaning or unarming of machines or equipment and making adjustments or tool changes, where the employee may be exposed to the unexpected energization or startup of the equipment or release of hazardous energy or hazardous material. Setting up: Any work performed to prepare a machine, equipment, or system to perform its normal production operation. Severity Rate: The standard injury severity rate is the number of Days away from work/ Lost Workdays/Days Charged per 1,000,000 employee-hours worked, computed by the following formula.: Severity Rate: Days away from work/ Lost Workdays/Days Charged x 1,000,000 Employees hours worked Shall: Signifies mandatory requirements. Shoring: A system of braces, uprights (plywood or steel) and walls to protect people and the adjacent structures foundations in an excavation or trench from the collapse of the adjacent unstable soil. Should: Signifies recommended/optional requirements. Side Pull: That portion of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines are not operated vertically. Sides, Walls or Faces: excavation work. The vertical or inclined earth surfaces formed as a result of

Single pole scaffolding: Platforms resting on putlogs or crossbeams, the outside ends of which are supported on ledgers secured to a single row of posts or uprights and the inner ends of which are supported on or in a wall. Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolding: A manual or power-operated unit designed for light duty use, supported by a single wire rope from an overhead support so arranged and operated as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to desired working positions.

Slip Blind: A rigid metal disc with a short handle used to slip in between two bolted flanges to block the flow of material within a pipe. The handle extends out several inches beyond the outside diameter of the flanges and serves as an indicator that a blind is in place. Span: The horizontal distance center to center of runway rails. Spectacle Blind : This blind is called a spectacle blind because it is shape like a pair of spectacles. One half of the blind is a solid piece of metal which will prevent flow of material within the pipe when properly installed between the flanges. The other half of the blind has a hole in the center the same diameter as the inside diameter of the pipe. When properly installed in this position, it will permit flow of material inside the pipe. This type of blind is used in locations that must be isolated frequently and where piping is so rigid that other types of blinding are very difficult to install. Spreader: Locking device of sufficient size and strength to securely hold the front and back sections of a portable stepladder in an open position. Standby Crane: A crane, which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required. Standby Man or Entry Attendant or Manhole watch: An individual trained in attendant responsibilities, confined space hazards, and emergency procedures who has been assigned to remain at the outside of the confined space, guard against unauthorized entry, maintain communication with and monitor the authorized entrants inside. Standoff Blind : This blind is very similar to a slip blind except that it has 4, 6 or more spacers (depending on the size of the opening) on one face of the blind. This blind is used to separate pipes from vessels or equipment, but will permit air to enter the vessel. This blind is installed between flanges with the blank face of the blind placed against the open end of the pipe. The side of the blind with the spacers is placed against the flange nearest the vessel or equipment that is to be opened. When properly bolted in place, it seals off the pipe but permits air to enter the vessel through the opening between the spacers. Steam: Water, in vapor form, is odorless and can be invisible at super-heated temperatures. When water is heated at atmospheric pressure, it will boil when the temperature reaches 100C (212F). As the pressure is increased, the boiling temperature of the water and temperature of the steam increases. Water flashing to steam expands about 1600 times. Stepladder: A stepladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, having flat steps and a hinged back. Its size is designated by the overall length of the ladder measured along the front edge of the side rails. Stop: A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.

Storage Bridge Crane: A gantry type crane of long span usually used for bulk storage of material; the bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or non-rigidly supported on one or more legs. It may have one or more fixed or hinged cantilever ends. Storage Tank: Any vessel having a liquid capacity greater than 227 liters (60 U.S. gallons) that is intended for fixed installation. Sub-contractors: Contractors hired by and responsible to Prime Contractors for all activities. Substance Hazard Index (SHI): The SHI is represented by the following expression: SHI=EVC/ATC, Where: EVC= Equilibrium Vapor Concentration at 20 deg C defined as the substance vapor pressure at 20 deg C in millimeters of mercury, multiplied by 106 and then divided by 760. Multiplying by 106 and dividing by 760 conforms to legislation adopted by State of New Jersey. ATC= Acute Toxicity Concentration, in parts per million, defined as the lowest reported concentration, based on recognized scientific test protocols, that will cause death or permanent injury to humans after a single exposure of 1 hour or less. Use of the American Industrial Hygiene Associations Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, where developed, would be equivalent to ATC. Release / loss of containment of chemicals having SHI greater than 8,000 shall be considered having potential for a catastrophic effect. Suspended Scaffoldings: Scaffoldings erected in pipe racks that are suspended/hung from the structural steelwork. Switch: A device for making, breaking, or for changing the connections in an electrical circuit. System Blinding: In a few special cases, a line may be blinded at some distance from the vessel, or several pieces of equipment may be isolated as a single unit rather than being blinded as individual vessels or pieces of equipment. System blinding may make it difficult to make sure that all of the equipment in the system is made gas free and kept that way.

