1
Introduction
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Specified Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Applied Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 Method of Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Analysis
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Steady State Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Radiation View Factor Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Thermo-Electric Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Loads and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Prescribed Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Applied Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Heat Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Time and Temperature Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Thermal Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4 Thermal Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4 Bonding of Meshes with Noncompatible Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
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Contents
Examples of Bond Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6 Guidelines for Using the Bond Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7 Phase Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10 Thermostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10
Description of Elements
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Detailed Examples
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1 Temperature Distribution on a Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1 Given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2 GEOSTAR Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5 An Example of Thermal Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5 Given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5 GEOSTAR Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9 Listing of Session File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9
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Verification Problems
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Index
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Contents
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Introduction
Introduction
The transport of heat can occur through the following modes.
Theory
The governing equation for conduction heat transfer is as follows.
(EQ 1-1)
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Chapter 1 Introduction
where, T t C Q = Temperature = Time = Density = Specific heat = Volumetric heat generation rate
Boundary Conditions
Following boundary conditions can be associated with the heat conduction equation.
Specified Temperature
Temperature can be prescribed on a part of, or on the whole, boundary of the finite element domain.
Convection
Heat flux = q = hc (T - T) hc T T = Heat transfer coefficient = Surface temperature = Ambient temperature
(EQ 1-2)
Radiation
Heat flux = q = (T 4 - T4)
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(EQ 1-3)
1-2
T T
Method of Solution
The governing equation along with the specified boundary conditions can be solved using various solution methods. Some of the solution methods commonly used are finite difference and finite element method. Finite element method is more popular because of its ability to handle complicated geometry and the ease with which boundary conditions can be implemented. HSTAR program is based on finite element method.
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Analysis
Introduction
The following types of analysis can be performed using HSTAR.
Transient Analysis
Transient analysis implies that temperature at any given point in the medium varies with time. In the transient analysis, in addition to thermal conductivity, we also need to specify density and specific heat of the material. Whether we consider steady state or transient analysis, nonlinearity comes into picture, when any one of the following conditions is encountered. Temperature dependent material properties Temperature dependent convection coefficient
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Chapter 2 Analysis
Thermo-Electric Coupling
The electric current flow in a conducting medium can produce a considerable amount of heat and this effect is known as Joule heating. HSTAR considers the coupling of the electrical and thermal conduction in which the heat generated due to the current flow along with other specified boundary conditions is used to calculate the temperature distribution. When thermo-electric coupling is considered, we also need to specify the electrical conductivity of the material. At present, only steady state analysis is available.
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Prescribed Temperature
Temperature on a part or whole of the boundary of the model is specified.
Convection
When a solid is thermally interacting with its surrounding fluid, heat transfer takes place through the convection process in which the motion of the surrounding fluid contributes to the thermal exchange between the solid and the fluid. The boundary condition is applied by specifying the heat transfer coefficient and the ambient temperature of the surrounding fluid.
Radiation
Generally, heat transfer by radiation becomes significant at high temperatures. The analysis handles radiation between a surface and ambient atmosphere. The user may also specify radiation exchange between bodies.
Heat Generation
Whereas the above four boundary conditions are applied to a surface heat generation is applied within the material. Joule heating (in which heat is generated within the material due to the resistance to current flow) is an example of heat generation. Heat generation can be prescribed at a node or in an element.
Chapter 2 Analysis
Thermal Bonding
The thermal bonding feature allows the user to connect finite element meshes without having to preserve the element type compatibility or mesh continuity at the interface. The geometric entities and corresponding element groups that can be bonded together are shown in the Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. Geometric Connections for Using Bond
P rimary E ntity S e condary E ntity To Conne ct . . . E xample Primary or secondary
CR
CR
Bonding interface
Se c
CR
SF or RG
ond
ary
Bonding interface
P rimary
SF or RG
SF or RG
SOLID to SOLID
Primary or secondary
Primary or secondary
Bonding interface
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The bond feature is currently applicable to linear static, nonlinear structural, and
heat transfer analyses only. The bond capability is specified using the BONDING submenu from LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL. The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command bonds faces of elements associated with the selected geometric entities. The user specifies a primary bond entity (curve, surface, or region) and a pattern of target entities (curves, surfaces, or regions). All geometric entities must have meshing completed before issuing this command in order to generate the bond information. Element edges/faces associated with the primary geometric entity are bonded with edges/faces of the secondary entities. The command is useful in connecting parts with incompatible mesh at the interface. The BONDLIST (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > List) command can be used to list a pattern of bond sets previously defined by the BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command. A typical listing is as follows:
Stype CR CR CR CR CR Source 53 50 47 44 41 Ttype SF SF SF SF SF #Target 1 1 1 1 1 Targets 7 7 7 7 7
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Chapter 2 Analysis
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The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond
Parameter) command internally uses constraint equations to match the dis-
placements and rotations of the two parts. The quality assurance tests have shown that for parts with reasonable stiffness properties and mesh densities, the maximum displacement and stress values obtained from the bond command are within ten percent of those values obtained from a merged model with compatible elements and coincident nodes.
