Determination of percent ethanol and percent loss in Sombrero Tequila using simple distillation
CHEMISTR Y
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Maria Patricia R. Moran*, Serra Nicole Marcelino, Miguel Gabriel Ocampo, John Edward Paz
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science
Abstract
In this experiment, the percent ethanol and percent loss was calculated through simple distillation of a 20mL sample of Sombrero Tequila and a flammability test. After the distillation process, 12.5mL of distillate was collected at 98C. Through the conduction of the flammability test, it was determined that 6.0mL of ethanol was collected. After the necessary computations, the percent ethanol was determined to be 30% and the computed percent loss was 36.25%.
Introduction Alcohol is a very important compound with varied functions ranging from commercial, medical and even industrial uses. This compound is a family of organic compounds with the characteristic functional group of hydroxyl (OH) (Figure 1) attached to a sp 3hybridized carbon (Klein, 2012).
One of the earliest applications of distillation would be concentrating the alcohol content of alcoholic beverages. Tequila is an example of an alcoholic beverage called spirits that is of Mexican origin and are made from the distillation of fermented juice of agave plants. The alcohol content of spirits range from 40-50% that is very much higher compared to wine (8-14%). Ethanol, a type of alcohol, is considered to be the active ingredient on alcoholic beverages (Figure 1). Production of ethanol usually involves fermentation, a process of metabolism of carbohydrates by yeast in an anaerobic environment. Unfortunately, excessive intake of these alcoholic beverages may produce biological effects that may harm the body. Liver damage may one of the leading effects of alcoholism that include symptoms of fever, abdominal pain and jaundice, or the yellowing of the skin. Drinking alcohol in moderation is found to have a beneficial effect on the heart, yet abuse would entail an increase in the blood pressure and an increased risk for heart attack and stroke. Mild effects would include heightened mood, slurred speech and delayed reaction times that could lead to violence or inappropriate behavior (NHMRC, 2009).
As for the fractional distillation, the same set-up as with simple distillation is also required but there is an addition of a fractional column that is to be inserted between the
Flammability Test + + + +
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Table 1 shows the direct relationship between the volume of the distillate and temperature. Therefore, as the volume increases, the temperature also increases. As observed in the results of the flammability test, there is a clear distinction between the
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Figure 4. Relationship between temperature (oC) and volume (mL) of the distillate
Figure 4 shows the graph of the temperature in relation with the volume of the distillate. It can also be observed that towards the end of the graph where the temperature is nearing 100C, the temperature stopped increasing and remained constant. This constancy is called azeotrope, which is a mixture of two liquid that has a constant
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Therefore, it was computed that the percent ethanol was 30% and that the percent ethanol lost was 36.25%. This percent loss may be attributed to different sources of error such as the mishandling of the distillate, excessive heating of the flask or evaporation. In conclusion, using fractional distillation is a much better option compared to simple distillation especially if handling liquids with close boiling point difference. The difference in boiling point of the two compounds (ethanol and water) would be 22C, therefore it should be requiring a fractional distillation set-up. Fractional distillation gives a much better separation of liquids since there is repetition of the vaporization and condensation process.
Experimental methodology Before the conduction of the experiment, the necessary materials were gathered such as the quick-fit distillation set-up, Sombrero Tequila sample, Bunsen burner, two boiling chips, thermometer and test tubes. All test tubes were calibrated 0.5mL using a marking
collected in the first test tube, the initial reading for the temperature was recorded. Then, 0.5mL of the distillate was gathered and the corresponding temperature was recorded. In the same way, 0.5mL of the distillate was collected in the succeeding test tubes and the corresponding temperature was simultaneously recorded. The flame was removed after the temperature reading reached 98C to avoid the vaporization of water. The set up was cooled and the remaining liquid, also known as the residue, was poured into a graduated cylinder. The volume was recorded. As for the distillate contained in the test tubes, two drops of each were placed on a watch glass and underwent the flammability test, where a match a was used to see if the distillate will ignite or not. A + sign was used to signify flammability and - sign is used otherwise. The results were tabulated and a graph was constructed to determine the relationship between temperature and the volume of the distillate.
References Chang, R. General Chemistry; Random House: New York, 1986. Hengstebeck, R.J. Distillation: Principles and Design Procedures; Chapman and Hall: London, New York, 1964.
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