Problem 1.

9 [2]

1.9 Consider again the small particle of Problem 1.8. Express the distance required to reach 95 percent of its

terminal speed in terms of g, k, and W.

Given: Small particle accelerating from rest in a fluid. Net weight is W, resisting force is FD = kV, where

V is speed.

Find: Distance required to reach 95 percent of terminal speed, Vt.

Solution: Consider the particle to be a system. Apply Newton's second law.

Basic equation: ∑Fy = may

Assumptions:

1. W is net weight.

2. Resisting force acts opposite to V.

Then, ∑F y = W − kV = ma y = m dV
dt =
W
g V dV
dy or 1 − Wk V = V dV
g dy

At terminal speed, ay = 0 and V = Vt = W

k . Then 1 − V
Vg = g1 V dV
dy

V dV
Separating variables = g dy
1 − V1t V

Integrating, noting that velocity is zero initially

0.95Vt
0.95Vt V dV ⎡ ⎛ V ⎞⎤
gy = ∫ = ⎢ −VVt − Vt 2 ln ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎥
1
1 − V ⎣⎢ ⎝ Vt ⎠ ⎦⎥ 0
0

Vt

gy = −0.95Vt 2 − Vt 2 ln (1 − 0.95) − Vt 2 ln (1)

gy = −Vt 2 [ 0.95 + ln 0.05] = 2.05 Vt 2
2.05 2 W2
∴y = Vt = 2.05 2
g gt
 Problem 1.22 [1]

Given: Quantities in SI (or other) units.

Find: Quantities in BG units.

Solution: Use Table G.2.

2
2
50⋅ m = 50⋅ m × ⎜
2 ⎛ 1⋅ in × 1⋅ ft ⎞ = 538⋅ ft2
(a) ⎟
⎝ 0.0254⋅ m 12⋅ in ⎠
3
250⋅ cc = 250⋅ cm × ⎜
3 ⎛ 1⋅ m × 1⋅ in × 1⋅ ft ⎞ = 8.83 × 10− 3⋅ ft3
(b) ⎟
⎝ 100⋅ cm 0.0254⋅ m 12⋅ in ⎠
1000⋅ W 1⋅ hp
(c) 100⋅ kW = 100⋅ kW × × = 134⋅ hp
1⋅ kW 746⋅ W

lbf ⋅ s
(d) 5⋅ is already in BG units
2
ft
 Problem 1.28 [3]

Given: Information on canal geometry.

Find: Flow speed using the Manning equation, correctly and incorrectly!

Solution: Use Table G.2 and other sources (e.g., Google) as needed.
2 1
3 2
R h ⋅ S0
The Manning equation is V = which assumes Rh in meters and V in m/s.
n

1
The given data is Rh = 7.5⋅ m S0 = n = 0.014
10
1
2
2
3 ⎛
7.5 ⋅ ⎜
1⎞
⎟
Hence V =
⎝ 10 ⎠ V = 86.5⋅
m
(Note that we don't cancel units; we just write m/s
0.014 s next to the answer! Note also this is a very high
speed due to the extreme slope S0.)
1⋅ in 1⋅ ft
Using the equation incorrectly: Rh = 7.5⋅ m × × Rh = 24.6⋅ ft
0.0254⋅ m 12⋅ in
1
2
2
24.6 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎟
31⎞

Hence V =
⎝ 10 ⎠ V = 191⋅
ft
(Note that we again don't cancel units; we just
0.014 s write ft/s next to the answer!)

ft 12⋅ in 0.0254⋅ m m
This incorrect use does not provide the correct answer V = 191⋅ × × V = 58.2 which is wrong!
s 1⋅ ft 1⋅ in s
This demonstrates that for this "engineering" equation we must be careful in its use!

To generate a Manning equation valid for Rh in ft and V in ft/s, we need to do the following:
2 1
3 2
Rh ( m) ⋅ S0
V ⎛⎜ ⎟ = V ⎛⎜ ⎟ ×
ft ⎞ m⎞ 1⋅ in 1⋅ ft
× ⎛⎜
1⋅ in 1⋅ ft ⎞
× = × ⎟
⎝ ⎠
s ⎝ ⎠
s 0.0254 ⋅ m 12 ⋅ in n ⎝ 0.0254 ⋅ m 12 ⋅ in ⎠

2 1 2 2 1 1
3 2 − 3 2
Rh ( ft) ⋅ S0 3 Rh ( ft) ⋅ S0 3
V ⎛⎜ ⎟ =
ft ⎞
× ⎛⎜
1⋅ in 1⋅ ft ⎞
× ⎛⎜
1⋅ in 1⋅ ft ⎞
× ⎛⎜
1⋅ in 1⋅ ft ⎞
× ⎟ × ⎟= × ⎟
⎝ s⎠ n ⎝ 0.0254⋅ m 12⋅ in ⎠ ⎝ 0.0254⋅ m 12⋅ in ⎠ n ⎝ 0.0254⋅ m 12⋅ in ⎠
 1
3
In using this equation, we ignore the units and just evaluate the conversion factor ⎛⎜
1 1⎞
⋅ ⎟ = 1.49
⎝ .0254 12 ⎠
2 1
3 2
1.49⋅ Rh ( ft) ⋅ S0
V ⎜ ⎞⎟ =
Hence ⎛ ft
⎝ s⎠ n

