Experiment: Plate Heat Exchanger

Experimental Setup

Aim:To determine Heat Transfer Coefficient by natural convection.

Given Data:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Height of calibrated cylinder = 25 cm Area of measuring cylinder = 44 cm2 Heat transfer area for heat exchanger = 0.0338 m2 Number of parallel channels for test fluid flow = 3 Number of parallel channels for cooling water flow = 4 Density of test fluid, = 0.835 Kg/m3 Specific heat of test fluid, cp = 2.62 J/gK Volume Flow rate of water = 320 LPH.

Calculation Table :
Mass flow rate (Kg/sec.) 0.0565579 0.0684937 0.0716459 0.0759091 0.0809965 0.0927778 0.0958768 0.0986574 0.1092152 0.116709

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time 16.24 13.41 12.82 12.1 11.34 9.9 9.58 9.31 8.41 7.87

Water Temp. (C) Inlet 23.1 24.2 23.3 23.2 23.4 24.3 23.4 24.4 23.2 23.3 Outlet 24.9 26.5 25.4 25.2 25.7 26.8 25.6 27.1 25.5 25.5

Oil Temp. (C) Inlet 72.6 85 82.5 77.6 85.5 89.2 84 90.3 79.5 78.9 Outlet 64.5 78.2 73.9 70.3 78 82.3 77.7 84 73.8 72.8

Sample Calculations:
1. 2. 3. 4. For reading 1,
( )

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mass flow rate (Kg/sec.) 0.056558 0.068494 0.071646 0.075909 0.080996 0.092778 0.095877 0.098657 0.109215 0.116709

T_m 44.5 56.2 53.8 49.7 57.2 60.2 56.3 61.4 52.3 51.4

Q (rate of heat transfer) W 1200.3 1220.3 1614.3 1451.8 1591.6 1677.2 1582.5 1628.4 1631.0 1865.2

U (over all heat transfer coefficient) 2 W/m -k 798.4 642.2 888.0 864.2 823.8 824.7 831.3 784.9 923.0 1073.1

(C) 47.7 58.5 57.1 52.4 59.8 62.4 58.4 63.2 54 53.4

(C) 41.4 54 50.6 47.1 54.6 58 54.3 59.6 50.6 49.5

Plot log(U) Vs log(m)

3 y = 0.3339x + 2.0272 R = 0.3389

2.95

2.9 log(U)

2.85

2.8

2.75

2.7 2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 log(m) 2.5 2.55 2.6 2.65

Slope of best fit line = 0.3339. According to text, a= 0.3339. Plot 1/U Vs 1/(dm/dt)a
0.0016

0.0015 y = 0.0077x + 5E-05 R = 0.3033

0.0014 1/U

0.0013

0.0012

0.0011

0.0010 0.130

0.135

0.140

0.145

0.150

0.155

0.160

0.165

0.170

0.175

1/(dm/dt)a

Intercept on Y axis = 5 * 10-5 so, 1/ho = 5 * 10-5 ho = 2.0 * 104 W/m2K.

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

U (over all heat transfer coefficient) (W/m2K) 798.4 642.2 888.0 864.2 823.8 824.7 831.3 784.9 923.0 1073.1

hi (W/m2K) 767.8 622.2 850.3 828.4 791.2 792.0 798.1 755.3 882.3 1018.5

Error analysis:

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

U (over all heat transfer coefficient) 798.4 642.2 888.0 864.2 823.8 824.7 831.3 784.9 923.0 1073.1

Error in calculating U 40.6 42.3 43.7 50.4 48.4 55.3 59.6 61.6 77.2 80.5

% error in U 5.1 6.6 4.9 5.8 5.9 6.7 7.2 7.9 8.4 7.5

Sample calculations for error:

Results & Conclusions

1. Coefficient of heat transfer for water is found as 20000 W/m2K in this counter flow heat exchanger. It is higher than typical range observed for water (500 10000). 2. A decreasing trend in temperature difference of oil with increasing mass flow rate was observed. This trend can be explained by considering two conflicting factors The heat transfer coefficient increases due to increase in fluid velocity. The heat exchange per unit mass of fluid is reduced as fluid has less time of contact with the exchange surface. Among above two factors, second one dominates and hence we observe decreasing trend.