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Chapter 2 Analysis
Unidire c t iona l
Primary or the source entity is always the one that has fewer degrees of freedom Secondary or the target entity is always the one that has larger number of degrees of
Source
Target
Source
Target
Bidire c t iona l
Source
Target
Source or Target
Target or Source
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The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond
Parameter) command offers the option of choosing between uni-directional
bond (i.e. connecting all the nodes on primary entity to the elements on the secondary entity) or bi-directional bond (i.e. connecting the nodes on each entity to the elements on the other entity). The one directional bond should be used when connecting lower order elements of the primary (source) entity to lower or higher order elements of the secondary (target) entity. The bi-directional bond should be used in connecting higher order elements of the primary entity to higher order elements of the secondary entity. The following figure illustrates uni-directional and bi-directional bonding.
When bonding solids and shells, it is advisable to use shells as the source and
solids as the target irrespective of the element order.
When shell elements are connected to solid elements, the common nodes at the
boundary should not be merged as this will free the rational degrees of shell at that node. Actually, it is advantageous not to have coincident nodes at all in such problems. In shell to shell, or, solid to solid connections, merging of the coincident nodes at the boundary is allowed.
m tto Bo
Bonding surface. Use fine mesh in this area based on results from a coarse one.
Bonding curves
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Chapter 2 Analysis
The results obtained from the BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL >
BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command may deteriorate in problems where a rigid part is connected to a relatively flexible part. The bonded area in the flexible part undergoes warping or has high displacement gradients. The results will improve if the mesh density for the flexible part is increased in the bonded area.
The actual constraint relations between the nodes of source and target geometric
entities are formed and computed in the analysis stage.
Phase Change
When a material changes its phase from/to solid, liquid, or gas, it either generates or absorbs heat. The heat associated with phase change is called latent heat. HSTAR supports phase change by associating the material property enthalpy with a temperature curve, with a sudden rise or drop at the temperature of phase change. HSTAR uses this information to calculate and use the latent heat absorbed or generated by the material.
Thermostat
In transient studies, you can control heat power and heat flux conditions by defining a thermostat. The thermostat is defined by a sensor location (node), a temperature range (cut-in and cut-out temperatures), and a temperature curve to determine the associated heat generation/dissipation boundary conditions. The thermostat is considered a heater if the cut-in temperature is lower than the cutout temperature and a cooler if the cut-in temperature is higher than the cut-out temperature regardless of the associated boundary conditions. Before starting a solution step, the program checks the temperature of the sensor. If the thermostat is a heater, the thermostat is turned on during the next solution step if the temperature of the node at the sensor is lower than the cut-out temperature and the device is generating heat. If the thermostat is a cooler, the thermostat is turned on during the next solution step if the temperature of the node at the sensor is higher than the cut-out temperature and the device is dissipating heat. Refer to the THSTAT (LoadsBC, THERMAL, THERMOSTAT, Define) command for details.
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Description of Elements
Introduction
The table on the next page lists the elements supported by the HSTAR module.
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Chapter 3 Description of Elements Table 3-1. Elements for Thermal Analysis (HSTAR) Element Type 2D Spar/Truss 2D Elastic Beam 3D Elastic Beam 3D Spar/Truss General Mass Element Radiation Link Convection Link 2D 4- to 8-node Plane Stress, Strain, Body of Revolution 3D 3- to 6-node Plane Stress, Strain, Body of Revolution Triangular Thick Shell Quadrilateral Thick Shell 6-Node Triangular Thin Shell 6-Node Triangular Thick Shell 3D 8- to 20-node Continuum Brick 8-node Composite Solid 3D 4-node Tetrahedron Solid 3D 4-node Tetrahedron Solid with Rotation 3D 10-node Tetrahedron Solid Quadrilateral Composite Plate and Shell Triangular Thin Shell Quadrilateral Thin Shell 4-node Hydraulic Link Element Thermal-Fluid Element Element Name TRUSS2D BEAM2D BEAM3D TRUSS3D MASS RLINK CLINK PLANE2D TRIANG SHELL3T SHELL4T SHELL6 SHELL6T SOLID SOLIDL TETRA4 TETRA4R TETRA10 SHELL4L SHELL3 SHELL4 HLINK FLUIDT
We can also broadly categorize the elements based on the dimensionality of the problem. TRUSS2D, TRUSS3D, BEAM2D, and BEAM3D elements are used for one dimensional analysis. PLANE2D, TRIANG, SHELL3T, SHELL4T, SHELL3, SHELL4, and HLINK are used for two dimensional problems. SOLID, SOLIDL, TETRA4 and TETRA10 are used for three dimensional problems. CLINK and RLINK elements could be used for any type of problem. SHELL4L is used for analyzing layered composite materials. For a detailed description of all the above elements, refer to the Element Library chapter in the COSMOSM Users Guide.
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Material Properties
For a steady state analysis we need only to specify thermal conductivity and for a transient analysis, in addition to thermal conductivity we also need to define density and specific heat. For thermo-electric coupling, it is also necessary to define the value of electrical conductivity. All the material properties are defined using MPROP (Propsets > Material Property) command from the Propsets menu.