Tagout: Placement of a tagout device (Danger Tag) on an Electrical energy isolating device, in accordance with the applicable sections of this procedure, to indicate that the Electrical energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed. Tagout devices are placed in the same location as lockout devices. Tagout device: A prominent Danger Tag, such as a tag and a means of attachment, which can be securely fastened to an energy isolating device or source of systems containing hazardous materials in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the Electrical energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed. The tag is used only when the equipment is incapable of being locked out and the equipment is disconnected from its source of energy. NOTE: For the purpose of this procedure Electrical lockout/tagout shall mean the removal of equipment from service that will prevent unexpected or inadvertent movement of machine or materials or energizing of circuits. Tank: An enclosure that has a MAWP less than 15 psi, not including vacuum Temperature/pressure trips. service.

Test Certificate: A document signed by an authorized person containing the prescribed particulars relating to the proof load test, or certificate issued by the manufacturer. Test: Such as hydraulic or pneumatic test to determine structural strength of vessel tank or

Toeboard: A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform, to guard against the falling of material/ personnel. Toxic Atmosphere: Any atmosphere which exceeds (or could reasonably be expected to exceed) the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for any substance that is specified in the current American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) list of Threshold Limit Values. Trench Shield: A shoring system composed of steel plates and bracing, welded or bolted together, which support the walls of a trench from the ground level to the bottom of the trench and can be moved along as the work progresses. Trench: A narrow excavation below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth is greater than the width but the width of a trench is not greater than 4.6 meters. Trestle Platforms: Platforms made for low-level access up to 1.5 meters for which trestle and plank platforms may be used. Trolley: The unit that travels on the bridge rails and carries the hoisting mechanism.

Truck: The unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles that support the bridge girders or trolleys. Tube and coupler scaffolding: An assembly consisting of tubing that serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties, and runners, a base supporting the posts, and special couplers which serve to connect the uprights and to join the various members. Tubular welded frame scaffolding: A sectional, panel, or frame metal scaffolding substantially built up of pre-fabricated welded sections that consist of posts and horizontal bearer with intermediate members. Panels or frames shall be braced with diagonal or cross braces. U UN Identification Number: A number assigned by UN (United Nations) for identification of chemical under transportation. Upper Explosive Limit: The maximum concentration of a flammable/combustible gas, vapor, mist, or dust in air that will support combustion when an ignition source is present. V Variance: Deviation from SABIC Safety Standard for a limited period. Vehicle: Any carrier that is not manually propelled. Vertical tower: An aerial device designed to elevate a platform in a substantially vertical axis. Voltage: A unit of electrical potential difference (Can be correlated to the pressure in a water pipeline). It is measured in volts. W Wall Crane: A crane having a jib with or without trolley and supported from a sidewall or line of columns of a building. It is a traveling type and operates on a runway attached to the sidewall or columns. Working load: Load imposed by men, materials, and equipment. Work Permit: A written document authorizing a person or a group to perform maintenance, inspection or construction work. Worksite: The facilities of SABIC or its affiliate in which work is to be performed.

