Knox Academy

Department of Physics

National 4/5 Dynamics and Space

Section 1 Mechanics Homeworks

Homework 1 - Average and Instantaneous Speed.

1 Two pupils wish to measure the average speeds of cars as they travel along Law Road. State what apparatus they would use, the measurements they would make and how they would be made. Also state how they would calculate the average speed from their measurements? (3) Show, using labelled diagram, how you would measure the instantaneous speed of a trolley at the foot of an inclined plane. State the measurements taken and show how the instantaneous speed would be calculated from your measurements. (3) While travelling from Glasgow to Kilmarnock, the driver of a car looks at the speedometer and notices her speed as 90 km per hour. However, it takes 40 minutes to travel the 40 km journey. (a) (2) (b) Calculate the average speed in km per hour. State two different occasions when the drivers instantaneous speed would be less than her average speed. (2) Calculate what the drivers instantaneous speed of 90 km per hour would be in metres per second. (2)

(c)

A plane leaves London Heathrow at 7.25 GMT and arrives in New York JFK at 12.10 GMT. (a) (1) (b) How long did the pane journey take ? If it is 5100 km from London to New York, calculate the average speed in (i) km per hour. (ii) metres per second.

(2) The return journey takes 4 hours and 20 minutes.

(c) (d) (1) 5

How does the average speed for the return journey compare with that of the outward journey? (1) Suggest why the two average speeds are different.

A train is travelling from Glasgow to Edinburgh. Part of the train timetable is shown below:
Station Glasgow dep. Falkirk arr. dep. Linlithgow arr. dep. Edinburgh arr. Time 1800 1820 1830 1838 1840 1905 Distance 28 km 12 km 34 km

(a)
(b)

Calculate the average speed in metres per second from Glasgow to Falkirk. (1) Calculate the average speed in metres per second from Glasgow to Edinburgh. (1) (c) Give a reason why the average speeds calculated in (a) and (b) are different. (1) Total Mark = 20

Homework 2 - Vectors and Scalars

1 State the difference between a vector and a scalar quantity. (1) 2 State the difference between distance and displacement. (1) 3 A car follows the curved path as shown below. It starts at X and finishes at Y.
Y N 25 m

25 m

(a) (b) at X (4) 4 5 6

Calculate the distance travelled by the car. Calculate the displacement of the car when it arrives (magnitude and direction).

State the difference between speed and velocity. (1) Explain the terms speed and velocity. (2) An orienteer ran 6 km North and then 8 km East. He ran on level ground and it took him 2 hours.

(a) Calculate his average speed. (b) Calculate his average velocity (give magnitude and direction).(3)

A runner follows the path shown starting at A and arriving at B five seconds later.
20 m B N 15 m

(a) What is the distance travelled by the runner? (b) Calculate the average speed of the runner. (c) Calculate the runners displacement (magnitude and direction). (d) Calculate the average velocity of the runner (magnitude and direction). (5)

8 A runner runs on the perimeter of a square field as shown below:

B C N

40 m

He starts at A and runs to C. (a) What distance has the runner travelled when he reaches C? (b) Calculate the runners displacement on reaching C (magnitude and direction). (3) Total mark = 20

Homework 3 - Acceleration
1 2 State what is meant by acceleration. (1) A cyclist takes 10 seconds to reach a speed of 14 m/s. Calculate the cyclists acceleration. (2) Calculate the final speed of a rocket which accelerates at 200 m/s2 from rest for 6.8 seconds. The speeds of supersonic aircraft and missiles are often stated in Mach numbers. The Mach number is the ratio of the speed of the body through air to the speed of sound in air. Express the final speed of the rocket as a Mach number if the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. (3) 4 A supertanker travelling at 14 m/s starts decelerating at 0.02 m/s2. How long does it take to come to a complete stop? (2) For the following velocity-time graph:
12

Speed (ms -1 ) A
0 0 4 10 18

Time (s)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Calculate the initial acceleration. Calculate the final deceleration. Calculate the total distance travelled. Calculate the average speed. Describe the motions represented in parts A, B and C of the velocity-time graph. (6)

A motorist joins a motorway at a speed of 25 m/s and accelerates up to a speed of 33 m/s in 4 seconds. He continues at this speed for 20 seconds and then has to brake to a standstill in 6 seconds because of a traffic jam. Draw a velocity-time graph of the motion described

using graph paper. (3) 7 (a) If 1 km = 5/8 mile, calculate how many metres there are in 1 mile. (b) Express 33 m/s in: (i) km per hour, (ii) miles per hour. (c) Was the motorist in question 6 exceeding the motorway speed limit ? (3) Total mark = 20

Homework 4 - Forces, Mass and Weight

1 We cannot say what a force is, we can only say what a force does. State three things that forces can do. (1) A pupil is asked to measure the force required to pull a box along the floor and then to measure the force required to lift the box onto a table. (a) (b) (c) Describe how the pupil would measure these forces using a Newton balance. (3) Which of the forces would normally be greater? (1) When the Newton balance measures forces, what is happening inside the balance. (1)

What is weight? (1) What is the difference between mass and weight? Also state the units that each is measured in measured in. (2) State what is meant by gravitational field strength. (1) This information will be required in the following questions:
Location Earth M ars Jupiter the M oon outer space Gravitational field strength (N/kg) 10 3.8 26 1.6 0