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submenu. Radiation energy exchange between a surface and the ambient atmosphere is specified using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > RADIATION menu. Heat flux entering or leaving a surface can be prescribed using LoadsBC > THERMAL > HEAT FLUX menu. Heat generation can be specified at point or volumetric sources. Nodal heat generation is specified using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > NODAL HEAT menu. Element heat generation is specified using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > ELEMENT HEAT menu. For modeling heat transfer due to flow in a pipe, the HLINK element can be used and the input for thermal boundary conditions is specified using LoadsBC > THERMAL > HYDRAULIC FLOW menu. For radiation heat exchange between multiple bodies, the view factors are automatically calculated by the program using the following commands from Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER menu: RVF Entity Type (RVFTYP), RVF Source/ Target (RVFDEF), Del Rad View Factor (RVFDEL) and List Rad View Factor (RVFLIST).
Define time or temperature curve using the CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION
CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) command. This curve is automatically activated.
Define the entity of interest (boundary condition, load, material property, etc.). Deactivate the curve using ACTSET (Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity) command so that this curve is not inadvertently associated with some other entity defined later on. For example, we want to prescribe a time varying temperature boundary condition. First issue CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) command to define time curve. Next, define the nodal temperature at the beginning of the curve. Deactivate the curve association after you have finished the timedependent input.
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Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Nodes (NTND) Define nodal temperatures ... Geo Panel: Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity (ACTSET) Set label > TC: Time Curve Time curve label > 0
An example of the use of a temperature curve for prescribing a material property variation is (after defining the temperature curve):
Geo Panel: Propsets > Material Property (MPROP) Define thermal conductivity (kx) ... Geo Panel: Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity (ACTSET) Set label > TC: Temperature Curve Temperature curve label > 0
Complete the thermal analysis. Use TEMPREAD (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Read Temp as Load) command to specify the time step at which thermal stress analysis is to be done.
Activate the thermal loading using the A_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Static
Analysis Options) command.
Run the static analysis using R_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Run Static
Analysis) command.
Thermal Bonding
The bonding feature can be used to handle problems in which adjacent geometric entities (as curves, surfaces or regions or combinations of these) are meshed in an incompatible manner. The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command is used to specify the interfaces along which mesh incompatibility exists.
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Postprocessing
The output generated by the thermal analysis can be viewed graphically in GEOSTAR. Issue the Results > PLOT > Thermal command to load temperature, gradient or heat flux values into memory and plot the loaded data. We can also look at the time history of temperature, gradient, etc. at any node. First issue the ACTXYPOST (Display > XY PLOTS > Activate Post-Proc) to load proper data into memory and then issue XYPLOT (Display > XY PLOTS > Plot Curves) to plot the time history.
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Specify nodal temperature boundary conditions Specify convection boundary conditions Specify element heat generation rate Specify nodal heat generation rate Specify nodal fluid flow rate (for HLINK element) Specify nodal pressure (for HLINK element) Specify heat flux boundary condition Specify radiation boundary condition Specify analysis options for thermal radiation exchange Specify radiation exchange between bodies
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Command (Cryptic) CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) A_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Analysis Options) R_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Run Thermal Analysis)
Intended Use Specify temperature curve for defining temperature dependent material properties Define bonding at interfaces of geometric entities which are meshed in an incompatible manner Specify thermal analysis options
Transient Analysis
In addition to the above commands for a steady state problem, it is necessary to issue the following commands for a transient problem.
Command (Cryptic) CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) TIMES (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Time Parameter) INITIAL (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Initial Cond) HT_OUTPUT (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Output Options) Intended Use Define a time curve which specifies the time variation of loads and boundary conditions Specify the total solution time and time step Specify the initial temperature distribution Specify printing and plotting intervals for the results from thermal analysis
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Detailed Examples
Introduction
This example is a typical heat transfer analysis problem solved by the HSTAR module of COSMOSM through GEOSTAR. A detailed description of the required steps to set up and solve the problem is furnished.
Z T = 100 F
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Given
Thickness of plate Side of plate Temperature on edge AB Ambient temperature Constant heat generation Convective heat transfer coefficient on the edge DC = h = 1 in = a = 10 in = 100 F = 10 F = 0.001 BTU/in3 sec = 0.0001 BTU/in2 sec F
GEOSTAR Input
Input the problem step-by-step with GEOSTAR commands and perform thermal analysis. Node generation commands will not be discussed in detail.
1.
Define the element group. For this example, the 2D plane stress element is selected.
Geo Panel: Propsets > Element Group (EGROUP) Element group > 1 Element category > Area Element type (for area) > PLANE2D Accept defaults ...
2.
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Since the material is isotropic, this thermal conductivity value is used by default in all directions, i.e., Kx = Ky = Kz.
4.
The geometry of the model is created next. Change the view to X-Y using the viewing icon. Define the X-Y plane on which the surface is created as follows: Define the xy plane.
Geo Panel: Geometry > GRID > Plane (PLANE) Rotation/sweep axis > Z Offset on axis > 0.0 Grid line style > Solid Geo Panel: Geometry > SURFACES > Define w/4 Coord (SF4CORD) Surfaces > 1 XYZ-coordinate value of Keypoint 1> 0,0,0 XYZ-coordinate value of keypoint 2 > 10,0,0 XYZ-coordinate value of keypoint 3 > 10,10,0 XYZ-coordinate value of keypoint 4 > 0,10,0
5.
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See the Auto scale icon to properly view the model. Define temperature boundary conditions along curve 3.
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Curves (NTCR) Beginning curve > 3 Value > 100 Ending curve > 3 Increment > 1
7.
