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 \

EasseHe
Cassette []peraHng
Dpcraling System
Syslcm
E[]S
II H 5

BY:
EY George
C g J. Polly
Plly
C py it 1983
(C) Copyright I983

AN
Au ALPHA SYSTEMS PRODUCT
Pnonucr
S
 O

O
 ’

Alpha Systems presents:

ros
COS

The

Cassette Operat ing System

Operating

. TABLE Of
OE CONTENTS

INTROWCT
INTRODUCTIONION 2
LOADING
LOADIN 4
PACKAGE OVERVIEW 4
COS OPTION MENU 6
A
A INFORMATION 6
BB QUICK BACKUP OF CASSETTE 7
C
C DISASSEMBLER 8
D
D SAVE CASSETTE 9
E
E LOAD CASSE TTE
CASSETTE 9\0O<IT\JO\O‘\J>< !\)
rF BINARY FILE TO CASSETTE IO
10
G
G BACKUP CASSETTE TO DISK 11
ll
HH MULTI SECTION FILE TO DISK 11
ll
I BACKUP ON DISK TO CASSETTE
DIS<'H]E SSETTE 12
J DISK DIRECTORY I3
13
K
K DISPLAY MEMORY LOCATIONS I3
13
L
L LOAD rILE
FILE 14
M
M SAVE FILE 14
QUICK BACKUP 14
THE PROGRAM RECORDER 15
' LOADING PROBLEMS
IDNHNIPKBUMS I6
16
MUSIC WHILE LOADING I7
17
THE LOADER PROGRAM 18
HOW TO MAKE YOUR TAPE 18

ATARI is a trademark of AlAR

ATAR! ATARI, Inc
I , Inc.
 INTRODuCTION
INTRODUCTION

The Cassette Operating 5yste System m was designed to use

the A taLi Progra
Atari Program m Recorder to its fulleostfullest potential. The
C05
COS and manual takes you step by step through the
many
m any options it offers. Everything a cassette user ever
needs to do is contained in the CO COS.5. Including quick and .
easy backup of cassette programs.
progra ms. All in this one
package !!! H!
For the professional programmer
progra m mer COS offers you a ~
quick and easy way to add "C "CLASS"
L A 55" to your programs.
progra ms. It
allows
also allo ws you to look at other professional progra programsms
and learn fro from m their examples.
exa m pIes. It offers a easy way to
way
change a disk file to an auto boot cassette.
For the amateur user COS allow
C05 you to backup
99.9% of com commercial
mercial programs on cassette. No more
accidentally erased com
co mmmercial
ercial cassettes gone fore Forever.
vel'.
C05
COS backups these progra programs m S with no modification to the
computer or Program Recorder. The COS puts 90% of
com
all co mm mercial
ercial cassettes to diskette.
The COS can
C05 do what it says. However, some _
manufactures try to protect their products frofromm being
copied. 50 Some
me cassettes check if the disk drive is on.
Some
50 me diskette files use the disk to load additional
information.
infor m ation. The CO COS5 can copy all cassettes which are
compatible
co m patible on both the original and XLL series
X
computers. Guarding any secret protection method, it
can put most binary disk files to cassette and most
cassette files to disk.
COS is intended only to backup programs
C05 progra ms frofromm those
companies who do not offer backup copies of their '
progra
programs.ms. Alpha 5yste
Systems ms offers backup copies if your
first is destroyed (see warranty at any manual). The
C05
COS is not intended for the illegal duplication of
copyrighted materials. Alpha syste
systems ms does. not pro mote
promote
soft ware
software piracy. Piracy tends to raise the price of
software and discourage software com;.,:nies. com;..";nies. 50So PLEA5E
PLEASE

2
1;--re.

copyright only reason to copy a

respect
['espect copyright la ws. The
laws. The only reason to copy a T
p!'og!'a m is to make a backup copy for yOlJl'self', so yOllr
T3 rogram is to make a backup copy for yourself, so your
SO for e VCI',
SO dollar
dollar progra
programm wili
will not be
not be lost
lost for ever.

v.

8:

3
_—?___. __

illi},~f)IN(;
A DING

To load
To loarl the
the ens, first.
COS, first, turn
turn on
on the
the [) i ,,;k
Disk tI, "
() I'i v c , the
Drive,
T.V./M"unilor and
T.V./Monitor and any other
any othel' peripherals.
periphel'als. Insert the
lnsert the CO
C IJ L3:,)
diskette, front
diskette, front side up, into
~;ide up, into disk
disk drive
drive number
nu m ber one.
[)ne, TIII'f1
Turn
1 on the
on the Atari
Atan computer.
computer. TheThe introduction
introduction screen SCI'eel) will
"Jill load
lond
and be
and be displayed
displayed first.
first.
The introduction
The introduction screen
screen will b e white
w ill be wh j t e and the
and t it I r'
l he title
' will appear
will appear on
on it.
it. A A shol,t menu
short menu will
will Appear at
appear at the
ttl!'

botto m
bottom of of the
the screen a,~ki/lg
screen asking which pArt
which part of
of ti,e
the COS [' (}:i
package should
package should be be loaded. It
loaded. lt cancan he either the
be either the COS or I: 0 :,; 01'

the Quick
Quick Backup. Select one of
Select these
these by pressing
pres'3ing the
th"
first letter of the appropriate
of appropl'iate progl'a m
program (( it
il appears
appear,; in
In
inverse video ). _
A fter
After selecting the progra m,
program, it
it will
will heqin
auto mm atically.