Handbooks sometimes provide this form of the Manning equation for direct use with BG units. In our case we are asked
to instead define a new value for n:
2 1
3 2
nBG =
n
nBG = 0.0094 where
⎛ ft ⎞ Rh ( ft) ⋅ S0
V⎜ ⎟ =
1.49 ⎝ s⎠ nBG
1
2
2
3 ⎛
24.6 ⋅ ⎜
1⎞
⎟
Using this equation with Rh = 24.6 ft: V =
⎝ ⎠
10
V = 284
ft
0.0094 s
ft 12⋅ in 0.0254⋅ m m
Converting to m/s V = 284⋅ × × V = 86.6 which is the correct answer!
s 1⋅ ft 1⋅ in s
 Problem 1.32 [1]

Given: Equation for mean free path of a molecule.

Find: Dimensions of C for a diemsionally consistent equation.

Solution: Use the mean free path equation. Then "solve" for C and use dimensions.
m
The mean free path equation is λ = C⋅
2
ρ⋅ d
2
λ ⋅ ρ⋅ d
"Solving" for C, and using dimensions C =
m
M 2
L× ×L
3
L
C = =0
M
The drag constant C is dimensionless.
Problem 2.17 [3]
Problem 2.24 [3] Part 1/2
Problem 2.24 [3] Part 2/2
 Problem 2.48 [3]

NOTE: Figure is wrong - length is 0.85 m

Given: Data on double pipe heat exchanger

Find: Whether no-slip is satisfied; net viscous force on inner pipe

Solution: 2
⎡ r ⎞ ⎤
2 Rii ⋅ Δp
For the oil, the velocity profile is uz( r ) = umax⋅ ⎢1 − ⎛⎜ ⎟ ⎥ where umax =
⎢ ⎥ 4⋅ μ⋅ L
⎣ ⎝ Rii⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ R ⎞ 2⎤
⎢ ii ⎥
Check the no-slip condition. When r = Rii uz( Rii) = umax⋅ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ Rii⎠ ⎦
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
1 Δp ⎜ 2 2 Roi − Rio
⋅ ln ⎛⎜
r ⎞⎟
For the water, the velocity profile is uz( r ) = ⋅ ⋅ Rio − r − ⎟
4⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎛ Rio ⎞ ⎝ Rio ⎠ ⎟
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ Roi ⎠ ⎠
⎛ 2 2
⎛ Roi ⎞ ⎞⎟
1 Δp ⎜ 2 2 Roi − Rio
Check the no-slip condition. When r = Roi uz (Roi) = ⋅ ⋅ Rio − Roi − ⋅ ln ⎜ ⎟
4⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎛ Rio ⎞ ⎝ Rio ⎠ ⎟
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ Roi ⎠ ⎠
1 Δp ⎡ 2
⋅ R − Roi + ⎛ Roi − Rio ⎞⎤ = 0
2 2 2
( )
uz Roi = ⋅
4⋅ μ L ⎣ io ⎝ ⎠⎦
 ⎛ ⎛ Rio ⎞ ⎞⎟
2 2
1 Δp ⎜ 2 2 Roi − Rio
When r = Rio ( )
uz Rio = ⋅ ⋅ Rio − Rio −
4⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎛ Rio ⎞
⋅ ln ⎜ ⎟ =0
Rio ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
Roi
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
The no-slip condition holds on all three surfaces.

7.5⋅ cm 7.5⋅ cm 11⋅ cm

The given data is Rii = − 3⋅ mm Rii = 3.45⋅ cm Rio = Rio = 3.75⋅ cm Roi = − 3⋅ mm Roi = 5.2⋅ cm
2 2 2

