Assignment 40 CALCULATIONS USING MOLES

In Assignment Zero, the concept of moles was introduced in terms of moles of atoms. In that discussion, it was shown 12 that the atomic weight from the Periodic Table a relative number compared with C = 12.000 may be expressed with the dimensional units of grams/mole (or g/mol). In so doing, we are expressing the dimension, mole (the "atomic" 23 mole), in terms of a definite number of atoms, the Avogadro number of atoms (6.02 x 10 atoms/mol). In this course, we will only use Avogadros number to three significant figures. By defining the mole in this manner, the weight (in grams) of a mole of atoms is equal in numerical value to the atomic weight. Note: In fact, the term "mole" may be applied to any desired object: atoms, ions, molecules, 23 electrons, grains of sand, etc. the mole refers to an Avogadro number (6.02 x 10 ) of whatever object. Often in chemistry, it is necessary to apply the term "mole" to specified clusters of atoms. For molecules, ionic compounds, multi-atom ions, or any other "units" of atoms, one mole is equal to the Avogadro number of those "units", 6.02 x 1023 units/mol, and the weight in grams of this "molecular" mole is equal to the sum of the weight (in grams) of a mole of each atom in the formula. A molecular formula such as H2O indicates that each 23 molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. One mole of H2O will contain 6.02 x 10 H2O 23 molecules/mole; since each 1 H2O molecule consists of 2 H atoms and 1 O atom, there are 2 x 6.02 x 10 H atoms/mol 23 H2O and 1 x 6.02 x 10 O atoms/mol H2O thus one mole of H2O molecules contains 2 mol H/mol H2O and 1 mol O/mol H2O. The molecular weight is then the sum:

(2 mol H/mol H2O) x ( 1.008 g H/mol H) (1 mol O/mol H2O) x (15.999 g O/mol O)
Total

= = =

2.016 g H/mol H2O 15.999 g O/mol H2O 18.015 g/mol H2O = MW of H2O

Therefore, the molecular weight of H2O (water) is 18.015 g/mol H2O.

+

For the multi-atom ion, NH4 , the molecular weight is the sum:

(1 mol N/mol NH4+) x (14.007 g N/mol N) (4 mol H/mol NH4+) x ( 1.008 g H/mol H)
Total

= = =

14.007 g N/mol NH4 + 4.032 g H/mol NH4 + + 18.039 g/mol NH4 = MW of NH4

+ The molecular weight of NH4 (ammonium ion) is 18.039 g/mol NH4+

The calculation of a molecular weight is a trivial procedure, and normally the detailed treatment of the dimensional units (as shown above) is omitted; instead, the calculating the molecular weight of HNO3 (nitric acid) may be reduced to: 1xH 1xN 3xO = 1 x 1.008 = 1 x 14.007 = 3 x 15.999 = = = 1.008 14.007 17.997 63.012 g/mol HNO3 = MW of HNO3

It should be recognized, however, that each of the numbers is implicitly accompanied by dimensional units, and the final dimensions, g/mol HNO3 , must be shown.

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This discussion of molecular weight calculation has introduced an important type of conversion factor that is derived from the formula of a multi-atom substance: 1 mol H 1 mol N 3 mol O number of moles of each atom or or . such as mole of substance 1 mol HNO3 1 mol HNO3 1 mol HNO3

Numerous applications of this type of conversion factor will occur in this problem manual.

Symbols and formulas are the chemical shorthand to represent the various pure substances. Each symbol and formula includes a great deal of useful information, and it is important to obtain a very clear idea of what this information is. (See listing below.) The symbol for an element gives, or stands for: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Name of element 1 atom of the element The weight of 1 atom of the element 1 mole of the element The weight of one mole of the element 23 6.02 x 10 atoms of the element 22.4 liters (at STP) of a monatomic, gaseous element such as He