8.
The constant heat generation rate is specified using the QESF (LoadsBC > THERMAL > ELEMENT HEAT > Define Surfaces) command.
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > ELEMENT HEAT > Define Surfaces
(QESF)
Beginning surface > 1 Value > 0.001 Ending surface > 1 Increment > 1
9.
The thermal analysis option by default is steady state thus the A_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Analysis Options) command is not required. Just use the R_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Run Thermal Analysis) command to run the heat transfer program.
When the analysis is completed, the program will return to GEOSTAR. Next use the EDIT (FILE > Edit a File) command or your favorite editor to view the output file (*.TEM). Use the ACTTEMP and TEMPPLOT (Results > PLOT > Thermal) commands to generate a temperature contour plot.
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Results
Temperature at node 24: Analytical solution HSTAR solution = 76.0306 F = 76.0307 F
b T = 0 C
T = 100 C
Given
Thickness of the plate Length of the plate Width of the plate = 1 cm =l=2m =1m
= 1 W/m - K
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GEOSTAR Input
The following is a step by step procedure to generate the required input and perform the thermal analysis.
1.
2.
Define the thickness of the Plane stress element through a real constant set.
Geo Panel: Propsets > Real Constant (RCONST) Associated element group > 1 Real constant set > 1 Start location of the real constants > 1 No. of real constants to be entered > 2 RC1: Thickness > 0.01 RC2: Material angle (Beta) > 0.0
3.
4.
Define the geometry of the model. Change the view to X-Y using the Viewing icon. Define the X-Y plane on which the surface is created as follows:
Geo Panel: Geometry > GRID > Plane (PLANE) Rotation/sweep axis > Z Offset on axis > 0.0 Grid line style > Solid
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Geo Panel: Geometry > SURFACES > Define w/4 Coord (SF4CORD) Surface > 1 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 1 > 0,0,0 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 2 > 1,0,0 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 3 > 1,1,0 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 4 > 0,1,0
Generation number > 1 Beginning surface > 1 Ending surface > 1 Increment > 1 Generation flag > Translation X-displacement > 1.0 Y-displacement > 0.0 Z-displacement > 0.0
5.
Use the Auto scale option to see the model clearly. Define elements and nodes through mesh generation. Note that the two surfaces are meshed separately to create incompatibility at the interface of the two surfaces.
Geo Panel: Meshing > PARAMETRIC MESH > Surfaces (M_SF) Beginning surface > 1 Ending surface > 1 Increment > 1 Number of nodes per element > 4 Number of elements on 1st curve > 5 Number of elements on 2nd curve > 5 Accept defaults ... Geo Panel: Meshing > PARAMETRIC MESH > Surfaces (M_SF) Beginning surface > 2 Ending surface > 2 Increment > 1 Number of nodes per element > 4
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Number of elements on 1st curve > 5 Number of elements on 2nd curve > 4 Accept defaults ...
6.
7.
Define temperature boundary conditions along the left and right edges of the plate.
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Curves (NTCR) Beginning curve > 3 Value > 0 Ending curve > 3 Increment > 1 Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Curves (NTCR) Beginning curve > 5 Value > 100 Ending curve > 5 Increment > 1
8.
Bonding set > 1 Primary geometric entity type > Curve Primary curve > 4 Secondary geometric entity type > Curve Beginning curve > 4 Ending curve > 4 Increment > 1 Direction flag > Bi Dir
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After the analysis is completed, the program will return to GEOSTAR. Use the ACTTEMP and TEMPPLOT (Results > PLOT > Thermal) command to generate a temperature plot.
Results
Temperature at node 49: Analytical solution HSTAR solution (with bonding) HSTAR solution (without bonding) = 50 C = 50 C = 75.9 C
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Verification Problems
Introduction
In the following, a comprehensive set of verification problems are provided to illustrate the various features of the heat transfer analysis module (HSTAR). The problems are carefully selected to cover a wide range of applications in the field of thermal analysis. The input files for the verification problems are available in the ...\Vprobs\ HeatTransfer folder. Where ... denotes the COSMOSM installation folder. For example the input file for problem TL01 is ...\Vprobs\HeatTransfer\TL01.GEO.