Δpw = 2.5⋅ Pa Δpoil = 8⋅ Pa L = 0.85⋅ m

− 3 N⋅ s
The viscosity of water at 10oC is (Fig. A.2) μw = 1.25 × 10 ⋅
2
m
− 2 N⋅ s
The viscosity of SAE 10-30 oil at 100oC is (Fig. A.2) μoil = 1 × 10 ⋅
2
m
du
For each, shear stress is given by τrx = μ⋅
dr
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤ 2 2
duz ( r) 1 Δpw ⎜ 2 2 Roi − Rio
⋅ ln ⎛⎜
d r ⎞ ⎟⎥
For water τrx = μ⋅ = μw ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ ⋅ Rio − r − ⎟
dr dr ⎢ 4⋅ μw L ⎜ ⎛ Rio ⎞ ⎝ Rio ⎠ ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥
Roi
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦
⎛ Roi − Rio
2 2⎞
1 Δpw ⎜ ⎟
τrx = ⋅ ⋅ −2⋅ r −
4 L ⎜ ⎛ Rio ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟⋅r ⎟
Roi
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
⎛ Roi − Rio ⎞
2 2
1 Δpw ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 2⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ L
so on the pipe surface Fw = τrx⋅ A = ⋅ ⋅ −2⋅ Rio − io
4 L ⎜ ⎛ io ⎞
R ⎟
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ Rio ⎟
Roi
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
⎛ 2 2⎞
⎜ 2 Roi − Rio ⎟
Fw = Δpw⋅ π⋅ −Rio −
⎜ ⎛ Rio ⎞ ⎟
⎜ 2⋅ ln ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ Roi ⎠ ⎠
⎡ 2⎤ ⎛ 1⋅ m ⎞ ⎤⎥
2
⎢ ⎡ 2
2 ⎣( 5.2⋅ cm) − ( 3.75⋅ cm) ⎦ × ⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎝ 100⋅ cm ⎠ ⎥
× π × −⎛⎜ 3.75⋅ cm ×
Hence N 1⋅ m ⎞
Fw = 2.5⋅ ⎟ −
⎢ ⎝ 100⋅ cm ⎠ ⎥
2⋅ ln ⎛⎜
m
2 3.75 ⎞
⎢ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 5.2 ⎠ ⎦
Fw = 0.00454 N

This is the force on the r-negative surface of the fluid; on the outer pipe itself we also have Fw = 0.00454 N

duz ( r) ⎡ r ⎞ ⎤⎥
2 2⋅ μoil⋅ umax⋅ r Δpoil⋅ r
= μoil⋅ umax⋅ ⎢1 − ⎛⎜
d
For oil τrx = μ⋅ ⎟ =− =−
dr dr ⎢ ⎥ 2 2⋅ L
⎣ ⎝ Rii ⎠ ⎦ Rii

Δpoil⋅ Rii 2
so on the pipe surface Foil = τrx⋅ A = − ⋅ 2⋅ π⋅ Rii⋅ L = −Δpoil⋅ π⋅ Rii
2⋅ L
This should not be a surprise: the pressure drop just balances the friction!
 2
Foil = −8⋅
N ⎛
× π × ⎜ 3.45⋅ cm ×
1⋅ m ⎞
Hence ⎟ Foil = −0.0299 N
m
2 ⎝ 100⋅ cm ⎠

This is the force on the r-positive surface of the fluid; on the pipe it is equal and opposite Foil = 0.0299 N

The total force is F = Fw + Foil F = 0.0345 N

Note we didn't need the viscosities because all quantities depend on the Δp's!
Problem 2.65 [5]
 Problem 2.72 [2]

Given: Data on size of various needles

Find: Which needles, if any, will float

Solution:
For a steel needle of length L, diameter D, density ρs, to float in water with surface tension σ and contact angle θ, the
vertical force due to surface tension must equal or exceed the weight

2
π⋅ D 8⋅ σ⋅ cos ( θ)
2⋅ L⋅ σ⋅ cos ( θ) ≥ W = m ⋅ g = ⋅ ρs⋅ L⋅ g or D ≤
4 π⋅ ρs⋅ g

−3 N kg
From Table A.4 σ = 72.8 × 10 ⋅ θ = 0⋅ deg and for water ρ = 1000⋅
m 3
m
From Table A.1, for steel SG = 7.83

3 2
8⋅ σ⋅ cos ( θ) 8 −3 N m s kg⋅ m −3
Hence = × 72.8 × 10 ⋅ × × × = 1.55 × 10 ⋅ m = 1.55⋅ mm
π⋅ SG⋅ ρ⋅ g π⋅ 7.83 m 999⋅ kg 9.81⋅ m N ⋅ s2

Hence D < 1.55 mm. Only the 1 mm needles float (needle length is irrelevant)
Problem 3.14 [3]
Problem 3.21 [2]
 Problem 3.50 [2]

Given: Geometry of access port

Find: Resultant force and location y’ y

a = 1.25 ft
w dy
FR

SG = 2.5
b = 1 ft
Solution:
⌠ dp ⌠ ⌠
⎮ ⎮ ⎮
Basic equation FR = ⎮ p dA = ρ⋅ g ΣMs = y'⋅ FR = ⎮ y dFR = ⎮ y⋅ p dA
⌡ dy ⌡ ⌡
Ixx
or, use computing equations FR = pc ⋅ A y' = yc +
A ⋅ yc
We will show both methods
Assumptions: static fluid; ρ = constant; patm on other side