The formula of a compound gives, or stands for: 1) 2) 3) The kinds of atoms in the compound The names of the atoms in the compound 1 unit of the compound (1 molecule or, for ionic compounds, 1 unit consisting of the + 2+ smallest combination of ions to represent the compound, such as Na Cl or Ca Cl2 but not + 2+ Na 2Cl2 nor Ca 3Cl6 ) The numbers of each kind of atom present in 1 unit The weight of 1 unit of the compound 1 mole of the compound The weight of one mole of the compound 23 6.02 x 10 units of the compound The numbers of moles of each kind of atom present in 1 mole of the compound The weight of each kind of atom present in 1 mole of the compound 22.4 liters (at STP) of a gaseous compound

4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)

The final item on each of these lists requires some clarification. Avogadro pointed out that equal volumes of gases, under identical conditions, contain equal numbers of particles; conversely, equal numbers of gaseous particles occupy 23 equal volumes, under identical conditions. Thus one mole of any gas, which consists of 6.02 10 particles, will occupy the same volume as one mole of any other gas, under identical conditions. If the identical conditions are chosen to be STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), the volume occupied by one mole of gas becomes 22.4 liters(STP) expressed by the relationship 22.4 LSTP 1 mol gas . OR (22.4 LSTP/mol gas ) OR 1 mol gas 22.4 LSTP

Note:

This STP relationship, 22.4 LSTP/mol gas, presumes that the gas shows "ideal behavior". For actual samples of many gases, such ideal behavior is rarely obtained, and in many actual cases the numerical value of the conversion may need to be adjusted to match the experimental circumstances.

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Note also: o Conditions of standard temperature and pressure, STP, specify that the temperature is 0 C / 273.15 K and 5 the pressure is 1 atm / 760 mm Hg / 760 torr / 1.013 10 Pa. The ideal gas equation (PV = nRT) interrelates all the above data: atm pressure, LSTP volume, moles gas, and absolute temperature expressed in Kelvin degrees. The STP relationship provides the value of the ideal gas constant, R: PV (22.4 LSTP ) x (1.00 atm) LSTP atm R= = . = 0.0820 nT (1 mol gas) x (273.15 K) K mol gas

By selection of the "volume/mol" in the ideal gas equation, the PV = nRT equation rearranges to At STP conditions, the
V n

V n

RT P

is valued

22.4 LSTP 1 mol gas

At other conditions for an ideal gas, the appropriate V/n valuation can be calculated from the values of temperature and pressure (in dimensions of K and atm): V 0.0820 T . = n P

Examples of calculations involving "mol": 1) Determination of molecular weight (MW) solved to 3 sig.figs. here in these examples:

a) H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) 2xH 1xS 4xO = 2 x 1.01 = 1 x 32.1 = 4 x 16.0 = = = 2.02 32.1 64.0 98.1 g/mol H2SO4 = MW

Note the appropriate specification of dimensions for the final answer, above placing the "g" in numerator and " mole H2SO4 " in denominator. The " mol H2SO4 " is referring to 6.02 x 1023 H2SO4 molecules. The MW values are sometimes listed without any dimensions shown (MW of H2SO4 = 98.1), but never as 98.1 grams. Whenever a MW calculation is requested in any problemsolving, the MW dimensions should be shown explicitly.

b) Cr2(SO3)3 (chromium(III) sulfite as listed in a handbook) 2 x Cr 3xS 9xO = 2 x 52.0 = 3 x 32.1 = 9 x 16.0 = = = 104.0 96.3 144.0 344.3 or 344 g/mol Cr2(SO3)3 = MW or FW (rounded to three sig.figs.)
2+

c) Cu(NO3)2 (copper(II) nitrate), which is an ionic compound, Cu (NO3)2 1 x Cu 2xN 6xO = 1 x 63.5 = 2 x 14.0 = 6 x 16.0 = = = 63.5 28.0 96.0 187.5 or 188 g/mol Cu(NO3)2 = MW or FW (rounded to three sig.figs.)

For ionic compounds we often refer to formula weight rather than molecular weight, since no molecules of the given formula exist. However, the terms, formula weight (FW) and molecular weight (MW), may be used interchangeably. 01-111-Prob40-3

The formula weight of a simple ion or multi-atom ion is essentially the same value as the sum of the atomic weights of the corresponding atoms in the Periodic Table because electrons contribute almost no weight to an atom. The sum of the formula weights of the individual ions = formula weight of the compound.

