Analysis of Salts

Physical examination EXPERIMENT The colour OBSERVATION Blue or Bluish Green Light Green Dark Green Brown Light Pink White Ammonia Smell Vinegar Smell Rotten Egg Smell Reddish Brown Vapors White Sublimation Yellow when Hot & White when Cold Crackling Sound Loss of Water Brick Red Crimson Red Bluish Red Apple Green INFERENCE Copper Ion Nickel Ion Ferrous Ion Chromium Ion Ferric Ion Manganese Ion Absence of the above ions Ammonium Ion May be Acetate Ion May be Sulphide Ion May be Nitrate Ion Maybe Ammonium Ion May be Zinc Ion May be Lead Ion May be Hydrated Salt Calcium Ion Strontium Ion Copper Ion Barium Ion

Odour Dry Test A small quantity of substance is taken in a dry test tube and heated

Flame Test A Small amount of the substance is taken on a watch glass and is moistened with conc.HCl with the help of glass rod & introduce on to the flame

Preliminary Test for Anion EXPERIMENT Action with dil.Sulphuric acid to the small amount of the Salt Action with conc.sulphuric acid to the small amount of salt. OBSERVATION Brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide is observed it turn lime water milky Rotten egg smell is observed Less gas with pungent smell is observed it gives white dense fumes with a glass rod dipped in ammonia solution Reddish brown vapors evolved Violet colour vapors Vinegar like smell May be Iodide Ion After heating with copper turnings Action with barium chloride Solution to salt solution Action with Ammonium molybdate solution To the salt add conc.nitric acid and add ammonium molybdate solution Reddish brown vapors White ppt which is insoluble in conc.HCl Yellow ppt May be Acetate Ion May be Nitrate Ion May be Sulphate Ion May Be Phosphate Ion May be Bromide Ion INFERENCE May be Carbonate Ion May be Sulphide Ion May be Chloride Ion

Confirmatory Test for Anions EXPERIMENT To the salt solution Magnesium Sulphate is added To the salt solution lead acetate solution is added To the salt solution silver nitrate solution OBSERVATION White ppt Black ppt White ppt which is soluble in ammonium INFERENCE Carbonate Ion is confirmed Sulphide Ion is confirmed Chloride Ion is confirmed

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hydroxide which becomes transparent Pale Yellow ppt partially soluble in Ammonium hydroxide Yellow ppt insoluble in ammonium hydroxide Bromide Ion is confirmed

To the salt solution ferrous Sulphate solution is added and few drops of conc.sulphuric acid is added along the walls of test tube To the salt solution lead acetate solution is added To the salt solution magnesia mixture is added To the salt solution 1ml of conc.sulphuric acid and 1ml of ethanol is added

Brown ring is formed at the junction of two layers White ppt insoluble in conc.HCl White ppt Fruity smell is observed

Iodide Ion is confirmed Nitrate Ion is confirmed

Sulphate Ion is confirmed Phosphate Ion is confirmed Acetate Ion is confirmed

Preliminary Test for Cations EXPERIMENT To the salt sodium hydroxide is added and heated To the salt sodium hydroxide and messlers reagent is added To the original solution dil.HCl is added To the above solution hydrogen sulfide gas is passed To the original solution ammonium chloride is added in excess compared to ammonium hydroxide to the solution To the above solution hydrogen sulfide gas is passed OBSERVATION Smell of ammonia is observed Reddish brown ppt White ppt Black ppt Yellow ppt White gelatinous ppt Brown ppt Green ppt Black ppt Flesh colored ppt May be Zinc Ion To the original solution ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide and ammonium carbonate is added To the original solution ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide and sodium di hydrogen phosphate solution are added White dry ppt White ppt White ppt May be Calcium or Strontium or Barium Ion May be Magnesium Ion INFERENCE May be Ammonium Ion May be Ammonium Ion May be Lead Ion May be Copper Ion May be Cadmium Ion May be Aluminum Ion May be Ferric Ion May be Ferrous Ion May be Cobalt Ion or Nickel Ion May be Manganese Ion

Confirmatory Test for Cation Test for Lead Ion To the original solution Potassium Iodide solution is added. Formation of yellow ppt confirms the presence of lead. To the salt solution Potassium chromate solution is added. Formation of yellow ppt confirms the presence of lead. Test for Copper Ion To the salt solution ammonium hydroxide solution is added. Formation of dark blue coloration confirms the presence of copper ion.

To the salt solution ammonium hydroxide & potassium Ferro cyanide solution is added. Formation of dark brown coloration confirms the presence of copper ion. Test for Arsenic Ion If yellow ppt of second group is soluble in yellow ammonium Sulphide solution presence of arsenic is confirmed. Test for Cadmium Ion Dissolve the yellow ppt in conc.HCl and divide it into 2 parts.To the first part add potassium Ferro cyanide solution. Formation of white ppt confirms the presence of cadmium ion. To the second part add sodium hydroxide solution. Formation of whit ppt confirms the cadmium ion. Test for Iron To the original solution add potassium Ferro cyanide. Formation of pale blue color confirms the ferrous ion. Formation of dark blue color confirms the presence of ferric ion. Test for Aluminum Ion To the salt solution add few drops of blue litmus solution. To this add ammonium hydroxide drop wise till blue color develops. Blue color floating in the solution confirms the aluminum ion.

Test for Cobalt Ion To the given original solution add ammonium hydroxide solution to neutralize the solution. Add acetic acid and a crystal of potassium nitrate. Formation of yellow ppt confirms the presence of cobalt ion. Test for Nickel Ion To the original solution add few drops of ammonium hydroxide followed by dimethyl glyoxime. Formation of rose red ppt confirms the presence of nickel ion. Test for Manganese Ion To the original solution NaOH solution and bromine water is added. Formation of black and brown color confirms manganese ion. Test for Zinc Ion To the original solution add NaOH. A white ppt formed which is soluble in excess of NaOH confirms Zinc ion. Test for Barium Ion To the original add solution potassium chromate solution. Formation of yellow ppt confirms the presence of barium ion. Test for Strontium Ion To the original solution add ammonium Sulphate solution. Formation of white ppt confirms the presence of strontium in. Test for Calcium Ion To the original solution add ammonium oxalate solution and little ammonium hydroxide. Formation of white ppt confirms the presence of calcium ion.