⌠ ⌠ w y b
⎮ ⎮
FR = ⎮ p dA = ⎮ SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ y dA but dA = w⋅ dy and = w = ⋅y
⌡ ⌡ b a a
a a 2
⌠ b ⌠ b 2 SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ b⋅ a
Hence FR = ⎮ SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ y⋅ ⋅ y dy = ⎮ SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ ⋅ y dy =
⎮ a ⎮ a 3
⌡0 ⌡0
2 1
Alternatively FR = pc⋅ A and pc = SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ yc = SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ ⋅ a with A = ⋅ a⋅ b
3 2
2
SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ b⋅ a
Hence FR =
3
a 3 3
⌠
⎮ ⌠ b 3 SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ b⋅ a SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ b⋅ a 3
For y' y'⋅ FR = y⋅ p dA = ⎮ SG⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ ⋅ y dy = y' = = ⋅a
⎮ ⎮ a 4 4⋅ FR 4
⌡ ⌡0
Ixx 3
b⋅ a
Alternatively y' = yc + and Ixx = (Google it!)
A ⋅ yc 36
3
2 b⋅ a 2 3 3
y' = ⋅ a + ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅a
3 36 a⋅ b 2⋅ a 4
2
2.5 slug ft 2 lbf ⋅ s
Using given data, and SG = 2.5 (Table A.1) FR = ⋅ 1.94⋅ × 32.2⋅ × 1⋅ ft × ( 1.25⋅ ft) × FR = 81.3⋅ lbf
3 ft
3
s
2 slug⋅ ft
3
and y' = ⋅a y' = 0.938⋅ ft
4
Problem 3.65 [3]
 Problem 4.11 [3]

Given: Geometry of 3D surface

Find: Volume flow rate and momentum flux through area

Solution: r
dA = dxdzˆj + dxdykˆ

r r
V = axiˆ − byˆj V = xiˆ − yˆj

1
We will need the equation of the surface: z = 3 − y or y = 6 − 2 z
2

a) Volume flow rate

r
( )(
Q = ∫ V ⋅ dA = ∫ xiˆ − yˆj ⋅ dxdzˆj + dxdykˆ
A A
)
10 3 3 3

∫ ∫ − ydzdx = ∫ − 10 ydz = ∫ − 10(6 − 2 z )dz = − 60 z + 10 z

3
= 2
0
0 0 0 0

ft 3
Q = (− 180 + 90 )
s

ft 3
Q = −90
s
b) Momentum flux

( ) ( )
r r r
ρ ∫ V V ⋅ dA = ρ ∫ xiˆ − yˆj (− ydxdz )
A A
10 3 3
= ρ ∫ ∫ (− xy )dzdxiˆ + ρ ∫ 10 y 2dz ˆj
0 0 0
10 3 3
= − ρ ∫ xdx ∫ (6 − 2 z )dziˆ + ρ ∫ 10(6 − 2 z )2 dzˆj
0 0 0

⎛ x ⎞ 2 10 ⎛ ⎛ 4 3 ⎞ ⎞⎟ ˆ
3

=ρ −⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 2 ⎞ˆ
3
⎜
⎜ 6 z − z ⎟i + ρ 10⎜ 36 z − 12 z + z ⎟ j
2
⎜ 2 ⎟⎝ 0⎠ ⎜ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝
= ρ (− 50 )(18 − 9 )iˆ + ρ (10(108 − 108 + 36)) ˆj

⎛ slug ⋅ ft ⎞
= −450 ρiˆ + 360 ρˆj ⎜ s if ρ is in slug ⎟
⎜ s ft 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 Problem 4.18 [3]

Given: Data on flow into and out of tank

Find: Time at which exit pump is switched on; time at which drain is opened; flow rate into drain

Solution:
Basic equation
∂
MCV +
∑ ( ρ⋅ V ⋅ A ) = 0
→→

∂t
CS

Assumptions: 1) Uniform flow 2) Incompressible flow

After inlet pump is on

∂
MCV +
∑ ( ρ⋅ V⋅ A ) = Mtank − ρ⋅ Vin⋅ Ain = 0
→→
∂ ∂
Mtank = ρ⋅ Atank⋅
dh
= ρ⋅ Vin⋅ Ain where h is the
∂t ∂t ∂t dt level of water
CS
2 in the tank
dh Ain ⎛ Din ⎞
= Vin⋅ = Vin⋅ ⎜ ⎟
dt Atank
⎝ Dtank ⎠
2
hexit hexit ⎛ Dtank ⎞ 2
texit = 0.7⋅ m × ⋅ × ⎛⎜
1 s 3⋅ m ⎞
Hence the time to reach hexit = 0.7 m is texit = = ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⎟ texit = 126 s
dh Vin 5 m ⎝ 0.1⋅ m ⎠
⎝ Din ⎠
dt