MW calculations are needed as an adjunct to many chemical problems, as in the following examples, all of which require MW data.

2) Weight in grams of a given number of moles:

a) Weight of 4.8 moles of H2SO4? ? g H2SO4 = 4.8 mol H2SO4 x (98 g/mol H2SO4) = 4.7 x 10 g Note the use of the earlier MW computation in the calculation above. Merely two sig.figs. are adequate for the MW value because the given "4.8 mol H2SO4" limits the final answer to two sig.figs. In general, MW computations need be made only to the number of sig.figs. required by the given data in a problem.
2

b) Weight of 0.0200 moles of Cr2(SO3)3?

? g Cr 2 (SO3 )3 = 0.0200 mol Cr 2 (SO3 )3 x

344 g 1 mol Cr (SO ) = 6.88 g 2 3 3

With the given data, three sig.figs. suffice for MW and are required in answer. c) Weight of 1.5 x 10 mol Cu(NO3)2 ?
4

188 g -2 ? g Cu( NO3 )2 = 1.5 x 10- 4 mol Cu( NO3 )2 x 1 mol Cu( NO ) = 2.8 x 10 g 3 2

Two sig.figs. in FW would have been adequate to accommodate the given data.

3) Number of moles in a given weight:

a) In 81 grams of H2O (molecular weight = 18.0 g/mol H2O)? 1 mol H 2 O ? mol H 2 O = 81 g H 2 O x = 4.5 mol H 2 O 18.0 g (Two sig.figs. in MW would suffice.) Important: Always specify formula (or substance) with the dimension "mol".

b) In 6 grams of C2H6 (MW = 30.0)? 1 mol C2 H6 ? mol C2 H 6 = 6 g C2 H 6 x = 0.2 mol C2 H6 30.0 g (One sig.fig. in MW would suffice.)

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4) Number of molecules (6.02 x 1023 molec./mol) in a given sample:

a) In 1 x 10 moles of HCl gas?

6

? molec. HCl = 1 x 10 mol HCl x (6.02 x 10 molec./mol HCl) = 6 x 10 molec. HCl

6 23 17

b) In 9 grams of H2O?
? molec . H 2 O = 9 g x

1 mol H 2 O 6.02 x 1023 molec . = 3 x 1023 molec . H 2 O x 1 mol H O 18 g 2 1 mol C2 H6 6.02 x 1023 molec . = 6 x 1016 molec . C2 H 6 x 1 mol C H 30 g 2 6

c) In 3 x 10 grams of C2H6?
6

? molec . C2 H 6 = 3 x 10-6 g x

5) Weight of a given number of molecules:

a) Weight of 3.01 x 10 molecules of HCl (MW = 36.5)? ? g HCl = 3.01 x 1020 molecules x

20

36.5 g 1 mol HCl x = 1.83 x 10-2 g HCl 23 molecules 1 mol HCl 6.02 x 10

6) Volume (STP) in liters of a given sample of a gas:

a) Of 3.88 moles of Rn? ? LSTP Rn = 3.88 mol Rn x (22.4 LSTP/mol Rn) = 86.9 LSTP

b) Of 28 grams of Ar (Atomic weight = 40 g/mol Ar) 1 mol Ar 22.4 LSTP ? LSTP Ar = 28 g x x = 16 LSTP 40 g 1 mol Ar c) Of 3.0 10 moles of SO3?
2

22.4 LSTP ? LSTP SO3 = 3.0 x 10-2 mol SO3 x = 0.67 LSTP 1 mol SO3
d) Of 15 grams of C2H6? 1 mol C2 H6 22.4 LSTP ? LSTP C2 H 6 = 15 g x = 11 LSTP x 30 g 1 mol C2 H6

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7) Number of moles in a given volume (STP) of gas:

a) In 968 liters of He at STP?