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0 D C 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 100 0 28 19 10 1 A B 0 X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 36 27 18
Problem Sketch
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Length of the plate = a = 1 m Width of the plate = b = 2 m Thickness of the plate = 0.1 m Rate of heat generation Q = 100 w/m3
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Where: K1 = K K2 = Ky
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Node 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Figure TL02-1
T = 0 C h = 20 w/m2 C 2 D C
X (m) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Theory 8.5094 8.4832 8.4045 8.2728 8.0874 7.8471 7.5505 7.1959 6.7811 6.3038 5.7613
COSMOSM 8.5122 8.4860 8.4073 8.2757 8.0902 7.8499 7.5533 7.1985 6.7836 6.3060 5.7631
y
221 231
Insulated b T = 0 C h = 10 w/m2 C 1
Insulated A a B 1 11
Problem Sketch
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COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Comparison of solutions is made at r = 0.0125 m (node 21) and at t = 60 sec:
Temperature C Theory COSMOSM Figure TL03-1 118.40 119.49
Y
ro
2
8
4 1 2 3
40
42
h, T
5 ro
39
41
X Z
Problem Sketch
In de x
6-8
An internal pressure Pa A steady state axisymmetric temperature distribution due to the following boundary conditions. At r = 1, temperature = 100 F At r = 2, temperature = 0 F
Pressure and Temperature Loading PLANE2D Axisymmetric Model. GIVEN: E a b = 30 x 106 psi = 1 in = 2 in
= 0.3 x = 1 *10-6/F
Kx = 1 Btu/in sec F Pa = 100 psi Ta = 100 F Tb = 0 F
In de x
6-9
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory Temperature in F Node 23 Node 42 59.401 23.447 59.398 23.447 COSMOSM
Stress at r=1.325 (Center of Element 7) in psi Tr(SX) T(SZ) Figure TL04-1 -398.34i -592.47i -398.14i -596.38
Pa
Tr
Problem Sketch y
31 28 16 7 1 23 8 12 14 15 30 45
a
b
C L
In de x
6-10
Rate of heat generation in the cable per unit length Q= 250 w MODELING HINTS: Since the cables are uniformly distributed throughout the medium, the problem can be simplified by analyzing only the section ABCD as shown in the figure. Because of symmetry, consider the sides AD and BC to be insulated. Since the medium is symmetric about x-y plane, plane strain option of PLANE2D elements has been selected.
In de x
6-11
Figure TL05-1
T h = 268 K = 5 w/cm 2 K
Y Y
145 D 153 C
Cables 2
C Cabl 113
Insulated
X
A 4 B
A 1 9
Problem Sketch
In de x
6-12
In de x
6-13
problem is similar to that of steady state heat conduction in radial direction. Hence this problem has been solved by identifying the variables as shown in Table 6-1
Table TL06-1. Interpretation of Heat Conduction Variables in Seepage Problem Variable u K Q r Steady State Heat Conduction Temperature Thermal conductivity Internal heat generation Radial coordinate Pressure Distribution is an Aquifer Flow Piezometric head Permeability coefficient Recharge Radial coordinate
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: The governing equation for an unconfined aquifer with flow in the radial direction is given by:
Note that pumping is considered to be a negative recharge. The associated boundary conditions are at r Q r u =0 = recharge =L = u0
In de x
6-14
C L
25 31 19
Y
37 13 8 9 10 11 12 43 34 5 6 7 13 14
X
123 4 5 6 7
49
73 L 55 61 L Case A 67
C L Case B
In de x
6-15
L E I
0 .1 m d
K J
Vo
Problem Sketch
In de x
6-16
Stream Function Formulation The incompressible steady flow may be represented by Laplace equation:
For a two dimensional flow, the above equation can be rewritten as:
Where is called stream function. The velocity field may be obtained from stream function as:
Note that the stream function has a property that the flow normal to streamlines is zero. Hence, the fixed surfaces correspond to streamlines. Thus, the cylindrical surface IL may be treated as a streamline. Also, note that the velocity normal to the horizontal axis of symmetry is zero. Hence, the horizontal axis of symmetry may also be treated as a streamline. Similarly, the top surface (represented by line DH) is also a streamline. Since the velocity field depends on the relative difference of stream functions take the value of streamline along the horizontal axis of symmetry as zero, i.e., EI - IL = 0 Along the surface ED, u =V0 = Velocity of flow =0
Figure TL07-2
=1 D H
=V Y o
=0
E =0
X
I
Boundary Conditions
In de x
6-17
or = -V0 Y DH - = -V0 Y and DH - = -1 Analogy between stream function formulation of potential flow and heat conduction. The governing equation of stream function formulation stream of potential flow is similar to steady state heat conduction equation with no heat generation.
Head conduction Gradients of temperature Stream function Temperature Potential flow Velocity components
Hence, HSTAR may be used to solve the potential flow problem by following the steps given below.
1. 2. 3.
Set thermal conductivity Kx = 1. Apply prescribed temperature boundary conditions wherever prescribed stream functions are to be applied. The velocity field may be obtained by calculating the gradients of stream function (please see the options in PRINT command).
u = (/y) = (/x)
In de x
0 2 0
6-18
Ts X
The Temperature at a plane 15.7 cm from the left surface, 5 hours after the sudden change in surface temperature. Instantaneous heat flow rate at the left surface at the end of 5 hours. Total heat flow across the surface at the end of 5 hours.
2. 3.