PACKAGE OVERVIEW

The C 05
COS and Quick Backup are designed to he
simple and easy to use while flexible at the same time.
Whether you are a first ti me
time co m puter
computer use!'
user or Aa
professional, read this manual carefully. If
lf you do not
understand any part or concept, do not heco
become me
‘ discouraged.
discouraged. Refer
Refer to to other
other sources
sources for
for help.
help. ()Other
ther
"option"
"option" instructions
instructions could could help
help because they are are si m itar.
similar.
There
There are
are also also many
many magazines
magazines which
which have
have excellent
excellent
‘ articles
articles on on the
the A tari Progra
Atari Program m Recorder
Recorder and and its its function.
function.
Because
Because program
program was
was designed
designed to to operate
operate similar similar to
to
A tari's DOS, you should be fa miliar
Atari's DOS, you should be familiar with its operation.with its opel'ation.
When
When using
using thethe CCOS
05 bebe careful
careful on on thethe sizesize of
of the
the
cassette file which you are
cassette file which you are going to load. going to load. The
The COS will
COS will
errol'
error ifif thethe file
file isis too too large,
large, usually
usually an an el'ror
error 9. 9. The
The
C05
COS w ill handle
will handle up up to to 20,000
20,000 bytes
bytes which
which is is sufficient
sufficient
for
for most
most cassette
cassette progra ms. If
programs. If it
it is
is too
too large
large and
and you
you

414

‘s
only want
only want to
to copy
copy it,
it, use
use the
the Quick
Quick Backup
Backup Program
Progra m for
for
48K cassette.
ABK c assettc. lfIf you you wanted to
wanted to modify
modify aa large large program
progra m
using the
using the COS and
COS and it it is is more
m o['e than than one one section,
section, try try
loading _just
loading just oneone section
section at at aa time.
ti m e.
If you
If you planplan to to use use the the COS COS to to copycopy aa largelarge number
nu m ber
of programs,
of programs, use use the Quick
the Quick Backup. Backup. If you plan
If you plan to to use
use
the
the COS COS tom
to modify0 d i f Y a n
a number u m be r f pro g
of programs,
0 ram s, pre ss
press the the
'RESET' key
‘RESET’ kcy and and reload
reload after after you you are are through
through with with each
each
cassette file.
cassette file.
Before you
Before you start start there there are are some some termsterms which you
which you
m us t know
must k now for for this
t his manual.
man u a 1. AA section section is is aa group
group of of I28
128
byte blocks
byte blocks of of data.
data. Each Each sectionsection has has aa beginning
beginning leaderleader
and
and an end.
an end. At
At the
the beginning
beginning of each
of each sectionsection the
the
co m puter will
computer will beep
beep once once if if itit isis going to load
to load a section
section
and twice
and twice if if it is
it is going
going to save
to save it. it. AA cassette
cassette file file isis
one to
one to nine sections
nine sections which are
which are loaded continuously
loaded continuously or or
one section
one section by by itself.
itself. To find
To find the the number
nu m bel' of of sections
sections in in
aa cassette
cassette file, file, listen
listen to to it it load.
load. The The number
nu m ber of of sections
sections
will be the number of times the computer beeps (a very
short
short tone tone emitted
emitted fro from m under
under the the keyboard
keyboard on on the
the 400's
400‘s
and 800's,
and 800's, emitted emitted as a
as a low low tone
tone from the TV speaker
from the TV speaker
on
on the
the X XLL series).
series). The The beeps
beeps will will be be followed
followed by by aa brief
brief
period
period of of silence.
silence.
AA disk file
file is aa ordinary
ordinary disk file as explained in
the
the DOS DOS manual.
manual. A A filename
filename is is thethe name
name given given to to aa
disk
disk file.
file. To
To enter
enter aa disk disk filena
filename, me, enter
enter the the device,
device,
filename,
filename, and and extention,
extention, then then press
press the the 'RETURN'
'RETURN' key key in in
the following
the following format
format (refer
(refer to to your
your DOSDOS manual
manual for for
more
more information).
information).

FORMAT:
FORMAT: Dn:filename.ext
Dn:filename.ext EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
Dl:GAME.BAS
Dl:GAME.BAS
To
To properly
properly position
position aa tape
tape for for aa save,
save, you
you will
will
have
have toto advance
advance the
the tape
tape past
past the
the leader until the
leader ,until the tape
tape
itself
itself (brown)
(brown) can
can be
be seen.
seen. Otherwise,
Otherwise, aa long
long leader
leader may
may
not
not end
end before
before the
the co m puter begins
computer begins to
to save.
save.
AAny
ny questions
questions which the
which the COS
COS will ask
will ask are
are to
to be
be
answered
answered and
and then
then followed
followed byby pressing
pressing the
the 'RETURN'
'RETURN'

5S
-i-— _ _ ___ _

key. In most
ln_most cases pressing
pressing'‘RE
R E JT URN'
URN‘ withotJl
without pntCI'inq
entering
anything
any thing else will abort the .option
option and ['ettll'll
return lu
to lhe
the
option screen.
If you encounter an error, the co m puler w
computer ill beep
will
twice' and
twice"and the current operation will be aborled.
aborted. SoSomeme
co
commm on errors and their
mon causes follow. If its not lisled
listed
refer to an A Atari
tad MManual.
anua!.
.
ERROR 138
I38 : cassette not connected or 'P LAY' and
‘PLAY’
'RECORD‘ not pressed
'RECORD'
I
\

l7O : filena
170 filename wrongor
mew rong or not on the disk

143
I43 : cassette is bad (won't load)

144 : bad sector or w rite protector is on

write

140
IAO : cassette is bad (won't load)

COS OPTION MENU

When
W hen the COS loads, the option menu will be
displayed. It is red and lists the options. Below the
menu is a prompt
pro m pt asking for a selection fro
fromm the option
4'
menu.
D
The menu can be display again by pressing the
'RETURN' key. Pressing any other key w ill be
will gin the
begin
‘ corresponding option.

