=
&
c sw
Ce= IC
Cs = Ce R
Cs corresponding to R = 1 is called the elastic seismic coefficient W = total dead load and applicable portions of other loads R = 1.0
Fj
Vb wjh j n wihik
i=1
with the exception that force at the top floor is increased by an additional force , the top force, Ft .
The design value of story shears are determined by static analysis of the structure subjected to these lateral forces. Similarly determined overturning moments are multiplied by reduction factors J and Ji at the base and at the i th floor level.
c sw
Cs = Ce / q Ce = A/g -1/3 = A/g {(Tb / TI) } q = 1+(T1 / Tb) (q-1) = q Seismic behavior factor q varies between 1.5 and 8 depending on various factors including structural materials and structural system.
EuroCode 8
LATERAL FORCES
F j = Vb wj j1 ni=1wi J1
where j1 is the displacement of the jth floor in the fundamental mode of vibration. The code permits linear approximation of the this mode which becomes:
Fj = Vb wjhj ni=1wihi
EuroCode 8
STORY FORCES
The design values of story shears, story overturning moments, and element forces are determined by static analysis of the building subjected to these lateral forces; the computed moments are not multiplied by a reduction factor.
Period formulae used in IBC, NBCC and others codes are derived out of Rayleighs method using the shape function given by the static deflection, Ui due to a set of lateral forces Fi at the floor levels.
CONCLUSION There can be major design deficiencies, if the building code is applied to structures whose dynamic properties differ significantly from these of ordinary buildings. Building codes should not be applied to special structures, such as high-rise buildings, dams,
REQUIREMENT OF RC DESIGN
Sufficiently stiff against lateral displacement. Strength to resist inertial forces imposed by the ground motion. Detailing be adequate for response in nonlinear range under displacement reversals.
15
DESIGN PROCESS
PRE-DIMENSIONING ANALYSIS. REVIEW. DETAILING. PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS. FINAL REVIEW.
16
STIFFNESS
Stiffness defines the dynamic characteristics of the
STRENGTH
TOUGHNESS
The term toughness describes the ability of the reinforced
19
Flexural
members
have
two
continuous
longitudinal bars at top & bottom Columns having slenderness ratio of 5 or less Shear design must be made for a factored shear twice that obtained from analysis.
24
CATEGORY C. Intermediate moment frames. Chapter 21 of ACI 318 implemented. Shear walls designed like a normal wall. CATEGORY D, E AND F.
25
Earth quake Design Ground Motion Earth quake Design ground Motion
Maximum Considered Earthquake and Design Ground Motion
In regions of high seismicity, it is considered more appropriate to determine directly maximum considered earthquake ground motion base on the characteristic earthquakes of these defined faults multiplied by 1.5.
26
Site Classification
Where
Vs
N Nch
resistance.
= average standard penetration resistance for cohesiveless soils. Su = average un-drianed shear
Use Groups.
30
32
Braced Frame.
equivalent of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided in a bearing walls, building frame or dual system
Shear Wall.
Space Frame.
inter connected members. Other than bearing walls, which are capable of supporting vertical loads and, when designed for such an application, are capable of providing resistance to seismic
forces.
37
is obtained
Ta = C1 hxn
42
MX = n Fi (hi hx)
i=x
43
44
45
Categories on
Determination of Seismic Design Forces. Structure Location Underlying soil type Degree of structural redundancy
46
47
48
No
mechanical
connections are required between masonry walls and Seismic Design Category C, D E and F. Connectors are required to accommodate story drift. Seismic Related Requirements for Locations and Minimum Percentage of Reinforcement Seismic Design Categories A and B. No restriction .
corners.
In seismic design category D, masonry walls that are part of lateral force-resisting system must have uniformly
50
In Seismic Design
masonry
partition
walls
have
minimum
horizontal
reinforcement requirements. Analysis Approaches for Modern U.S. Masonry Analysis of masonry structures for lateral loads, along or in combination with gravity loads, must address the following issues. Analytical approaches Elastic vs. inelastic behavior
Modeling of materials Modeling of gravity loads Modeling of structural elements Flexural working Soil foundation Flexibility Floor diaphragm flexibility
52
53
54
for a wall should be determined by multiplying the modulus of rapture of the wall under in plane flexure, by the section modulus of the wall. Consequences of Flexural Cracking of walls. Flexural cracking reduces the walls stiffness from that of the uncracked transformed section so that of the cracked transformed section.
57
demand in hinging
Using general plans section theory to describe the flexural behavior regions. Using a capacity design philosophy, provide wall elements with sufficient shear capacity to resist the shear consistent of reinforced masonry elements, provide sufficient flexural capacity and flexural ductility in hinging
60
61
62
IBC
Euro Code
Vb=csw
Where Cs=Ce U R Ce = SIF Where U=0.6 0 =to 0.4 i= 1.3 or 1.5 S=fundamental natural vibration period
Vb=csw
Where Cs=Ce R Ce= IC W= total dead load R=1 I = 1.0, 1.25 or 1.5 CS= seismic coefficient Ce = Elastic seismic coefficient Fj=Vb wjhj Ni=1wihik Where K= coefficient related to the vibration period T1
Vb=csw
Where Cs=Ce
Lateral Forces
Storey Forces