5 6

(a) masses:

Calculate the weight on Earth of the following (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 10 kg 10,000 kg 100 g 1g

(2)

(b)

When the gravitational field strength changes, is it the mass or weight which remains constant? (1) Calculate the mass of objects with weights on Earth (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 25 N 0.01 N 10,000 N 0.00001 N

(c) of:

(2) (d) A man has a mass of 70 kg. Calculate what his weight would be: (i) on Earth (ii) on the Moon (iii) on Mars (iv) on Jupiter (v) in outer space (5)

Total mark = 20

Homework 5 - Friction and Forces

1. 2. State what the force of friction does. (1) (a) (2) (b) (2) (c) How does a sky diver increase the force of air friction acting on his body. Explain the situation. How does a car designer reduce the force of air friction acting on a car. Explain the situation. In a packing station boxes are pushed along a conveyer. How is friction reduced on the conveyer? Explain the situation. (2)

What type of quantity is force (vector or scalar), and what unit is it measured in? (1) What are balanced forces? (1) Newtons First Law of Motion (Newton I) states that if no unbalanced force acts on a body then the body will remain at rest or move in a straight line with uniform speed. What does this tell us about what unbalanced forces do? (1) Newtons Second Law (Newton II) quantifies the unbalanced force. It states that the unbalanced force acting on a body is proportional to the acceleration it produces; also, as the mass of the body accelerated increases, then the acceleration decreases for a given force. Write down a formula for Newton II, stating the quantities which the symbols represent and the units in which they are measured. (2) Define the newton. (1)

4 5

Two masses, X=1 kg and Y=2 kg, are attached to a string which passes over a smooth pulley. Both masses are supported and then released. Mass X accelerates upwards and mass Y accelerates downwards.

What are the weights of X and Y? Draw two free body diagrams. One for mass X alone and one for mass Y. (c) Write down an equation for the forces involved in each of the two free body diagrams that you drew in part (c). (d) Eliminate T by solving the two equations simultaneously. (e) Find the value of the acceleration. (5)

(a) (b)

9 A liquid-fuelled rocket is taking off vertically upwards as shown below:

Initial Thrust = 250,000 N

Weight = 100,000 N

(a) (b) rocket? (c)

What is the initial mass of the rocket? What is the initial unbalanced force acting on the Calculate the initial acceleration of the rocket. (2)

Total mark = 20

Homework 6 - Resultant Forces and Projectile motion

1 2 If two forces act in the same direction how do you find their resultant? (1) If two forces act in opposite directions how do you find the magnitude and direction of their resultant? (1) To find the resultant of two forces which act at right angles to each other a vector diagram must be drawn. How are the vectors representing the forces drawn? (1)

4 Two forces at right angles to each other act on a rock as shown below:
8N

6N

(a) Which diagram(s) correctly show(s) the vector for the resultant?

(b) 5

Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force. (2)

Considering a body of mass m falling freely, use Newton 2 to show that the acceleration due to gravity (g) in m/s2 is equivalent to the gravitational field strength in N/kg. (1) Describe what a projectile is, explaining the curved path. (2)

A ball is thrown out of a window with a horizontal speed of 10 m/s. At the moment it is released out of the window, the initial vertical speed is zero. It takes 4 s to reach the ground. What is the value of the horizontal acceleration of the State the final horizontal speed of the ball just before

(a) ball? (1) (b) it

hits the ground. (1) (c) Sketch a speed-time graph for the balls horizontal motion up to 4 s. (2) (d) Calculate the total horizontal distance covered by the ball. (1) (e) What is the value of the vertical acceleration of the ball? (1) (f) Calculate the final vertical speed of the ball just before it hits the ground. (2) (g) Sketch a speed-time graph for the balls vertical motion. (2) (h) Calculate the total vertical distance covered by the ball. (2) Total mark = 20

Homework 7 - Work and Energy

1 2 State what work done is and the unit it is measured in. (1) What form of energy is work done changed into when: (a) A force does work against friction. (b) A force does work against gravity. (c) A force accelerates a body. (3) A man exerts a force of 2 kN on a rock but doesnt shift it. How much work does he do? (1) A man has to exert an average force of 280 N to push a trolley round a supermarket. If he does 208 kJ of work, how far does he walk? (2) State the relationship between work done, power and time, stating the units each are measured in. (2) State the relationships between: (a) Gravitational potential energy (Ep), mass (m), gravitational field strength (g) and height (h). (b) Kinetic energy (Ek), mass (m) and velocity (v). (2) A girl of mass 60 kg runs up a flight of stairs in 8.2 s. Each stair is 20 cm high and there are 50 stairs in the flight. (a) (1) (b) (c) (d) (1) What is the girls weigh ? What is the total vertical height climbed ? (1) Calculate the potential energy gained by the pupil. (2) Calculate the girls power.

8 kg.

A sprinter can run 100 m in 12.2 s. He has a mass of 65 (a) (1) (b) (c) Calculate the sprinters average speed. Calculate the sprinters kinetic energy when running at a speed equal to her average speed. (2) Calculate the average power developed during the (1) Total mark = 20

run.