A. INFORMATION

6
 This option gives information on the file Mlich which is currently
loaded
loaded into
into the
the COS.
COS. This
This informat ion will
information will aid
aid in the disassembly
in the disassembly
of
of the
the file.
file. The
The advanced
advanced programrrer
programmer can
can use
use this
this table to npdify
table to roodify
a files size, sections or contents.
Once the 'A' key has been pressed, the the COS
COS will
will ask
ask whether
whether toto
print the table or not. Pressing the 'Y' ‘Y’ key and then 'RETURN'
key and then 'RETURN' ..
will print the table on a standard printer. Any other response
will cause the table to be printed onto the screen.
The table will display the number of sections and amount amol~t of
free memory left. It lt will display the length, start, and end of
each section and all the sections combine in both decimal and
hexadecimal.
After the table is printed, the COS will ask whether you wish
to
to modify
modify thethe table
table oror not.
not. for
For example,
example, the
the COS
COS can
can be used
used to
to
load a file from cassette and modify the information table so the
COS will save only part of the original file. It can also combine
two sect ions into one. The possibli
sections ties are endless. Table 1I lists
possiblities
those things which you can change.
To modify press the 'Y' ‘Y’ key and then 'RETURN'. Any other
response will return to the option menu prompt. If you choose to
modify, the COS will prompt you to the changes which can be made.
The original values will be displayed. If you choose not to modify
press the 'RETURN' key and the original values will stay the same.

TABLE II

OBJECT VALUE

SECTIONS 11 -- 99 ,
START Of
OF fILE
FILE 17800 -— 30000
LENGHT Of
OF fiLE
FILE 1l -— 30000
30000

B. QUICK BACKUP Of
OF CASSETTE

7
_i-—

!he quick
The quick backup
backup option
oplion allows
allows you
you to
to load
load aa cassette
G"3,jetLe file
fi Ie and
ilI)(!

then save
then save itit immediately.
irrmediately. Use Use the
the save
save file
file option
option to
Lo make
make any
allY

additIonal copies
additional copies of of the
the cassette
cassette file.
file.
After pressing
After pressing the the ‘B’
'B' key,
key, enter
enter the
the imJmnn‘(
nLfnher of sections
sect ions in in
the file
the file toto bebe backed—up.
backed-up. Now,
Now, press
press ‘PLAY’
'PLAY' onon the
the Program
Proyram
Recorder and
Recorder and the
the ‘SPACE’
'SPACE' bar
bal' to
to begin.
begin.
W)en the
Nwen the file is
is finished loading, insert a blank
loading, blank cassette
cassette
• into the Program Recorder. Ihis time, press
into the Program Recorder. This time, press ‘PLAY’ 'PLAY' and 'H[COIlI)',
‘RECORD’,
and press the ‘SPACE’
'SPACE' bar.
bar. lhe\COS
Ihe, CDS will make a backup copycopy of the
or iginal file. when
original I-.hen finished it will display the the option
opt ion menu.
frellU.

DISI\SSEMBLEH
C. DISASSEMBLER

The COS disassembler can be used to change a file into

assembler code which can be saved, printed or modified. fhe
The saved
version is corrpatible
compatible wi th the Atari AsseniJler
with Assembler Editor and other
assemblers. The disassembly is in the standard 6502 assembly code.
The first colurrn
column is the memory location in decimal. The second
colLJm
column is the memory location in hexadecimal. The third column is
the 6502 mnemonic and addresses. The final column is the ASCII
code of the object code. If you chose either the printer or the
screen, you will also receive the data in hexadecimal between the
second and third columns. If this assembly assembly isis used with aa
assembler,
assembler, the memory location
location in in decimal
decimal becomes the lineline nl~er
number
and
and the memory
memory location
location inin hexadecimal
hexadecimal becomes the the label.
label. If
lf you
choose
choose the printer the
the final
final column
column will
will not
not be printed.
printed.
After
After pressing
pressing the
the 'C'
‘C’ key,
key, the
the destination
destination menu
menu will
will appear.
appear.
It
It will
will ask
ask which
which device
device to to send
send the
the asserrtJly
assembly to. to. Press
Press an
an
appropriate
appropriate letter
letter for
for aa device,
device, oror press
press the
the 'HETUHN'
'RETURN' keykey Lo
to
return
return to
to the
the option
option menu.
menu.
After
After pressing
pressing thethe appropriate
appropriate letter,
letter, three
three prorrpts
prompts wi 1I
will
appear
appear which
which are
are answered
answered byby typing
typing either
either aa decimal
decimal nuniJer or aa
number 01'
hexadecimal
hexadecimal number
number proceeded
proceeded by by aa dollar
dollar sign,
sign, then
then press
press the
the
1

