ALSTOM 1 & DISTRIBUTION Course PC3, Dubai Application of Protective Relaying to - Distribution and Sub-Transmission Systems 25" - 29" March 2000 Distance Protection:- Basic Principles, Characteristics, Relays and Application (Lecture) Presented by J.W. WrightDISTANCE PROTECTION Popular, Widely Used on Sub-Transmission and Transmission Systems Virtually Independent of Fault Current Level (Zs/Z, Ratios) Fast Discriminative Protection:- Zone 1 or ‘Aided’ Distance Scheme Time Delayed Remote Back-Up:- Incorporated at little extra cost Directional e VT’s Required ¢ Fault Resistive Coverage Limited by Load Impedance and Distance Protection Characteristic ¢ Affected by Power Swings, Loss of VT Input (fuse failure) « Additional Features can be incorporated:- Directional E/F Protection Power Swing Blocking VT Supply Supervision Fault Locators Event Recording Disturbance Recording APO2d84DISTANCE PROTECTION - LECTURE CONTENT ¢ Basic Principles of Impedance/Distance Measurement ¢ Quantities Used for Measurement of Phase and Earth Faults « Replica Impedance Settings for Phase and Earth Faults ¢ Characteristics:- Mho, Quadrilateral etc. Cross Polarising Memory ¢ Applications:- Zones of Protection Underreaching/Overreaching Earth Fault Consideration Power Swings e Distance Relays:- General Types LFZR Optimho APO3639