1 mol He ? mol He = 968 LSTP x = 43.2 mol He 22.4 LSTP

b) In 1.12 x 10 liters of NH3 at STP?
3

1 mol NH3 ? mol NH3 = 1.12 x 10-3 LSTP x = 5.00 x 10-5 mol NH3 22.4 LSTP
Note that a formula always accompanies a "mol" dimension.

8) Weight of a given volume (STP) of gas:

a) Of 4.48 liters of He (AW=4.00) at STP conditions?

1 mol He 4.00 g ? g He = 4.48 LSTP x x = 0.800 g 22.4 LSTP 1 mol He

b) Of 89.6 liters of HCl gas (MW = 36.5) at STP conditions?

1 mol HCl 36.5 g ? g HCl = 89.6 LSTP x x = 146 g 22.4 LSTP 1 mol HCl

9) Number of molecules of gas (or atoms of a monatomic gas) in a given volume (STP):

a) In 2.24 x 10 liters of Kr gas at STP conditions?

3

1 mol Kr 6.02 x 1023 molec . ? molec . Kr = 2.24 x 10-3 LSTP x x = 6.02 x 1019 molec . Kr 22.4 1 mol Kr LSTP
b) In 44.8 liters of SO3 gas at STP conditions?

1 mol SO3 6.02 x 1023 molec . = 1.20 x 1024 molec . SO3 ? molec . SO3 = 44.8 LSTP x x 22.4 1 mol SO3 LSTP

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The next set of examples will involve the internal parts of compounds, making particular use of conversion factors where the formula of the entire compound is compared to the formula of a subpart. To avoid confusion and to clarify the method, an appropriate formula must be specified with every use of the dimension "mol".
1) Percent composition of a formula: (The information needed to obtain a molecular weight may be used also to calculate the percent composition of the substance, since percent is "the part per the whole".)

a) H2SO4 ?

(Note carefully the subtle use of dimensions in this example.) = 2 x 1.008 = 1 x 32.064 = 4 x 15.999 = = = 2.016 g H 32.064 g H 63.996 g O 98.076 g total/mol H2SO4 = MW

2xH 1xS 4xO

%H =

2.016 g H x 100 = 2.056 % H 98.076 g total 32.064 g S x 100 = 32.693 % S 98.076 g total 63.996 g O x 100 = 65.251 % O 98.076 g total
b) CaCl2 ? (This is an ionic compound, composed of Ca and Cl! ions.)
2+

%S =

%O =

1 x Ca = 1 x 40.08 = 2 x Cl = 2 x 35.453 =

40.08 g Ca 70.906 g Cl 2+ 110.99 g total/mol Ca (Cl)2 = MW 40.08 g Ca 2+ 2+ % Ca 2+ = 110.99 g total x 100 = 36.11 % Ca

2+

2+

% Cl- =
Note:

70.906 g Cl- x 100 = 63.89 % Cl- (5 sig . fig . rounded to 4 to agree with % Ca 2+) 110.99 g total

Although percent composition can be computed to four or five significant figures (see above), calculations in this course will usually be satisfied with fewer sig.fig. In problems involving only atomic weight data, each atomic weight value may be rounded off to give three significant figures in the final answer (unless the problem specifically demands more sig.figs.). Generally this will involve only whole numbers or one digit to the right of the decimal point.

2) Number of moles of each element in a sample of the substance:

a) Moles of P atoms in 0.5 moles P4 (phosphorus molecule)? The formula shows that there are exactly 4 atoms P/1 molecule P4 and therefore exactly 4 moles P/1 mole P4. ? mol P = 0.5 mol P 4 x

4 mol P = 2 mol P 1 mol P 4

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 1 mol O2 2 mol O x ? mol O = 8 g O2 x = 0.5 mol O 32 g 1 mol O2

b) Moles of O atoms in 8 grams O2 (oxygen molecule)?