8B
-% 7,, __ _ by

'RETURN' key.
'RETURN' key. For exawple,
For exa~)le, the location
the location 512
512 be entered
may be entered by
by
'512' and 'RETURN',
typing '5l2' 'RETURN', or
or ‘$0200’
'$0200' and
and 'RETURN'.
'RETURN'. The first
prorrpt will ask for the address of
prompt of the
the starting
starting location
location of
of the
the
disassembly (( this can be obtained from the tl~ information table ). ).
If you chose anything but the screen
screen as aa output device, enter the
ending address, which is the point at which the disassembler
disasserrbler will
stop. The final prompt will ask for the imaginary starting
location. This is the location which the assembly should be in but
disasserrbling is stored
is not. For example, if the file you are disassembling
17000, but it normally loads at 5000. Enter
by the COS at location l7000,
17000 as the real address, and 5000 as the imaginary address. The
l7000
imaginary address should be used to simulate a computer load. If
in doubt make this location the same as the real starting
location. The real location will appear on the same line as the
imaginary prompt, just press 'RETURN' to choose it. when When finished
with
wi th the final
fillal prompt, the COS will
wi 11 begin to disassemble.
Once the COS is disassmebling, it may be paused by pressing
'CONTROL'
‘CONTROL’ and 'I'
'1' simultaneously. To return to the destination
menu and stop dissassembly, press the 'RETURN' key. To change the
imaginary address when disasserrbling,
disassembling, press the 'A' key and enter
the imaginary address (when using the same imaginary as real you
may enter the real address here). forFor example, if a line of code
reads 'BNE
’BNE 409A',
409A’, to continue disassembly at location $409A press
'A' and enter '$409A'. If the restart disasserrbly
disassembly address is at a
constant location such as $E456 the COS will not disasserrble
disassemble at
the proper location, unless the imaginary address is the same as
the real address. To disassemble at $E456,
SEAS6, return to the
destination menu, and use $E456 as the real and imaginary address.
As a general rule, if the address is with a branch command it will
work; if it is with a jump command be careful.

D. SAVE CASSETTE

This
This option
option isis used
used to
to save
save aa file
file which has been previously
loaded
loaded into
into the
the COS.
COS.
Once
Once the
the 'D'
‘D’ key
key has been pressed, insert aa properly
positioned
positioned blank
blank cassette. The COS
cassette. The COS will beep
beep twice
twice to
to signal
signal when
when

99
aa save
save will
will take
take place. Press
place. Press ‘PLAY’
'I'LAY' and
afld ‘RECORD’,
'HECnnl)', and
and then
then press
pr'",,;!;

the
the 'SPACE'
‘SPACE’ bar to
bar to beqin
begin Si.lVlnq.
saving. the file
The file wi II
will Ire
be ~"lVed to
saved to
casset.te.
cassette.

E. LOAD
E. LOAD CASSETTE
CASSEtTE

This option is used to load

lo,""j a file
fi Ie from cassette
cass8t te C[)~).
into the COS.
Chce it is in the memory, modify
Once it, examine it, or save it using
usinq
the save cassette option.
Fi rst, enter the number
First, nU1lller of 'HE' unN'
sect ions and press the 'RETURN'
sections
key. Next, position the cassette at the beginning of the file to
beginninq, then enter the
the beginning, r i Je
sect iOlls the file
number of sections
siqnal when a load will
contains. The COS will beep once to signal wi 11 take
'PLAY' and ‘RECORD’.
place. Press ‘PLAY’ 'RECOH!)'. Press the ‘SPACE’
'SPACE' bar to begin.
beqin.
\"hen it is finished loadinq,
hhen loading, the CUS (~)t iOll
COS will return to the option
menu. .

LOAD FILE TO CASSETTE

F. BINARY lOAD

This option
option can be used to take any binary disk file file and save
it
it to cassette
cassette using
using aa special
special COS binary
binary loader
loader program.
program. 'heThe
cassette
cassette file may be
file may be loaded
loaded like
like any
any other
other machine
machine language
language file.
file.
The
The binary
binary loader
loader program
program is is loaded
loaded from
from disk,
disk, so
so do
do not
not remove
remove
the
the disk
disk from
from the
the drive
drive [fitil
until thethe COS
COS prorrpts
prompts youyou to
to do
do so.
so.
After
After pressing
pressing the
the 'F'‘F’ key,
key, enter
enter the the filename
filename ofof the
the disk
disk
file
file to to be be put
put on
on cassette.
cassette. Do D0 this
this by by typing:
typing: thethe device,
device,
filename,
filename, extension
extension and
and then
then press
press the
the 'RETURN'
'RETURN' key.
key. For
For exan", Ie ,
example,
’Dl:SMASH.0BJ' would
'DI:SMASH.OBJ' would take
take SMASfI.OBJ
SMASH.OBJ from
from disk drive HI.
disk drive #1. Keep
Keep the
the
COS
COS diskette
diskette in in the
the disk
disk drive.
drive. when
when thethe COS
COS asks
asks you
you to
to insert
insert
the
the COS
COS diskette
diskette with
with binary
binary loader on it,
loader on it, press
press the
the 'SPACE'
‘SPACE’ hrl['.
bar.
\"hen
when the
the COS
COS asks
asks you
you toto insert
insert the
the source
source diskette
diskette with
with the
the ri Ie
file