∑ (ρ⋅ V⋅ A) = ∂t Mtank − ρ⋅ Vin⋅ Ain + ρ⋅ Vexit⋅ Aexit = 0

→→
∂ ∂ dh
After exit pump is on MCV + Atank⋅ = Vin⋅ Ain − Vexit⋅ Aexit
∂t dt
CS
2 2
dh Ain Aexit ⎛ Din ⎞ ⎛ Dexit ⎞
= Vin⋅ − Vexit⋅ = Vin⋅ ⎜ ⎟ − Vexit⋅ ⎜ ⎟
dt Atank Atank
⎝ Dtank ⎠ ⎝ Dtank ⎠

Hence the time to reach hdrain = 2 m is tdrain = texit +

(hdrain − hexit) =
(hdrain − hexit)
dh 2 2
⎛ Din ⎞ ⎛ Dexit ⎞
dt Vin⋅ ⎜ ⎟ − Vexit⋅ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Dtank ⎠ ⎝ Dtank ⎠
1
tdrain = 126⋅ s + ( 2 − 0.7) ⋅ m ×
2 2 tdrain = 506 s
m ⎛ 0.1⋅ m ⎞ m ⎛ 0.08⋅ m ⎞
5⋅ ×⎜ ⎟ − 3⋅ × ⎜ ⎟
s ⎝ 3⋅ m ⎠ s ⎝ 3⋅ m ⎠

The flow rate into the drain is equal to the net inflow (the level in the tank is now constant)
2 2
π⋅ Din π⋅ Dexit m π 2 m π 2 m
3
Qdrain = Vin⋅ − Vexit⋅ Qdrain = 5⋅ × × ( 0.1⋅ m) − 3⋅ × × ( 0.08⋅ m) Qdrain = 0.0242
4 4 s 4 s 4 s
Problem 4.25 Problem 4.34 [2]
Problem 4.41
Problem 4.49 [3]

P4.48.
Problem 4.42 Problem 4.50 [4]
 Problem 4.66 [3]

CS V

y
x

Rx

Given: Water tank attached to mass

Find: Whether tank starts moving

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the tank

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure at exit 4) Uniform flow
2
2 π⋅ D
Hence Rx = V⋅ cos ( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ ( V⋅ A) = ρ⋅ V ⋅ ⋅ cos ( θ)
4
We need to find V. We could use the Bernoulli equation, but here it is known that V = 2⋅ g⋅ h where h = 4 m is the
height of fluid in the tank
m m
V = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 4⋅ m V = 8.86
2 s
s
2
× ⎛⎜ 8.86⋅
kg m⎞ π 2
Hence Rx = 1000⋅ ⎟ × × ( 0.04⋅ m ) × cos ( 60⋅ deg) Rx = 49.3 N
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ 4

This force is equal to the tension T in the wire T = Rx T = 49.3 N

For the block, the maximum friction force a mass of M = 9 kg can generate is Fmax = M⋅ g⋅ μ where μ is static friction
2
m N⋅ s
Fmax = 9⋅ kg × 9.81⋅ × 0.5 × Fmax = 44.1 N
2 kg⋅ m
s
Hence the tension T created by the water jet is larger than the maximum friction Fmax; the tank starts to move
Problem 4.55 Problem 4.68 [2]
Problem 4.81 [3]
Problem 4.73 Problem 4.87 [3]
 Problem *4.107 [2]

d
CS

y
x
V, A
Rx

Given: Water jet striking surface

Find: Force on surface

Solution:
Basic equations: Momentum flux in x direction

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure throughout 4) Uniform flow
2 2 2
Rx = u1⋅ −ρ⋅ u1⋅ A1 = −ρ⋅ V ⋅ A = −ρ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎟ ⋅ A = −
Q⎞ ρ⋅ Q 4⋅ ρ⋅ Q
( )
2
Hence =− where Q is the flow rate
⎝ ⎠
A A
π⋅ D
2
2
4⋅ ρ⋅ Q
The force of the jet on the surface is then F = −R x =
2
π⋅ D
1
For a fixed flow rate Q, the force of a jet varies as : A smaller diameter leads to a larger force. This is because as
2
D
the diameter decreases the speed increases, and the impact force varies as the square of the speed, but linearly with area

For a force of F = 650 N

2 2 3
π⋅ D ⋅ F
× ⎛⎜
Q = Q =
π 6 ⎞
⋅ m ⎟ × 650⋅ N ×
m
×
kg⋅ m
×
1⋅ L
×
60⋅ s
Q = 257⋅
L
4⋅ ρ 4 ⎝ 1000 ⎠ 1000⋅ kg s2 − 3 3 1⋅ min min
⋅ N 10 ⋅ m
 Problem 5.13 [3]

Given: Data on boundary layer

Find: y component of velocity ratio; location of maximum value; plot velocity profiles; evaluate at particular point

Solution:
⎡ 3 ⎛ y ⎞ 1 ⎛ y ⎞ 3⎤
u ( x , y) = U⋅ ⎢ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ − ⋅⎜ ⎟⎥ and δ ( x) = c⋅ x
⎣ 2 ⎝ δ ( x) ⎠ 2 ⎝ δ ( x) ⎠ ⎦