1 mol F2 2 mol F ? mol F = 44.8 F2 x x = 4.00 mol F 22.4 LSTP 1 mol F2

c) Moles of F atoms in 44.8 liters (STP) of F2 (fluorine gas)?

d) Moles of N and of O in 2 moles of NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)? 1 atom N/1 molecule NO2 ; 1 mol N/1 mol NO2 2 atoms O/1 molecule NO2 ; 2 mol O/1 mol NO2 ? mol N = 2 mol NO2 (1 mol N/mol NO2) = 2 mol N ? mol O = 2 mol NO2 (2 mol N/mol NO2) = 4 mol O

1 mol H 2 SO 4 2 mol H x ? mol H = 98 g H 2 SO4 x = 2.0 mol H 1 mol 98 g H2 SO 4 1 mol H 2 SO4 1 mol S x ? mol S = 98 g H 2 SO 4 x = 1.0 mol S 1 mol 98 g H 2 SO4 1 mol H 2 SO 4 4 mol O x ? mol O = 98 g H 2 SO4 x = 4.0 mol O 1 mol 98 g H2 SO 4

e) Moles of H, S, and O in 98 g H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) (MW = 98 g/mol)?

f) Moles of C and of H in 11.2 liters (STP) of C2H4 (ethylene)?

1 mol C2 H4 2 mol C ? mol C = 11.2 LSTP C2 H4 x x = 1.00 mol C 22.4 LSTP 1 mol C2 H 4 1 mol C2 H4 4 mol H ? mol H = 11.2 LSTP C2 H4 x x = 2.00 mol H 22.4 LSTP 1 mol C2 H 4

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3) Weight of each element in a sample of the compound:

Method: i) Find moles of compound. ii) Calculate moles of each element, using the formula of the compound. iii) Multiply number of moles of element by atomic weight to get grams. a) Weight of each element in 3.0 moles NH3 (ammonia)? ? g N = 3.0 mol NH3 x (1 mol N/mol NH3) x (14 g N/mol N) = 42 g N ? g H = 3.0 mol NH3 x (3 mol H/mol NH3) x (1 g N/mol N) = 9.0 g H

1 mol Na 2 CO3 2 mol Na 23.0 g Na x x ? g Na = 10.6 g x = 4.60 g Na 1 mol 106 g Na 2 CO3 1 mol Na 1 mol Na 2 CO3 1 mol C 12.0 g C x x ? g C = 10.6 g x = 1.20 g C 1 mol 106 g Na 2 CO3 1 mol C 1 mol Na 2 CO3 3 mol O 16.0 g O x x ? g O = 10.6 g x = 4.80 g O 106 g 1 mol Na 2 CO3 1 mol O

b) Weight of each element in 10.6 grams Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate) (MW = 106)?

4) Number of each atom in a sample of the compound:

Method: i) Find moles of compound. ii) Calculate moles of each element, using the formula of the compound. 23 iii) Multiply number of moles of element by (6.02 x 10 atoms/mole of element) to get atoms of element. a) Atoms of S and O in 0.100 mole of SO3 gas (sulfur trioxide) (MW = 80.1) at STP conditions ?

1 mol S 6.02 x 1023 atoms S x ? atoms S = 0.100 mol SO3 x = 6.02 x 1022 atoms S 1 mol 1 mol S SO3 3 mol O 6.02 x 1023 atoms O x ? atoms O = 0.100 mol SO3 x = 1.81 x 1023 atoms O 1 mol 1 mol O SO3
(Note that only data pertinent to the calculation is used. Other data, such as the MW value and the STP conditions here, are ignored.)

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b) Atoms of Si and O in 2.0 grams of SiO2 (silicon dioxide)? (formula weight is 60.1 g/mol SiO2)

1 mol SiO2 1 mol Si 6.02 x 1023 atoms Si ? atoms Si = 2.0 g SiO 2 x x = 2.0 x 1022 atoms Si 60. g x 1 mol 1 mol Si SiO 2 1 mol SiO 2 2 mol O 6.02 x 1023 atoms O ? atoms O = 2.0 g SiO 2 x = 4.0 x 1022 atoms O x 60. g x 1 mol 1 mol O SiO2

5) Moles of each ion in a sample:

a) In 0.25 moles of Na2SO4 (sodium sulfate) composed of Na and SO4 ions?