I L
you want to to put to casset te, press the 'SPACE'
cassette, ‘SPACE’ bar to load it.
Wlen
Wwen the file is loaded the computer will beep twice for save.
Press 'PLAY'
‘PLAY’ and 'RECORD'
‘RECORD’ on your Program Recorder. Press the
‘SPACE’ bar to begin the save. The COS will automatically save the
'SPACE'
file and display the option screen.
To load this file from cassette, press the 'START' ‘START’ key ~

('START'
(’START’ and 'O?TION'
‘OPTION’ on XL's)
XL’s) while turning on the computer.
Position your cassette and press 'PLAY'
‘PLAY’ on the Program Recorder.
After the computer beeps, press the 'RETURN'
‘RETURN’ key to load.
For those of you using the COS as a development tool, the
binary loader program can be modified to display the title of the
program which it will load. This can be accomplished by making one
copy using option 'F' ‘F’ then use option 'K'‘K’ to modify the binary
loader (it will be in memory). Next, save the cassette file.

G. BACKUP CASSETTE TO
T0 DISK

This option is used to backup a cassette program from the COS

memory onto a diskette. The program will be only a data file which
will not run. However, they are much safer on a diskette.
First, enter the filename which will become the data file for
the cassette. To begin the save, press the 'SPACE' ‘SPACE’ bal'.
bar. The
program will then be backed up to diskette. It can be loaded from
disk and saved to cassette using load backed-up
backed—up cassette option I
((III).
'I' ).

H. ~ULTI
MULTI SECTION FILE TO
T0 DISK

This option is used to save a cassette flle

file to diskette. Wlen
when
entering this option, all of the other options and anything in the
COS memory will be lost. To go back
back to
to the
the COS,
COS, reload the COS
reload the COS
diskette.

ll
11
 ACter
A ter pressing the 'H' ‘H’ key, place the COS diskette into ll~ the
disk drive. Press the 'SPACE'
‘SPACE’ bar. lVly
Any cassette file in the mernOI'Y
memory
will be lost. This op~ionoption begins with the COS pI'on~ting
prompting you to
enter the number of sections. Insert the cassette and press the
'SPACE'
‘SPACE’ bar to load. \\'henwhen the casset te has loaded insert a di
cassette f;k
disk
into drive one. The COS will ask whether the progl'am program if,
is BASIC 01'
or
not. Answer using 'Y'‘Y’ or 'N'
‘N’ and then pressing 'RETUHN'.
‘RETURN’. Iflf it is
BASIC, you
81\51C, you wi.ll
Wlll be
be asked
asked if if it
it is
is self
self boot
boot or
or not.
not. AA self
self I,oot
hoot
cassette is loaded by holding down the 'SlAR1' ‘START’ key .Ihile
while turning
en
on the computel'.
computer. otherwise
Otherwise its not a self boot. W1en finished with
vrmwifinished wi lh
the options, pr~ss
press the :SPACE'
’SPACE’ bar to write the program on the
disk. \-O,en
Mien it is finisned,press
finished,press 'RETURN'
‘RETURN’ to do another casselle.
cassette.
‘A’ to ~,ke
Press 'A' make another copy.
If
lf at any time en an error occurs the COS wi II gi
will ve an error
give
message and return to the number of sectors proflllt.
pronpm. [0To load a disk
created with COS simply insert the disk into the drive and lurn turn on
aw
the computer (( if it is BASIC
BASIC use
use the
the BASIC
BASIC cartridge).
cartridge). If lf il
it is
is aa
BASIC program and does notnot self
self boot,
boot, turn
turn on
an the
the computer with
computer with
when the ‘READY’ propmt appears, follow lhe
BASIC inserted. When the 'READY' propmt appears, follow the
instructions given with the program.

I. BACKUP ON DISK 10
TO CASSETTE

A cassette file which has been saved

A saved as
as aa data
data file
file to
to
back—up cassette option 'G’), can be londed
diskette (using the back-up option 'G'), can be loaded
from a disk file, then saved back toto cassetle
cassette using
using the
the Save
Save
Cassette option. The cassete file will
will be identical to the
be identical to the
origianal cassette file. . I
Enter the filename of the disk data file on diskette. Next,
insert the diskette containing the file and press the 'RElURN'
'RETURN'
key. Use the Save Cassette option to put it to cassettte.

J. DISK DIRECTORY

12
I2
 Ihis
This option allows the user to list all of the files on a
diskette, and the number of sectors each uses.
When
when the COS prompts for a drive number, press the number of
the drive to be listed, then press the 'RETURN' key. To use drive
number one, just press the 'RETURN' key.
nurrber

K. DISPLAY MEMORY LOCATIONS

- This option may be used to display data from any memory

location in hexadecimal and Atari ASCII codes. Any memory
locations can then be modified to suit your needs.
After pressing the '~ prompt for a
‘F key, the COS will prorrpt
beginniny
beginning loaction to be displayed. This can be entered in
hexadecimal or decimal. The next 128 bytes from this location will
be displayed. The first number to be displayed is the memory
location in hexadecimal. The next eight numbers are what the
locations contain in hexadecimal. The final column is the same
memory location in Atari Internal Code.