⎡3 y ⎞ 1 ⎛ y ⎞ ⎤
3
so u ( x , y) = U⋅ ⎢ ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎟ − ⋅ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 ⎝ c⋅ x ⎠ 2 ⎝ c⋅ x ⎠ ⎦

∂ ∂
For incompressible flow u+ v =0
∂x ∂y

⌠
3 ⎛ y y ⎟⎞
⎮ d 3
= ⋅ U⋅ ⎜
du
Hence v ( x , y) = −⎮ u ( x , y) dy and −
⎮ dx dx 4 ⎜ 5 3⎟
⌡ ⎜ 3 2 2⎟
⎝ c ⋅x c⋅ x ⎠
⌠
⎮ 3 ⎛ y3 x5 y x3 ⎞
so v ( x , y) = −⎮ ⋅ U⋅ ⎜ ⋅ − ⋅ ⎟ dy
⎮ 4 ⎜ 3 2 c 2⎟
⎝c ⎠
⌡

3 ⎛ y ⎞
2 4
v ( x , y) = ⋅ U⋅ ⎜ ⎟ δ ⎡ y⎞ 1 y⎞ ⎤
y 2 4
⋅ U⋅ ⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⎟ − ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎟ ⎥
− 3
8 ⎜ 3 5⎟ v ( x , y) =
8 x ⎣⎝ δ ⎠ 2 ⎝ δ⎠ ⎦
⎜ 2 3 2⎟
⎝ c⋅ x 2⋅ c ⋅ x ⎠

The maximum occurs at y=δ as seen in the corresponding Excel workbook

⋅ U⋅ ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − ⋅ 1⎟
3 δ 1 ⎞
vmax =
8 x ⎝ 2 ⎠

vmax
At δ = 5⋅ mm and x = 0.5⋅ m, the maximum vertical velocity is = 0.00188
U
To find when v /U is maximum, use Solver

v /U y /d
0.00188 1.0 Vertical Velocity Distribution In Boundary layer
1.0
v /U y /d
0.000000 0.0
0.8
0.000037 0.1
y /δ

0.000147 0.2
0.6
0.000322 0.3
0.000552 0.4
0.00082 0.5 0.4
0.00111 0.6
0.00139 0.7 0.2
0.00163 0.8
0.00181 0.9 0.0
0.00188 1.0 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020
v /U
Problem 5.43 [2]
Problem 5.49 [2]
Problem 5.59 [3]
Problem 5.83 [3]
Problem 6.11 [2]
Problem 6.22 [4] Part 1/2
Problem 6.19 cont'd Problem 6.22 [4] Part 2/2
Problem 6.27 [2]
 Problem 6.65 [3]

Given: Flow through reducing elbow

Find: Mass flow rate in terms of Δp, T1 and D1 and D2

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equations: + + g⋅ z = const Q = V⋅ A
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline 5) Ignore elevation change 6) p2 = patm

3
ft slug
Available data: Q = 20⋅ gpm Q = 0.0446 D = 1.5⋅ in d = 0.5⋅ in ρ = 1.94⋅
s 3
ft

Q ft Q ft
From contnuity V1 = V1 = 3.63 V2 = V2 = 32.7
⎛ π⋅ D 2⎞ s ⎛ π⋅ d 2⎞ s
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
2 2
Hence, applying Bernoulli between the inlet (1) and exit (2) p1 V1 p2 V2
+ = +
ρ 2 ρ 2

ρ ⎛ 2
⋅ V − V1 ⎞
2
or, in gage pressures p1g = p1g = 7.11 psi
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

From x-momentum ( ) ( )
Rx + p1g⋅ A1 = u1⋅ −mrate + u2⋅ mrate = −mrate⋅ V1 = −ρ⋅ Q⋅ V1 because u1 = V1 u2 = 0

2
π⋅ D
Rx = −p1g⋅ − ρ⋅ Q ⋅ V 1 Rx = −12.9 lbf
4

The force on the supply pipe is then K x = −R x Kx = 12.9 lbf on the pipe to the right
 Problem 6.77 [4]

Given: Water flow out of tube

Find: Pressure indicated by gage; force to hold body in place

Solution:
Basic equations: Bernoulli, and momentum flux in x direction
2
p V
+ + g⋅ z = constant Q = V⋅ A
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform flow 6) Horizontal flow (gx = 0)
Applying Bernoulli between jet exit and stagnation point
2 2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2 V2
+ = + = where we work in gage pressure
ρ 2 ρ 2 2
ρ ⎛ 2
⋅ V2 − V1 ⎞
2
p1 =
2 ⎝ ⎠
A1 2
D
But from continuity Q = V1⋅ A1 = V2⋅ A2 V2 = V1⋅ = V1⋅ where D = 2 in and d = 1.5 in
A2 2 2
D −d
ft ⎛ ⎞ 2
V2 = 20⋅ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
2 ft
V2 = 45.7
s ⎜ 22 − 1.52 ⎟ s
⎝ ⎠