HSE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

SAFETY STANDERDS
Close Calls Are Wake Up Calls! 1. Close calls are not important enough to investigate. True False

2. Close calls can occur on and off-the-job. True False

3. Should you report a close call to your supervisor? Yes No

4. Should you make sure the conditions leading to the close call are corrected so it wont happen again? Yes No

5. If a close call is ignored, is it possible the same conditions could lead to an injury or a fatality? Yes No

6. A close call indicates something is seriously wrong. True False

7. Which of these excuses is acceptable for not reporting a close call? a. Fear of getting into trouble b. Embarrassment c. Ruining a safety record and losing an incentive prize for your crew d. Not wanting to deal with the red tape involved. e. None of these excuses 8. When a mistake occurs, you should take the opportunity to learn from it so it wont happen again. True False

9. Reporting of close calls is an important part of a workplace safety program. True False

10. Close calls should be: a. Taken seriously b. Ignored

Safety Talks! - Answer Sheet

Deafness Is A Lonely Disability 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. c 5. b 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. b 10. a Back To Safety Talk! | Back To Quiz

There's Nothing Funny About Falls 1. a 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. b 10. True Back To Safety Talk! | Back To Quiz

Use This Safety Checklist - On Yourself! 1. False 2. True 3. d 4. False 5. False 6. b 7. True 8. True 9. b 10. True Back To Safety Talk! | Back To Quiz

Close Calls Are Wake Up Calls! 1. False 2. True 3. Yes 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. True 7. e 8. True 9. True 10. a Back To Safety Talk! | Back To Quiz

Safe Lifting 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. False False True a False b a True

9. False 10. a

Participant Handout SafetyTalk #211-4H

There's Nothing Funny About Falls People have probably been laughing at each other's falls since the dawn of history. Slips, trips and falls have been a sure way to get a laugh in many cultures over the years. The design of the human body, with its high center of gravity, makes it difficult to stay vertical. Human beings have been slipping on banana peels and falling over their own feet ever since they first began to walk upright. Except in slapstick comedy, falls are simply not funny. In fact, the subject of falls is extremely serious. Did you know that falls are the second leading cause of accidental deaths? Motor vehicle accidents, a relatively new development in human history, are now the first. In case you are thinking that falls are only a danger to people who work on scaffolds and steel girders up in the sky, think again. Most falls actually occur on the same level and are caused by just tripping over an obstacle or slipping on something. Here are some ways to prevent falls: Keep walkways and floors free of obstacles such as boxes, cords, and litter. Even objects such as pencils on the floor have caused serious falls. Flooring surfaces must be even and secured. Watch out for obstacles such as loose tiles or carpeting. Close cabinet drawers and doors as soon as you are through with them. Many serious injuries have occurred when persons fell over unexpected obstacles such as an open bottom drawer on a desk. Don't run or walk too fast. Adjust your walking speed and style to the surface you are traveling on. If the surface is rough, cluttered, slippery or at an angle such as a ramp, you need to slow down and take small careful steps. Wear safe footwear, with low heels and a good fit. Keep your shoelaces tied. Avoid slippery soles and be sure to wear shoes with adequate tread when walking on icy, greasy

or wet surfaces. Keep shoes in good repair. A defect such as a nail coming through the heel can cause a person to slip. Make sure you can see over or around any load you are carrying. Take your near-misses seriously. Let's say you have just skidded across a slick patch of flooring or tripped over an extension cord. You are not injured, but just a little shaken and embarrassed. Take the time to see why that near-accident occurred in the first place and identify what can be done to prevent it from happening again to you or someone else. Does the floor need non-skid matting? Should the cord be moved or taped down? Were you hurrying or daydreaming? It is important to stay alert to slipping and tripping hazards in your work area and the routes which you travel in the course of your shift. Watch out for hazards which might put you in danger of a fall. Think of the other person too. You might know that the corner of the rug is loose or that the floor around that leak is always wet. But some other unsuspecting person might fall victim to these hazards.

Participant Handout SafetyTalk #202-1H Use This Safety Checklist - On Yourself Operators of machinery or vehicles are expected to check them over to make sure they are in safe running order before they go to work. They use a checklist to inspect the important components of their equipment, one at a time. In the same way, you should go through a checklist about yourself every once in awhile, to make sure you are in "safe running order" to handle the job at hand. The following checklist applies in one way or another to workers in just about every field: - Have you received safety training for the job you do? Do you ask questions if you're in doubt? - Do you inspect your work area and your machinery or tools before you start work? - Do you wear the correct Personal Protective Equipment for each aspect of your job? Have you been trained in the correct way to select, fit, maintain, inspect and use your PPE? - Do you avoid the hazards of electricity by understanding its dangers and by treating it with respect? - Do you know more than one way to escape from your work area in case of fire, and could you find these exits right now if you had to do so in the dark, or in smoke? - Do you know where to find a fire extinguisher near your work station? Do you know how to use it, and which kind to use on various types of fires? - Do you know how to report a fire in your work area? - Do you make correct use of guards on machinery and tools? Do you understand the consequences of tampering with them or removing them? - Do you practice good housekeeping by keeping your work area clean and orderly, free of scrap, spills and other hazards? Do you put your tools away after you use them? - Do you understand the lockout and tagout procedures for any equipment in your work area? This would also include isolating energy sources such as electricity, steam, hydraulics or compressed air.