<
< : display back 128
l28 bytes
>
> : display next 128 bytes
: nove
move cursor Lp
up
: nove
move cursor down
: move cursor left
: nove
move cursor right
SPACE : modify byte under cusor
RETURN : exit option

Mien the data is finished being displayed, a cursor will

W1en
appear on the first byte of the display. This will be your
pointer. Use the following list of commands to nodify
modify a byte or

13
 -z

exit the
exit the mode.
mode. when
Itlen changing
changing aa byte,
byte, enter
enter the
the byte
byte in
in hexadecimal
hexa(jecimal
or decimal.
or ~.hen
decimal. when finished, the
finished, the cursor
cursor will
will return
return to
to the
the byte
byle
modified on
modified on the
the screen.
screen. Pressing
Pressing the
the 'RETURN'
'RETUflrJ' key
key will
will exit
exit this
this
mode and
mode and return
return you
you toto the
the option
option menu.
menu. -

rILE
L. LOAD FILE

This option is used to load a disk file to form fOl'm the last
section of a cassette file. The information table
tahle can then he used
to switch it with any sect ion you wish.
section
The Cos will prorrpt
prompt for the filename of the disk file to load.
Enter the filename and press the 'RETURN' key. Insert the correct
coneet
diskette, and press the 'SPACE'
‘SPACE’ bar to load.

M. SAVE FILE

This option
option isis used toto save
save aa section of aa cassette file
file to aa
disk file.
disk file. The information table
The information table can can be used to modify the
beginning
beginning andand end
end of
of aa cassette
cassette section,
section, then
then use
use this option
option to
save
save itit to
to aa disk
disk file.
file.
A
A prorrpt
prompt will
will appear
appear asking
asking which
which section
section is is to
to be
be saved.
saved.
Enter
Enter aa nLJIlber,
number, between
between 1l and
and the
the nlJlTber
number of of sections
sections inin the
the
cassette
cassette file
file currently
currently loaded.
loaded. Press
Press the
the 'RETURN'
'RETURN' key
key to
to abort.
abort.
Aft er enter
After ing, insert
entering, insert the
the correct
correct diskette
diskette and
and press
press the
the 'SPACE'
‘SPACE’
bar
bar to
to save.
save.

QUICK
QUICK BACKUP
BACKUP

I IL»
LJ j
“EEi

The QJlCR
The Quick Backup
Backup is
is designed to
designed to copy
copy aa cassette
cassette program
program qo to
l~ to

nine sections
nine sections and
and 08K.
48K. The status
The status line
line on
on the
the screen
screen will
wi 11 ask
ask for
for
the nunber
the nU'Tbcr of
of sections
sections useuse the
the option key
option key to
to choose.
choose. Press
PI'ess the
the
'OPTION' key
'OPTlON' key to
to increase
increase itit by
by one. After
one. After it
it reaches
reaches nine,
nine, the
the
letter 'A'
letter 'A' will
will bebe displayed.
displayed. This letter
This letter will
will let
let you
you make
make aa
second copy
second copy of
of the
the program
program which
which was
was loaded
loaded before.
before. After
After the
the 'A',
'A',
the nunber
the nuntJer of
of sections
sections will
will return
return to
to one.
one.
To start
To start the
the copying
copying process,
process, press
press the
the ‘START’
'START' key.
key. After
After the
the
con'puter beeps
cowputer beeps once,
once, press
press the
the ‘SPACE’
'SPACE' bar,
bar, and
and it
it will
will load
load thethe
program. when
program. loaded, the
~.hen loaded, the computer
computer will beep
beep twice.
twice. Insert
Insert aa blank
tJl<Jnk
cassette and
cassette <Jnd press
press 'RETURN'
'RETURN' to save.
save. To make another copy, use 'A' 'A'
as the number
nunber of sections. '
If at any time an error is encountered, the status line will
turn red. Press ‘SYSTEM
'SYSTEM RESET‘
RESET' to start over.

AlARI PROGRAM RECORDER

THE ATARI
I

The Atari Program Recorder is actually a regular stereo tape

recorder with minor added features. A A stereo recorder is different
from a regular recorder because it has to separate tracks which
store information. These tracks are defined as left and right (see
T

figure 1).
l).
The left track is called the audio track. It stores audio such
as voice or music. This audio is played through the speaker in
your TV or monitor. Normally it is blank.
The right track is called the digital track. It stores
information in digital form such as a program or information which
a program uses. Only the Atari computer can understand this
seemingly noise. It, too, is played through the audio speaker speaker of
your TV/monitor.
TV/monitor.
The
The information
information on the digital
on the digital track
track is made
made uppofof only
only two
different sounds. One is the space
different sounds. One is the space and and the other is
other is the mark (they
(they
are 3995 Hz
are 399~ H2 and 5327 Hz
and ~327 Hz respectively).
respectively). These
These marks
marks and
and spaces
spaces make
make
Lp the
up the information
information which
which thethe computer
computer uses.
uses. They
They represent
represent bits.
bits.
Ten
Ten bits
bits make
make one
one byte.
byte. This
This may
may seem
seem strange,
strange, but
but the
the first
first and
and

15
l~

L
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W A

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Fi gu re
D.
D
OO
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OOOI
OO
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C
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.
'
a •••••••••••• , ••• , ••••••••••••• , ....................... ..

O
I
.
'O
..
'
LEFT TRACK

%x>@X
TTTA
IIIIIIII AUDIO TRACK IIIIIIIIII

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..................... , ................................................. .