( )
2 2
× 45.7 − 20 ⋅ ⎛⎜
1 slug 2 2 ft ⎞ lbf⋅ s lbf
Hence p1 = × 1.94⋅ ⎟ × p1 = 1638 p1 = 11.4 psi (gage)
2 ft
3 ⎝s⎠ ⋅
slugft
ft
2

The x mometum is −F + p1 ⋅ A1 − p2 ⋅ A2 = u1⋅ −ρ⋅ V1⋅ A1 + u2⋅ ρ⋅ V2⋅ A2( ) ( )

F = p1 ⋅ A 1 + ρ ⋅ ⎛ V 1 ⋅ A 1 − V 2 ⋅ A 2 ⎞
2 2
using gage pressures
⎝ ⎠

slug ⎡⎛ π⋅ ⎡( 2⋅ in) − ( 1.5⋅ in) ⎤⎦ ⎤ ⎛ 1⋅ ft ⎞

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
π⋅ ( 2⋅ in) ft ⎞ π⋅ ( 2⋅ in)
− ⎛⎜ 45.7⋅ ⎟ × ⎣
lbf ft ⎞ lbf⋅ s
F = 11.4⋅ × + 1.94⋅ × ⎢⎜ 20⋅ ⎟ × ⎥×⎜ ⎟ ×
2 4 3 ⎣⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎦ ⎝ 12⋅ in ⎠ slugft ⋅
in ft

F = 14.1 lbf in the direction shown

Problem 7.4 [2]
Problem 7.26 [2]
 Problem 7.33 (In Excel) [3]

Given: Bubble size depends on viscosity, density, surface tension, geometry and pressure

Find: Π groups

Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem

The number of parameters is: n =6

The number of primary dimensions is: r =3
The number of repeat parameters is: m =r =3
The number of Π groups is: n -m =3

Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of

the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four Π groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.

REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose ρ, Δp , D

M L t
ρ 1 -3
Δp 1 -1 -2
D 1

Π GROUPS:

M L t M L t
d 0 1 0 μ 1 -1 -1

Π1: a = 0 Π2: a = -0.5

b = 0 b = -0.5
c = -1 c = -1

M L t M L t
σ 1 0 -2 0 0 0

Π3: a = 0 Π4: a = 0
b = -1 b = 0
c = -1 c = 0

d μ μ2 σ
Hence Π1 = Π2 = → Π3 =
D 1 1
ρΔpD 2 DΔp
ρ 2 Δp 2 D

Note that the Π1 group can be obtained by inspection

Problem 7.39 [3]
Problem 7.50 [3]
Problem 7.59 [3]
Problem 7.74 [2]
 Problem 8.3 [3]

Given: Air entering pipe system

Find: Flow rate for turbulence in each section; Which become fully developed

Solution: 2
− 4 ft
From Table A.9 ν = 1.62 × 10 ⋅
s
1 1
The given data is L = 5⋅ ft D1 = 1⋅ in D2 = ⋅ in D3 = ⋅ in
2 4

The critical Reynolds number is Recrit = 2300

Writing the Reynolds number as a function of flow rate

V⋅ D Q D Re⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D
Re = = ⋅ or Q =
ν π 2 ν 4
⋅D
4
Then the flow rates for turbulence to begin in each section of pipe are

Recrit⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D1 π − 4 ft
2
1
3
ft
Q1 = Q1 = 2300 × × 1.62 × 10 ⋅ × ⋅ ft Q1 = 0.0244
4 4 s 12 s

Recrit⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D2 3
ft Recrit⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D3 ft
3
Q2 = Q2 = 0.0122 Q3 = Q3 = 0.00610
4 s 4 s

Hence, smallest pipe becomes turbulent first, then second, then the largest.

For the smallest pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q3)

For pipe 3 Re3 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ Re3⋅ D3 Llaminar = 2.87 ft Llaminar < L: Not fully developed

or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25⋅ D3 Lmin = 0.521 ft Lmax = 40⋅ D3 Lmax = 0.833 ft Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed

⎛ 4⋅ Q3 ⎞
For pipes 1 and 2 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ D1 Llaminar = 2.87 ft Llaminar < L: Not fully developed
⎝ π⋅ ν ⋅ D 1 ⎠
⎛ 4⋅ Q3 ⎞
Llaminar = 0.06⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ D2 Llaminar = 2.87 ft
⎝ π⋅ ν ⋅ D 2 ⎠
Llaminar < L: Not fully developed
For the middle pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q2)

For pipe 2 Re2 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ Re2⋅ D2 Llaminar = 5.75 ft