GIVEN: Thickness of slab Area of cross section Density Solution time Initial temperature Thermal conductivity Specific heat = L = 0.628 m = 1 m2 = = 23.2 Kg/m3 = 5 hours = Ti = 50 C = K = 46.4 J/m - hr K = c = 1000 J/Kg - K
Problem Sketch
In de x
6-19
MODELING HINTS: Since the other Figure TL08-2 dimensions of the plate are infinitely 1 2 3 4 14 15 16 17 large, conduction 1 2 3 occurs through thick14 15 16 ness, i.e., along L x-axis. Therefore, Finite Element Model this problem can be modeled with Temperature one dimensional elements having a 1.0 total length of (L = 0.628 m) and Time 0.0 5.0 considering a cross Temp._Time Curve sectional area of (A = 1 m2). Sixteen TRUSS2D elements will be used to model this problem as shown in TL08-2. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION Let: T Ti t = Temperature at any point x = Initial temperature = Time Ts = Surface temperature
Temperature is:
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----) Instantaneous heat flow rate per unit area at any point is:
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----)
In de x
6-20
78.6001
T e m p e r 64.3000 a t u r e
50.000 0.0500
2.5250
5.0000
T ime
In de x
6-21
Figure TL09-1
Tw X h, T a b
6 12
8 13
10 14
11 2
12 15
14 16
16
17
17
18
19
2 1
3 3
4 5 7
5 9
7 11
8 13
9 15
6-22
CALCULATED INPUT: The surface convection area per inch of fin length = 0.02778 ft2. MODELING HINTS: The end convection elements are given half the surface area of the interior convection elements. Nodes 11 through 19 are given arbitrary locations. COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
T at Node 9, F Theory COSMOSM Difference 68.594 68.615 0.03% q at Node 1, Btu/hr 17.504 17.529 0.13%
In de x
6-23
Problem Sketch
Electrical conductivity = 1.113117 E+7 mho/ft* Heat transfer coefficient on edge BC = 5 Btu/hr-ft2 F COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Temperature at node 1 = 419.99 F (COSMOSM) = 420 F (Theory)
The value of the electrical conductivity coefficient already contains the conversion factor from watt to Btu/hr.
In de x
6-24
TL11: Temperature Distribution of Air Flowing Through a Pipe With a Constant Wall Temperature
TYPE: Steady state fluid flow through a pipe using FLUIDT elements. The pipe is modeled with various types of elements as follows: TL11A 32 SHELL4 Elements TL11B 64 SHELL3 Elements TL11C 32 Solid Elements TL11D 189 TETRA10 Elements TL11E 189 TETRA4 Elements TL11F 400 TETRA4 Elements (finer mesh) REFERENCE: Rhosenow and Choi, Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer. PROBLEM: Find the temperature distribution of air flowing through a pipe whose wall is maintained at a constant temperature (same as problem TN06).
Figure TL11-1 Mesh of a Quarter of a Pipe with Constant Wall Temperature and Air Flow (FLUIDT Elements)
FLUIDT Elements
In de x
6-25
MODELING HINTS:
The FLUIDT elements are generated by meshing a curve along the axis of the
pipe. The curve is created such that its starting point falls outside the pipe (below the pipe inlet). As a result, the node associated with the starting point will not be considered for convection, and thus it can be assigned the inlet temperature. GIVEN: Temperature of the pipe wall Temperature of air at Inlet Pipe diameter Pipe length Mass flow rate Density of Air Specific heat of air Thermal conductivity of air Dynamic viscosity of air Parameters for evaluating Nusselts number: = 93.33 oC = 37.80 oC = 0.0254 m = 0.127 m = 0.000594 Kg/s = 0.9611 Kg/m3 = 1005. J/ KgoK = 0.0294 W/moK = 1.566E-5 Pa-s C1 = 1.63 C2 = 0.08 C3 = 0.7 C4 = 0.35
In de x
6-26
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Method/Element Type Temperature of Air at Pipe Outlet Error Percentage
Theory COSMOSM (2D HLINK Elements (problem TN06) TL11A (3D FLUIDT Elements and 32 SHELL4 Elements) TL11B (3D FLUIDT Elements and 64 SHELL3 Elements) TL11C (3D FLUIDT Elements and 32 Solid Elements) TL11D (3D FLUIDT Elements and 189 TETRA10 Elements) TL11E (3D FLUIDT Elements and 189 TETRA4 Elements) TL11F (3D FLUIDT Elements and 400 TETRA4 Elements)
50.5 oC 49.23 oC
N/A - 2.51%
51.145 oC
1.3%
51.145oC
1.3%
51.143oC
1.3%
51.243 oC
1.5%
50.938oC
0.9%
51.084 oC
1.1%
In de x
6-27
Heat Flux
Cooling Pipes
In de x
6-28
To facilitate the application of the heat flux, a thin layer of SHELL4 elements was created (since some faces of the extruded solid elements may not be associated with the surfaces of the polyhedron). The FLINKDEF command is designed to ignore repeated areas for convection. Other data are taken from a recently completed accelerator and are therefore realistic.
Figure TL12-2. Finite Element Model of 1/8 of a Linear Accelerator with 3 Coolant Passages
Pipe A
Pipe B
Pipe C
Figure TL12-2.
Figure TL12-3.