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HmIH
IIIIIIII DIGITAL TRACK IIIIIII
>

A RIGHT TRACK

\\\\\\\
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...................... , ................................... .
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IOIO
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\UH\Wm>HW\y>r_Nx\HpH\mIp\_ n'H“_x
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RIGHT TRACK

.II
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I
%H@T SIDE . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .... . .. .. . . .. .

1D.
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LEFT TRACK

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... , ................. , ................. , ......... .

0. 0 .C'I‘C.OIO‘IO IO OIOIl. OI .ICIlO.IO

...
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 i___.?
Y

T
T

last bit
last bit are
are not
not used. [hey are
Lr~eu. They are aa space
space for
for start
start and
and aa mark
,,",rk for
for'
stop. These
stop. These bits
hits are
a['e ow the tape
01 the tape at
at 6OU
600 baud
baud or
or 6OO
600 bits
bits for
for every
every
second. These
second. lhe~,e bi ts are
bits aee stored on on the
the tape
tape in
in groups.
groups. Each group
group
l
r contains l32
contains bytes of
132 bytes of data. TheThe first twotwo bytes
bytes are
are markers
,,",rkers for
for
Atari can adjust for
speed (the Atari for speed). Then
Then aa control byte,
byte, l28
128
bytes and aa checksum. The
data bytes The control byte
byte can tell if if the
the record
is full, half
is hal f full or thethe end
end of
of aa section. TheThe checksum is is all
I
T
the recorder
the bytes added together to show if the ["ecorder has read
["ead correct.
COITect.
T

LOADING PROBLEMS

AA common problem with the Atari Program Recorder is its

HJ(J% accuracy. This is mainly
inability to load and save with lOO%
because it is not a high quality product and its user does not use
high quality tape.
If your recorder is not loadino tapes made on the recorder
itself, the problem is most likely the problem of the quality
quali ly of
the tapes you use. The best tape for
fo[" your Atari is a high quality
audio or digital tape of a short lenght.
lenghL A A discount type tends to
tu
lose information. AA 101g
long tape tends to be too thin. Wewe recommand 5
to 15
l5 minute digital tapes or 30 minute Maxwell or TOK.
TDK.
If your recorder is not loading tapestaes made on a different
recorder, the problem is most likely tape alignment. This is
caused by the two tape heads reading and writing at two different
locations. However, this can be fixed
fixed by turning the head adjust
screw. But be aware, the tapes you have made previously 01 on your
recorder may not load. The proper way to load a tape from another
recorder would be: to adjust
adjust your tape head, to load the tape, and
turn the it back to the original position when saving. An
alternative
alternative to tape head adjusting
adjusting is to bring the two recorders
recorders
to the same computer.
computer. Load it into the COS with one and save it

I back onto the other recorder.

Adjusting
recorder.
Adjusting the tape head is not difficult,
difficult, but it can be moved
moved
off alot
alot if you adjust
adjust it too much. Try it at your own risk.
your own risk. To
find
find the screw,
screw, press 'PLAY'
‘PLAY’ with the cover
cover open. It is the screw

16
16

LL >
on the left of the read/write head. You can turn it with a small
A-lillips
Phillips screwdriver.
screwdriver. Make
Make sure
sure you
you mark
mark the
the or-iginal position of
original position of
the screw and number of turns moved, in case you want to put it
back. _To adjust put a the tape in under the cover (not in!) press
back._To
'PLAY'.
‘PLAY’. v.hile
Mwile in BASIC, POKE 54DIB,52
540l8,52 to turn on the recorder
notor.
motor. Turn your TV/nonitor
TV/monitor volume until the compute!'
computer sounds Ilike
ike
its loading. Now turn the screw a small amount at a time uwtil
until the
sound
sound is
is loudest.
loudest. And
And that's
that's it,
it, it's
it's adjusted.
adjusted.

t-USIC
MUSIC MillE
WHILE lOADING
LOADING

Are you tired of hearing buzzes in your sleep after a long day
of computing? Do you reach for the the volume control when ~)en you
load a program? Or do you just want to add touch of class to your
program? 1Iff you said yes to any of these questions then read on! !!
on!!!
In this section of the manual we will tell you how to makewake a
casset
cassette that will play your favorite music or anything you want
te that wi 11 play your favori te music or anything you want
while your program is loading.
Before we explain how to do it we will explain how it works.
The Atari Program Recorder was designed to be able to play music
while a program is loading. The audio track which normally is
empty is where your music will go. If you already had a tape set
Lp with the program on the digital track and your music on the
up
audio track, when you loaded it, you would notice a problem. The
music and the buzzes would come through the TV or monitor speaker
at the same time. It would still load but it would not sound good.
There is a way to stop this. If you POKE a 0O into memory location
65 the computer will stop any sounds which come from the digital
track. You could POKE 65,0 before you load your program in the
immediate node
mode or create a loader program which does it for you.

LOADER PROGRAM
THE lOADER

This loader program we have made will do several things. First

first

17
l7

i T
 _ _ _ ks

it will put on the screen

screen LOADINC ... PLEASE WAl
LOADIM§...PLEASE WAITT so you have
so you have
so"~thing
sxmething to look at while the program is loading. You can change
this
this to
to vKlat
what ever
ever youyou wish.
wish. Second,
Second, it will POKE aa 0O into
will POKE into location
location
65 which shuts off excess noise. Thin1, Third, it will continue to load
your program.
DFOQFBWM I-.tlen
vkwriit it is finished it will run it automatically!