Llaminar > L: Fully developed

or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25⋅ D2 Lmin = 1.04 ft Lmax = 40⋅ D2 Lmax = 1.67 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
⎛ 4⋅ Q2 ⎞
For pipes 1 and 3 L1 = 0.06⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ D1 L1 = 5.75 ft
⎝ π⋅ ν ⋅ D 1 ⎠

L3min = 25⋅ D3 L3min = 0.521 ft L3max = 40⋅ D3 L3max = 0.833 ft

Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed

For the large pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q1)

For pipe 1 Re1 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ Re1⋅ D1 Llaminar = 11.5 ft

Llaminar > L: Fully developed

or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25⋅ D1 Lmin = 2.08 ft Lmax = 40⋅ D1 Lmax = 3.33 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed

For pipes 2 and 3 L2min = 25⋅ D2 L2min = 1.04 ft L2max = 40⋅ D2 L2max = 1.67 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed

L3min = 25⋅ D3 L3min = 0.521 ft L3max = 40⋅ D3 L3max = 0.833 ft

Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
 Problem 8.22 [2]

U1

d
y
U2 x

Given: Laminar flow between moving plates

Find: Expression for velocity; Volume flow rate per depth

Solution:
Using the analysis of Section 8-2, the sum of forces in the x direction is

⎡ ∂ dy ⎛ ∂ dy ⎞⎤ ⎛ ∂ dx ∂ dx ⎞
⎢τ + τ ⋅ − ⎜ τ − τ ⋅ ⎟⎥ ⋅ b ⋅ dx + ⎜ p − p ⋅ − p + p ⋅ ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ dy = 0
⎣ ∂y 2 ⎝ ∂y 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ⎠
2
dτ dp d u
Simplifying = =0 or μ⋅ =0
dy dx 2
dy
Integrating twice u = c1⋅ y + c2
U1 + U2
Boundary conditions: u ( 0) = −U1 c2 = −U1 u ( y = d ) = U2 c1 =
d

( )
y
Hence u ( y) = U1 + U2 ⋅ − U1 u ( y) = 75⋅ y − 0.25 (u in m/s, y in m)
d
d
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
Q = b⋅ ⎮ ⎡⎢ U1 + U2 ⋅ − U1⎥ dx
⎮ ⎮ ⎤
( )
y
The volume flow rate is Q = u dA = b ⋅
⎮ ⎮ u dy ⎮ ⎣ ⎦
⌡ ⌡ ⌡0
d
3
m

Q = b⋅ d⋅
( U2 − U1 ) Q
= 10⋅ mm ×
1⋅ m 1
× × ( 0.5 − 0.25) ×
m
Q = 0.00125
s
2 b 1000⋅ mm 2 s m
Problem 8.84 [2]
Problem 8.108 [2]
 Problem 9.25 [2]

Given: Data on wind tunnel and boundary layers

Find: Pressure change between points 1 and 2

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equations (4.12) + + g⋅ z = const
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal

For this flow ρ⋅ U⋅ A = const

ft 2 2
The given data is U0 = 100⋅ U1 = U0 h = 3⋅ in A1 = h A1 = 9⋅ in
s

We also have δdisp2 = 0.035⋅ in

( )
2 2
Hence at the Point 2 A2 = h − 2⋅ δdisp2 A2 = 8.58⋅ in

Applying mass conservation between Points 1 and 2

A1
( −ρ⋅ U1⋅ A1 ) + ( ρ⋅ U2⋅ A2 ) = 0
ft
or U2 = U1⋅ U2 = 105⋅
A2 s
2 2
p1 U1 p2 U2 slug
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli + = + with ρ = 0.00234⋅
ρ 2 ρ 2 3
ft
ρ ⎛ 2 −3
⋅ U − U2 ⎞
2 lbf
Hence Δp = Δp = −8.05 × 10 ⋅ psi Δp = −1.16⋅
2 ⎝ 1 ⎠
ft
2

The pressure drops by a small amount as the air accelerates

Problem 9.113 [3]
 Problem 9.121 [1]

Given: Data on car antenna

Find: Bending moment

Solution:
1 2
Basic equation: FD = ⋅ ρ⋅ A ⋅ V ⋅ C D
2
km m
The given or available data is V = 120⋅ V = 33.3⋅ L = 1.8⋅ m D = 10⋅ mm
hr s
2
A = L⋅ D A = 0.018 m
2
kg −5 m
ρ = 1.225⋅ ν = 1.50 × 10 ⋅ (Table A.10, 20oC)
3 s
m
V⋅ D 4
For a cylinder, check Re Re = Re = 2.22 × 10
ν
1 2
From Fig. 9.13 CD = 1.0 FD = ⋅ ρ⋅ A ⋅ V ⋅ C D FD = 12.3 N
2
L
The bending moment is then M = FD ⋅ M = 11.0⋅ N ⋅ m
2