+ 2

The formula indicates there are 2 Na (sodium ions)/unit and 1 SO4 (sulfate ion)/unit. From this, there are + 2 2 moles Na /1 mole of compound, and 1 mole SO4 /1 mole of compound.
+ 2

? mol Na = 0.25 mol Na2SO4 x (2 mol Na /mol Na2SO4) = 0.50 mol Na ? mol SO4
2 2

= 0.25 mol Na2SO4 x (1 mol SO4 /mol Na2SO4) = 0.25 mol SO4

b) In 1.11 grams of CaCl2 (calcium chloride)? MW of Ca (Cl)2 = 111.

2+

1 Ca (calcium ion)/unit, and 2 Cl(chloride ion)/unit; 2+ 1 mol Ca /mol of compound, and 2 mol Cl/mol of compound.
2+

1 mol CaCl2 1 mol Ca 2+ ? mol Ca 2+ = 1.11 g CaCl2 x = 1.00 x 10-2 mol Ca 2+ 111 g x 1 mol CaCl2 1 mol CaCl2 2 mol Cl- ? mol Cl- = 1.11 g CaCl2 x = 2.00 x 10-2 mol Cl 111 g x 1 mol CaCl2

6) Weights of ions in a sample:

a) Weight of Na (sodium ion) and NO3(nitrate ion) in 2.00 moles of NaNO3 (sodium nitrate)?
+

? g Na = 2.00 mol NaNO3 x (1 mol Na /mol NaNO3) x (23.0 g Na /mol Na

) = 46.0 g Na+

? g NO3 = 2.00 mol NaNO3 x (1 mol NO3/mol NaNO3) x (62.0 g NO3/mol NO3) = 124. g NO3 The formula weight of a multi-atom ion equals the sum of the atomic weights in the chemical formula of the ion. Note that the MW values need to be expressed with at least three sig.figs.

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b) Weight of Ra (radium ion) and Br(bromide ion) in 0.0386 g of RaBr2 (MW = 386) ?
2+

1 mol RaBr 2 1 mol Ra 2+ 226 g Ra 2+ -2 2+ ? g Ra 2+ = 0.0386 g RaBr2 x x 1 mol 2+ = 2.26 x 10 g Ra 386 g x 1 mol RaBr 2 Ra 1 mol RaBr 2 2 mol Br- 79.9 g Br- ? g Br- = 0.0386 g RaBr2 x x = 1.60 x 10-2 g Br 386 g x 1 mol RaBr 2 1 mol Br

7) Numbers of ions in a sample:

a) How many NH4 ions (ammonium ions) in 1 x 10 moles of (NH4)2SO4 (ammonium sulfate)?
+ 5

2 mol NH+ 6.02 x 1023 ions 4 19 + ? ions NH+ = 1 x 10-5 mol ( NH4 )2 SO 4 x 4 1 mol ( NH ) SO x 1 mol NH + = 1 x 10 ions NH4 4 2 4 4
[Note that this question asks for ions, not moles of ions.]

b) How many SO4 ions in 1.32 x 10 grams of (NH4)2SO4 (MW = 132)?

2 3

6.02 x 1023 ions 1 mol NH 4 )2 SO4 1 mol SO24 x x ? ions SO2- = 1.32 x 10-3 g ( NH4 )2 SO 4 x 4 1 mol ( 2132 g NH 4 )2 SO4 1 mol SO4 = 6.02 x 1018 ions SO 24

In most of the problems discussed in this assignment, as well as in many problems in later assignments, the solutions are obtained by the conversion factor method based on the significant chemical measure, moles. This method will continue to be emphasized, and each student should become thoroughly familiar with its applications. These problems are of the general type: GIVEN a quantity of orig.formula CONVERSION to MOLES of orig.formula CONVERSION to MOLES of X desired formula CONVERSION to a quantity of desired formula

The conversions to moles are a consequence of the definition of a mole quantity: 6.02 x 10 ---22.4
23

"units"/(mole "units") grams/(mole "formula") (liters "gas" at STP)/(mol "gas")

(memorize) (found from Periodic Table data) (memorize)

Conversions from moles to a desired answer come similarly from the definition of a mole. The moletomole conversions are derived from the meaning of a formula.

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