In de x
6-29
GIVEN:
Applied Heat Flux
Heat Flux Density 0.0734 Btu/s/in 0.0612 Btu/s/in 0.0367 Btu/s/in 0.0183 Btu/s/in2 0.0061 Btu/s/in2
2 2
Heat Flux on Surface 0.50646 Btu/s 0.30924 Btu/s 0.14753 Btu/s 0.01646 Btu/s 0.00862 Btu/s 0.9821 Btu/s
= 0.93E-4 lbf.s2/in4 (or lb/in3) = 0.82E-5 Btu/in/s/oF = 390.0 Btu.in/lbf/s2/F (or BTU/lb/oF) = 0.13E-6 lbf.s/in2 (or lb/s/in) = 0.0oF (with respect to reference)
Diameter Flow Area Bulk Velocity Mass Flow rate Film Coefficient
= 0.40 in = 0.063 in2 = 180.0 in/s = .0010546 lbf.s/in (or lb/s = (Velocity)(Density)(Area) = .0056 Btu/in2/s/oF
6-30
Film Coefficient
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
= .0056 Btu/in2/s/oF
An energy balance between the applied energy (0.982 Btu/s) and the total energy gained by the coolant (water) gives a check on results: dE = (Ma . dTa + Mb . dTb + Mc . dTc) (g) = 0.982 Btu/s Ta = 0.51323 oF Tb = 0.57880 oF Tc = 0.41628 oF dE = [(.51323) (.0010564) + (.57880) (.0010546) + (.41628) (.003281)] (386.) = 0.973 Btu/s
Error COSMOSM
Theory
= 0.916%
Where: Ta is the temperature at the outlet of pipe A, Tb is the temperature at the outlet of pipe B, and Tc is the temperature at the outlet of pipe C. Ma , Mb, and Mc are the mass flow rates for pipes A, B, and C.
Figure TL12-4. Temperature Plot
Pipe A
Pipe B
Pipe C
In de x
6-31
In de x
6-32
In de x
6-33
Where: K Q = K0 (1+ T), K0 and are constants. = Rate of internal heat generation.
In de x
6-34
Where:
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory At X = 0 (Node 1) C At X = 1 (Node 11) C Figure TN01-1 118.24 113.96 COSMOSM 118.25 113.97
T = 100.0 C
L Problem Sketch Y
20 20 21
6-35
In de x
6-36
Figure TN02-1
2 T L
4 1 2
40
42
Slab
= 100 0 F
5 h
39
41
Figure TN02-2
Temperature ( 0F)
200 100
6 4 2
0 0 400
Temp. ( 0F)
In de x
6-37
Figure TN03-1
Radiation
Thermal conductivity = K = 45 W/mC View factor Ambient temperature = T = 10C Prescribed temp. at left end = T0 = 1000C
Figure TN03-2
TRUSS 2D
1 2 9 10 11
RLINK
2 x=0
9 10 x=10
11
12
In de x
6-38
T =10.0 C
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: Temperature distribution in a rod: Boundary Conditions: Temperature at x = 0 T = T0 Radiation at x=l Governing differential equation is: d2T/dx2 = 0 dT/dx T = C1 = C1x + C2
Figure TN03-3
T0
But we have
In de x
6-39
f A K
Gradients:
In de x
6-40
Heat flow:
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Var. Temp Gx Flow Flow x 10 10 0 11 y ----z ----Node 11 11 1 12 Analytical 235.770 - 76.423 3439.030 - 3439.020 COSMOSM 235.77 - 76.423 3439.10 - 3439.10
In de x
6-41
70.26
= 1 Btu-in/lb-s2 F
-5 -10 -15
In de x
6-42
Figure TN05-1
2m D C
= 0.5 = 100C
h T
8
COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Temperature at node 122 = 101.7 C (Enclosure theory) = 101.69 C (Radiation boundary condition)
In de x
6-43
TN06: Temperature Distribution of Air Flowing Through a Pipe with a Constant Wall Temperature
TYPE: Steady state fluid flow through a pipe. REFERENCE: Rhosenow and Choi, Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer. PROBLEM: Find the temperature distribution for flow of air through a pipe whose wall is maintained at constant temperature. GIVEN: Diameter of the pipe Length of the pipe Friction factor Mass flow rate Density of air Specific heat of air Dynamic viscosity of fluid = 0.0254 m = 0.127 m = 0.001 = 0.000594 Kg/s = 0.9611Kg/m3 = 1005 J / Kg-K = 15.66 E-6 Pa-s
1 2 3 Pipe Axis 8 9 10 11 12
Figure TN06-1
Pipe Wall 17 18
Thermal conductivity of air = 0.0294 w/m-K Temperature of the pipe wall = 93.33 C Temperature of fluid at inlet = 37.8 C COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Temperature of air at pipe outlet (node 9) = 49.23 C (COSMOSM) = 50.5 C (Reference)
In de x
6-44
l
Outer disk
A 0.5-ft-diameter black disk Middle disk is placed halfway between two black 10-ft-diameter Radius of small disk = a =0.25 ft Radius of outer disks = b = 5 ft disks that are 20 ft apart as Distance between the middle disk shown in the figure. If the and each outer disk = l = 10 ft temperature of the o R, surroundings is 0 determine the steady-state temperature of the middle disk (Tm) if the temperature of the two outer disks is 2180o R. GIVEN: a = radius of the middle disk =0.125 ft b = radius of each outer disk = 5 ft l = distance between the middle disk and the outer disks = 10 ft Stefan-Boltzmann constant = = 1.714e-9 Btu/hr.ft2. R4 To(Temperature of the outer disks)= 2180o R ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: The radiation view factor (RVF) between the outer and middle disks (Fo-m) is calculated from the formula:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 F m o = l + a + b ( l + a + b ) 4a b ( 2a )