Sources of error
1. The pump was delivering a pulsating flow which may have affected heat transfer coefficient drastically during flow hence inducting an error. It also created additional error in measuring flow rate during experiment. 2. There was a slight leakage in the measuring cylinder.

Heat Transfer by Natural Convection

Aim:To determine Heat Transfer Coefficient by natural convection.

Data:1. 2. 3. 4. Diameter of the test cylinder, (d) = 0.038 m Length of the test cylinder (L) = 0.5 m Prandle No. (at 300K) = .707 Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity: 26.3e-3 W/mK

Observation and calculation Table :Quantity Voltage across Heater (Volts) Current through Heater (Ampere) Temp 1 (oC) Temp 2 (oC) Temp 3 (oC) Temp 4 (oC) Temp 5 (oC) Temp 6 (oC) Temp 7 (oC) T_avg (oC) T_ambient (oC) Heat Transfer Coeff., h (W/m2K) Formulae (T)/7 V*I/(A*T) Case 1 99 0.70 111 108 111 114 117 115 113 112.71 28 13.70 Case 2 85 0.61 109 106 108 111 114 112 110 110.00 28 10.59 Case 3 74 0.53 89 87 88 90 92 91 90 89.57 29 10.85

Error Calculation
Absolute Error in Value of h (W/m2K) % Error in Value of h ( 100* h/h )

0.67 4.91%

0.57 5.37%

0.72 6.65%

Sample Calculation for Reading 1:

1. Surface area for Heat Transfer: A = D*L = 3.14*0.038*0.50 = 0.05969 m2 2. Heat Dissipated: Q = V*I = 99*0.7 = 69.3 W 3. Temperature Difference between Surface and Ambient Air: T = Tavg Tamb = 113-28 = 85 oC 4. Heat Transfer Coefficient: h = Q/(A* T) = 69.3/(0.05969*85) = 13.7 W/m2K 5. Prandlt Number: Pr from Tables at (301 K) = 0.707 6. Grashof NO.: Gr = = 1.35*109 7. Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficient: htheo = K*NuL /L= 0.56*(Gr*Pr)0.25 *K/L = 5.19 W/m2K

Theoretical Values Calculation

Quantity Grash off No., Gr Prandle No., Pr Nussele No., Nu Theoretical Heat Transfer Coeff.,h (W/m2K) Case 1 1.37E+09 0.707 98.72 5.19 Case 2 1.32E+09 0.707 97.92 5.15 Case 3 9.74E+08 0.707 90.71 4.77

From table at Amb Temp 0.56*(Gr*Pr)0.25 h= Nu*K/L

Result from the Experiment:

1. The Heat transfer coefficient obtained experimentally is 11.720.65 W/m2K with maximum possible error of 6.7% 2. The theoretically obtained Heat Transfer Coefficient is 5.04 W/m2K which is of same order as compared to the experimentally obtained value. 3. In the above calculations we have neglected heat loss due to radiation. If radiation was also considered then the obtained h value would have been lesser than the above values.

Other Identified potential sources of error:1. As the thermocouples are attached to outer surface of the cylinder, they will hinder the formations of uniform boundary layer around the cylinder thus affects the Natural convection. 2. The convection B.L. thickness should be checked to make sure that it does not intersects the walls of the surrounding box. 3. The ambient temperature is measured at a arbitrary position wrt. the cylinder, If this position is within BL the results will be inaccurate. To remove this error it should place outside BL. 4. Attaining steady state takes considerable time and there can be some error in concluding whether the system has actually reached its steady state or not. 5. The thermocouples are attached to the cylindrical conductor. Hence there is some thermal contact resistance between the cylinder and the thermocouple which renders the thermocouple reading inaccurate.

Date: 22-Jan-2013

Team Members Nakul Nuwal (10003014) Prateek Nyati (10001012) Shashank Agarwal (10003016) Dhwanil Shukla (10003011) Prashant Bhatewara (10001028)