- Are you aware of hazardous chemicals and gases which you work with or which you may encounter in your work situation? Do you know how to protect yourself against them? - Do you know how to find and use safety showers and eyewash stations? - Do you understand the dangers of entering a confined space? - Do you know how to avoid repetitive stress injuries? - Do you know how to lift safely and to protect your back in your particular job? - Do you avoid slips and falls by eliminating hazards and wearing safe footwear? - Do you drive defensively, and always wear your seatbelt? - Do you understand the consequences of drugs or alcohol use before or during work? - Do you keep yourself physically and mentally fit - and healthy - so that you will be able to work safely? Hopefully you answered "yes" to all of the questions. If you answered "no", think of ways you can improve your safety checklist score.

Participant Handout SafetyTalk #112-1H

Close Calls Are Wake Up Calls! Close calls or near misses are very common in the workplace. They are incidents that don't cause an injury or some other kind of property damage only because there was nothing in the way to be damaged, or no one close enough to be injured. Why talk about accidents that didn't happen? The following story might make it a little easier to understand by bringing a close call incident a little closer to home. Your neighbor's son runs into your house in a panic because he has just come within a few inches of running over your two-year-old daughter who was playing in the driveway. Your first reaction might be "why didn't you circle check your vehicle before getting in?" However, because it was promptly reported to you, you will now have the opportunity to investigate immediately for its causes. Upon investigating you discover there is a faulty gate latch on the fence in your back yard play area. If your neighbor's son had neglected or ignored reporting this near-accident to you, you may never have known and this faulty gate could have eventually cost your daughter her life. The sequence of events which lead up to an accident is like a series of errors that fall onto one another like dominoes. The close call incident is simply this same sequence of events with one of the dominoes missing. Close call incidents trigger the fact that something is seriously wrong. They allow us the opportunity to investigate and correct the situation before the same thing happens again and causes an injury or death. Experience has proven that if the causes of accidents are not removed, the potential for an accident will occur again and again. Unfortunately, a typical story told after many accidents is; "Yeah, that happened to Jim as well - just last week!" Why are close call incidents not reported? Typical reasons are: fear of reprimand or repercussions, red tape, not being aware of their importance in controlling future accidents, embarrassment, the spoiling of a safety or production record or lack of feedback when similar issues have previously been raised. If you keep silent about a close call - you may avoid having to deal with it. But try to explain that to a co-worker who ends up in a wheelchair because of a hazard that you knew existed but were too proud to talk about.

Controlling close call incidents is really the secret to reducing the overall frequency of accidents. One survey of 300 companies discovered that for every 600 close call incidents, they had 30 property damages, 10 minor accidents and 1 very serious accident. Close call incident reporting is a very valuable tool in helping us all manage an effective safety program. But the vital part is to apply corrective action immediately. The only way this can be done is if a close call is reported immediately after it has occurred. This way we can learn as much as possible - as soon as possible. A wise man once said: A fool is not a man who makes no mistakes - we all do that. The fool is the man who refuses to learn from them.

Participant Handout SafetyTalk! #108-2H

Safe Lifting If you've ever strained your back while lifting something, you'll know the importance of lifting safely. Whether or not lifting is a regular part of your job, it is important to know the basic techniques for safe lifting. Plan Your Lift - Size up the load - its weight, shape and position. Is the load too large, too heavy or too awkward to move alone? - Decide on the route you will take, and check for any problems or obstacles such as a slippery or cluttered floor. Also, check out the place where you will set down the load, so you can anticipate any difficulties. Position Yourself Correctly - Get as close as you can to the load. - Place your feet about shoulder width apart, straddling the load if possible. - Tuck in your pelvis. - Bend your knees. - Do not bend at your waist or extend your upper body. These movements put a strain on your back. Lift Correctly - Let your legs do the work. Use your strong thigh muscles to lift,rather than your weaker back. - Don't twist your body. If you have to turn, move your feet instead of your trunk. - Make sure you can see over your load and move carefully toward your destination. Set Down - If it must go to the back of a deep shelf, for instance, put the load down on the edge and push it into place. - Take care to avoid crushing your hands when you release the load.