HOW TO MAKE YOIIR

YOUR TAPE

The ~thod
method we are going to describe is not the only way to
make your tape, but we believe it is the best. The only extra
things you will need are : an audio cassette recorder, masking
tape, cassettes and your favorite music.
First, take your program and save a backup copy on a cassette
(not the cassette that will have the music on it). NexNextt type in
the loader program. CSAVE the loader program on the tape which the
/IUsic
wusic wi 11 be on BEfOm:
will BEFORE YOU RUN IT!!! Wlen the loader program is
ITEM then
run the computer will attempt to load and clear the memory.
~mory. After

you save the program, do not rewind the cassette but advance it a
couple inches. To put music on the cassette use an audio cassette
recorder. The music should be about as long as it takes the
program to load. If the music is longer than your program you
might want to fade it out when appropriate.
Now we come to the tough part. Normally when saving a program
on the Program Recorder, it erases both tracks of the cassette
before recording. To record your program on the the digital track
and leave the audio track alone you /lUst
must place a small piece of
masking
masking- tape on to the erase head (see figure 2). It will be
easier to put the tape on the head if the 'PLAY' ‘PLAY’ button is
pressed. DO NOT PUT THE TAPE OVER THE TAPE GUIDE which is the
pronged piece on the side of the tape head.
Take the program which has the loader program and ~ic
music on it.
Rewind the tape and load the loader program. Once this done type
NEW to clear the ~mory.
memory. Do not rewind the tape but take it out
and
nd set it aside. Next load your program and save it on the tape
you set aside. You have just finished. _

18
l8
 Before you check the cassette you should take off the masking
tape and clean the erase head wi th a cot
with ton swab and alcohol.
cotton
Now you are ready to load your tape. Rewind the tape and type
CLOAD --to
“to load the fi rst part. \<.hen
first Wnen READY appears type RUN and
press the 'RETURN' key. Sit back and enjoy!!!

LISTING
L IS TI N G 1l

10
1 QT GRAPHICS 7·'-16
GflAF’H ICIS
7-+1.6 \
20
2 [T PCIS IT I[lN
POSITION O ,5
0,5
30 ? 16;"
#€5;" LOADING.
L()AI)ITvG .. ."
40
A CT ? 16;"
It5;" please
p leease wait"
wzait “
SET
50 I:l536 TO 1554:READ
FOR 1=1536 l55A:READ A:POKE I,A:NEXT
I,A:NEXT I
6ET
60 P[)KE 65,0
POKE 6f5,0
7CT
70 P[lKE 764,12
POKE 7(5A, I2
8CT
80 I=USR(1536)
I:USR(l536)
90 DATA 162,253,154,169,183,72
9 TQT l62,253,l5b,l69,l85,72
100 DATA
100 DATA 169,84,72,169
l69,8A, 72 ,l(39
100 DATA
100 DATA 4,32,182,187,169
4,32,l82,l87,l69
110 DATA
110 DATA 255,76,4,187
25s,76,a,1s7

19
l9
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‘Q’
 Limiitu
L lf41 ILll wARRANTY
Wf\lH~f\N I Y

Alpha Systems warrants the original purchaser

purchaser of this
computer software product that the recording mediun on which the
medium
software programs are recorded will be free from defects in
materials and workmanship for ninety days from the date of
purchase. Defective media returned by the purchaser during that
ninety day period will be replaced without charge, provided that
the returned media have not been subjected to misuse, damage, or
excessive wear..
8XC€SSl \/E W881‘

Following the initial ninety day warranty period, defective

media will be replaced for a replacement fee of $6.50.

Defective media should be returned to:

ALPHA SYSTEMS
1012
lOl2 SKYLAND DRIVE
44056
MACEDONIA, OH. A4056

in protective packaging accompanied by: (l)(1) a brief statement

describing the defect; (2) a $6.50 check or money order (if beyond
the ninety day warranty period); (3) your return address; (4) the
problem disk.

WHAT IS NOT COVERED BY THIS WARRANTY

THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT APPLY TO THE

TE SOFTWARE PROGRAMS THEMSELVES.
THE PROGRAMS ME
ARE PROVIDED "AS IS".

THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, WHETHER ORAL OR

WRITTEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING
IMPUTED
IMPUTED WARRANTIES
WARRANTIES OF
OF MERCHANTABILITY
MERCHANTABILITY AND
AND FITNESS
FITNESS FOR
FOR AA PARTICULAR
PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATION TO TD NINETY DAYS FROM THE DATE OF
PURCHASE. ALPHA
PURCHASE. ALPHA SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS SHALL
SHALL NOT
NOT BE
BE LIABLE
LIABLE FOR
FOR INCIDENTAL
INCIDENTAL OR
DR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE FOR BREACH Of ANY EXPRESS OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE FOR BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS DR IMPLIED
IMPLIED
WARRANTY.

The provisions of the foregoing

foregoing warranty are subject to the
laws
laws of
of the
the state
state in
in which
which the
the disk
disk is
is purchased.
purchased. Such
Such laws
laws may
may
broaden
broaden the
the warranty
warranty protection
protection available
available to
to the
the purchaser
purchaser of
of the
the
disk.

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