Thus, Fm-o= radiation view factor from the middle disk to the outer disks = 0.19992
In de x
6-45
Fenv= radiation view factor from the middle disk to the environement = 1.0 0.19992 = 0.80008. In steady state condition, the heat balance equation for the middle disk is given by: A m F env ( T m T env ) A m F m o ( T o T m ) = 0 Where: = Stefan-Boltzmann constant Am = Area of the middle disk (a2) MODELING HINTS Shell3 elements are used in this problem. COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory Steady state temperature of the middle disk (R) COSMOSM Error
4 4 4 4
1457.70
1455.68
-0.14 %
In de x
6-46
Y 0.1 ft
Emissivity of the face of the inner cylinder (1)=0.2 Emissivity of the face of the outer cylinder (2)=0.7 Stefan-Boltzmann constant ()=1.714e-9 Btu/hr.ft2.R4
In de x
6-47
ANALYTIC SOLUTION: The rate of heat transfer by radiation between the two cylinders is given by: lr 1 ( T 1 T 2 ) q 1 2 = ----------------------------------------1 1 2 -- ---- + ------------- r 1 1 2 r 2 The radiation view factor between the two cylinders is F1-2=1.0 MODELING HINTS: Axisymmetric PLANE2D elements are used to model this problem. COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
4 4
Theory Rate of heat transfer between the two cylinders (Btu/ hr-rad)
COSMOSM
Error
15073.97
15076.35
0.015 %
In de x
6-48
REFERENCE: J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963, p. 191. PROBLEM: Block-1 and Block-2 are bonded together by a thin layer of epoxy as shown in the figure. Both blocks are initially at 1000C. A temperature of 5000C is applied to edge EF. Edge GH is heated to 8500C and then cooled back to 1000C. It is desired to compute the temperature of edge AB and and the amount of heat flow between the two blocks when edge GH is at 8500C, 6000C, and 1000C.
The thin layer between the two blocks is modeled using GAP elements and the
conductivity of its material. This functionality avoids difficulties that otherwise will be encountered in building the geometry and meshing complex models.
TN09A.GEO SHELL4 TN09B.GEO TETRA4 TN09C.GEO SOLID TN09D.GEO TETRA10
Problem Name
Element Type
6-49
= KX = 250 W/m0C
Conductivity of the thin layer = KC= 1000 W/m0C MODELING HINTS: 2D and 3D models using various types of elements are used. Automatic generation of GAP elements is used (line-to-line for 2D models and face-to-face for 3D models). COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory (Temperature/ Heat Flow) Edge GH at 8500C Edge GH at 6000C Edge GH at 1000C 636.60C 8536.6 W 539.00C 2439.0W ????
In de x
6-50
In de x
6-51
In de x
6-52
Index
axisymmetric 2-2, 6-9 B bond sets 2-5 bonding 2-4, 2-8, 4-3, 4-6, 5-5 boundary conditions 2-3, 4-5 C coefficient of permeability
6-14
E electric current flow 2-2 electrical conductivity 2-2, 4-1 electromagnetic waves 1-1 element heat generation 4-2,
4-5
I initial temperature 4-6, 6-36 J Joule heating 2-2, 2-3 L latent heat 2-10 M material properties 4-1, 4-5, 4-6 N nodal heat generation 4-2, 4-5 nodal temperature 4-5 nonlinear analysis 6-36 nonlinear heat conduction
6-34, 6-43
elements for HSTAR 3-1 equation 6-17, 6-39 F film coefficients 4-1 fluid flow 6-44 G governing equation 1-1, 1-3,
6-14, 6-18
conduction 1-1, 2-2, 6-20 constant heat generation 5-2 convection 1-1, 4-1, 5-1, 5-4,
6-5, 6-7, 6-24
convection coefficient 2-1, 6-22 convection link 6-22 convective heat transfer 5-2 D density 4-1
In de x
H heat capacity matrix 6-42 heat conduction 6-18 heat flux 1-2, 1-3, 2-3, 4-5 heat generation 2-3, 4-2, 6-11,
6-34
I-1
Index
piezometric head 6-14 potential flow 6-16, 6-18 primary bond entity 2-5 R radiation 1-1, 2-3, 4-5 radiation exchange 2-3 radiation link 6-38 radiation view factor 2-2 real constants 4-5 recharge 6-14 S seepage flow problem 6-13 specific heat 2-1, 4-1, 6-36 static analysis 4-3 steady state 2-1, 4-4, 4-6, 5-4 steady state analysis 2-1, 4-1 steady state heat conduction
6-3, 6-5, 6-11, 6-24
streamlines 6-17 surface emissivity 2-3 T target entities 2-2, 2-5 temperature curve 4-2, 4-3, 4-6 temperature dependent 2-1 temperature gradient 1-3, 2-3 thermal analysis 4-4, 5-9 thermal bonding 2-4 thermal conductivity 1-3, 2-1,
4-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-5, 6-5, 6-18, 6-34, 6-36 thermal stress analysis 6-9 thermal stresses 2-4, 4-3 thermo-electric coupling 2-2, 4-1, 4-4 thermostat 2-10 THSTAT 2-10 time curve 4-2, 4-3, 4-6
time curves 2-3 transfer coefficient 2-3 transient 2-1, 4-4 transient analysis 2-1, 4-1 transient heat conduction 6-7,
6-19
transient problem 4-6 V velocity potential formulations 6-16 view factors 2-2, 4-2 voltage 6-24 voltage drop 6-24
In de x
I-2