Get Help - If you can't handle the load alone, don't be a hero. Get some human or mechanical help. Team Lifting - Decide on one person to be in charge of the lift. This person will tell everyone when to lift, move and set it down. Ideally, this person should be the last in line on the load. - If you choose a mechanical helper like a hand truck, check it over to make sure it is in good repair and the wheels are working correctly. Tricky Lifts - It's difficult to lift a load higher than your shoulders, so safely use a step stool, stepladder, platform, or equipment to place loads higher. - Another difficult lift is from deep within a bin. You can modify the basic lift procedure by getting as close as you can to the load, squattings lightly and placing your bent knees against the bin. A similar procedure is the safe way to lift heavy items from a car trunk. - For light, little objects in the bottom of a bin, you can use the golfer's lift. Swing one leg straight out behind you, flex the other knee,use one hand to balance yourself on the edge of the bin and the other hand to pick up the load. A back injury is painful and can cause a big disruption in your life at work and off the job. Lifting safely is one very important way to keep your back healthy.

Participant Handout SafetyTalk #108-1H

Deafness Is A Lonely Disability A person with a hearing disability misses hearing the things we all enjoy - like music, laughter and the sounds of nature. Because communication is difficult, those with a hearing disability tend to become isolated from other people. Excessive noise can gradually destroy hearing. In fact, damage is so gradual, you may not realize it is happening. People who work regularly in noisy environments believe they "get used to" the noise. But if the noise is bothering them less, that's a sure sign of hearing loss. Another early warning of dangerous noise levels is ringing in the ears. So is reduced hearing for the first few hours after leaving a noisy job. As hearing loss progresses, the ear does not recover its full abilities before the person returns to work the next day, and more damage is inflicted. While there are a lot of methods of measuring noise levels, here are a couple of simple ones. If you cannot carry on a normal conversation because of noise in the work area, or if you find you are hoarse from shouting over the noise, then chances are you are exposed to too much noise. Noise can sometimes be reduced by working further away from machinery, or by installing insulation or other engineering controls that reduce it. If you think this applies to your work area, suggest it to your supervisor. You can protect yourself from noise by using Personal Protective Equipment for your ears. There are three main kinds. If you're not sure which you should use in your work area, ask for advice. - Ear plugs, either reusable or disposable, are made of foam. The user rolls them up and places them in the ear, where they expand to seal out noise. - Canal caps are pre-formed ear plugs, often attached to a headpiece so they won't get lost.

- Ear muffs have cuffs fitting over the outer ear. Other types of ear protection are also available for special circumstances, such as ear muffs attached to hard hats. For really noisy areas, ear plugs and ear muffs are worn at the same time. Take care of your ear protection, according to manufacturer's instructions. Wash ear plugs with soap and water, and allow them to dry thoroughly before putting them in. Check for signs of wear and replace if necessary. Have canal caps and ear muffs refitted periodically to make sure they are still doing their best for you. Don't store your earmuffs outdoors - you might get a surprise if a wasp has decided to take up residence inside them. Some people object to wearing ear protection because they think they will not be able to hear warnings or alarm bells. This is not the case; instead the ear protection will usually filter out the steady unwanted noise. Some people find ear protection uncomfortable. It does take some getting used to, but if it is really uncomfortable, try another device or try to get a better fit. Ask for advice. Industrial workplaces aren't the only threat to your hearing. Noise hazards exist everywhere - this includes traffic, office and home computer printers, personal stereo systems and lawn mowers. Take care of your ears wherever you are. Use hearing protection on and off the job. Hearing loss occurs gradually and it can't be reversed.

1. Ans-

Prepared By:-

GHULAM MUSTAFA HSE SUPERVISOR Ma adan magnisite project OLAYAN DESCON INDUSTRIAL COMPANY,(KSA)