Chapter 1: 12, 16, 39, 62, 68, 75

12. 3L|1
3H|56678
4L|000112222234
4H|5667888
5L|144
5H|58
6L|2
6H|66678
7L|
7H|5

Stem = the first decimal

Leaf = the second decimal
The display is slightly positively skewed, with two peaks
at 4L and 6H, and a gap at 7L.

16.
800
700

Frequency

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1

10

11

12

13

14

Number of Paper Published

a. The graph is highly positively skewed, unimodal, with the peak at the first class.
b. Proportion of authors publishing at least five papers
= relative frequency for x = 1 + +relative frequency for x = 5
= (784+204+127+50+33)/1309 = 1198/1309 = 0.9152 = 91.52%
Proportion of authors publishing at least ten papers
= relative frequency for x = 1 + +relative frequency for x = 10
= (784+204+127+50+33+28+19+19+6+7)/1309 = 1277/1309 = 0.9756 = 97.56%
Proportion of authors publishing more than ten papers
= 1 - Proportion of authors publishing at least ten papers
= 1 97.56% = 2.44%
c. No. The class has no upper limit.
d. Yes. I can create a class 15-17 with three times class width of the other classes.

15

16 17

39. a.

y~

)th ordered value (assuming i is

(

odd)1.
value in the old sample + c = x~ +c

b.

y~

)th ordered

)th ordered value (assuming i is odd)1.

( )th ordered value in the old sample multiplied by c

= c x~

x ~ x~ y~
62. n = 26, Mean = 10.07 Median = average of the 13th and 14th value = 10.6
1st quartile = 8.9, 3rd quartile = 11.2, fourth spread = 11.2 8.9 = 2.3, 1.5*fourth spread =
3.45, no outlier, range = 13.1-6.3=6.8
s2=sxx= 2 ( )2/n = 2637.99 261.72/26 = 2637.99 2634.11 = 2.88
s = 1.697
68. a.

Oxygen Consumption (Liters)

25

24.3

20

20.85
19.0

15

16.65
14.4

23.6

18.1

11.3
9.6

10
5

2.6
0
Weight

Treadmill

Difference in Oxygen Consumption (Liters)

No outlier. Treadmill box is more stretched out compared to the weight box. Treadmill box is
more positively skewed and the weight box is slightly more negatively skewed. Treadmill box
has a much larger range, and while the max values are the same, the minimum value of
treadmill is a lot smaller than that of the weight. The median of the treadmill box is much
smaller than that of the weight, not much more than half of the median of the weight. Both
whiskers of the treadmill extend longer than those of the weight.
0.4
b.
-1
Difference
It can be seen in the differences of
the two values that, after-treadmill
-2.9
-3
oxygen consumption is consistently
-5
larger than that of the after-weight,
with a mean difference of -7.2 liters.
-7
-7.2
Whiskers of the plot is more
stretched out on the negative side,
-9
-9.1
while the box is more positively
-11
skewed, indicating more people
with slighter than average
-13
difference and some people with
-14.4
-15
very large difference that is twice
the value of the median value.

75. a. sy2= [

)2]/(n-1) = [

)2]/(n-1) =[

)2]/(n-1) = [

)2]/(n-1)= sx2. Therefore sy2 = sx2.

b. sy2=
)

]/sx2/(n-1)

2
i -

z )2 ]/(n-1) = [

sx2/ sx2

= 1. Therefore sz = 1.

) ]/(n-1) =[

)2]/(n-1) = [

Chapter 1: 3, 10, 16, 23, 27, 30, 32, 36, 42, 43

3. a. S = {1324, 1342, 1423, 1432, 2314, 2341, 2413, 2431, 3124, 3142, 3214, 3241, 4123, 4132,
4213, 4231}
b. A = {1324, 1342, 1423, 1432}
c. B = {2314, 2341, 2413, 2431, 3214, 3241, 4213, 4231}
d. A B = {1324, 1342, 1423, 1432, 2314, 2341, 2413, 2431, 3214, 3241, 4213, 4231}
A B=
A = {2314, 2341, 2413, 2431, 3124, 3142, 3214, 3241, 4123, 4132, 4213, 4231}
10.

a. A1

A2

A3

A1

b. A1

A2

A2

A3

A1

A2

A3

d. (A1

A2

A3)

c. A1

A2

A1

A3)

(A1

A2

A3)

A2

A2

A3

e. (A1

A2

A3)

B
B
B
B
B
B

A2

A3)

A2

A3

16. a. P(A) = 1 - P(A) = 1 - .44 = .56 P(B) = 1 - P(B) = 1 - .57 = .43

.68 = P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) = .56 + .43 - P(A B), from which P(A
b. P(exactly one) = P(A B) + P(A B) = P(A B) - P(A B) = .68 - .31 = .37
c. P(at least one unfavorable) = 1 - P(A B) = 1 - .31 = .69

27. a. P(A
b. P(A
c. P(A
d. P(A
P(A
P(A

(A1

A1

A3

23. a. .10
b. .04+ .06 + .05 + .03 = .18
c. .06 + .20 + .15 = .41
d. 1 - .41 = .59
e. .18 + .19 - .06 = .31
f. 1 - .31 = .69

A3

A1

A3

(A1

A2

B) = .31

.06 + .10 + .03 = .19

C) = .98
C) = 1 - .98 = .02
C) = P(A B C) - P(B C) = .98 - .95 = .03
C) = P(A B C) - P(A C) = .98 - .90 = .08
C) = P(A B C) - P(A B) = .98 - .85 = .13
C) + P(A B C) + P(A B C) = .03 + .08 + .13 = .24

30. P[(A B) C] = P(A B) + P(C) - P[(A B) C] = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) + P(C) - [P(A
C] - P(A B C)] = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A B) - P(A C) - P(B C) + P(A B C)

C) + P(B

32. a. P3,8 =

b. P6,30 =

= 8*7*6 = 336
=

= 30*29*28*27*26*25 = 427518000

c. P2,8 * P2,10 * P2,12 =

= 8*7*10*9*12*11 = 665280

d. P = (P2,8 * P2,10 * P2,12)/ P6,30 = 665280/427518000 = 0.001556

e. P6,8 + P6,10 + P6,12 =
+
+
= + + = 20160 + 151200 + 665280
.

= 836640; P = (P6,8 + P6,10 + P6,12)/ P6,30 = 0.001957

36. a. ND = ( ) =
N=( )=
P(ND) =

=
=

= 38760

= 8145060

= 0.00476

b. NS = ( ) =

NG = ( ) =

= 5005
= 210

P(ND + NS + NG) =
= 0.00540
c. P(N2+) = 1 - P(ND + NS + NG) = 0.99460
d. If A = {day shift not represented}, B = {swing shit not represented}, and C = {graveyard
shift not represented}, then P(N1+2) =
P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A B) - P(A C) - P(B C) + P(A B C)
= [(
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]/( )
= (2394035 43975)/8145060
= 0.287
42. a. P12,12 =

= 12! = 479001600

b. P(P4,4/P12,12) = 4!/12! = 4.49*10

P12,12/(3*3*3) = 53444400

-7

43. P(2*P4,,4/P6,6) = (2*4!)/6! = 1/15 = 0.0667

P(5*2*P4,,4/P6,6) = 5/15 = 1/3 = 0.333
P = 1 - P(none) = 1 - 3*2*5*(12 4)/6! = 1 1/3 = 2/3