PEDS2009

Digital-Controlled Power Factor Corrector with Transition Current Mode Control without Zero Current Detection
Chia-An Yeh, Kung-Min Ho, Yen-Shin Lai Center for Power Electronics Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract -It is well known that transition current mode control for power factor corrector can reduce the reversal recovery loss for the diode. This method can be realized using discrete control integrated circuit which requires zero-crossing detection circuit. In this paper, a novel control technique for digital-controlled power factor corrector to achieve transition current mode control is proposed. The switching period to retain zero current switching is predicted and the turn-on period is determined by the voltage controller. Experimental results derived from a DSP-based controller are presented for confirmation. The power factor corrector is with 100 V/AC input and 400 V/DC output. Its power rating is 250 W. Experimental results show that the power factor is higher than 0.98, efficiency is greater than 94% and current total harmonics distortion (THDi) is smaller than 4% under full load condition and confirms the above-mentioned claims very well.
Keywords-power factor corrector; transition current mode; digital

Fumikazu Takahashi, Masahiro Hamaogi Hitachi Computer Peripheral Co. Ltd., Japan Japan current equal to zero and thereby reducing the reversal recovery loss of diode. The power device is turned at the beginning of every switching period, retained during the on-time period which is controlled by voltage loop controller, and turned off when the inductor current becomes zero.

control

I. INTRODUCTION Power factor correction technique has been widely used in AC to DC switching mode power system to meet the requirement of international standards. The PFC can reduce the harmonics of line current and improve power factor by unity power factor control. In order to achieve unity power factor and high efficiency, several topologies and control methods are analyzed [1-9]. The reduction of reversal recovery loss of diode is one of the most intensive research topics. One way is to use silicon carbide diode at the expense of more cost [3-4]. An alternative approach is to turn-on the power device with zero current switching by transition current mode control [5-8]. For conventional transition current mode control as shown in Fig. 1, zero-current detection is required in conventional analog implementation. Zero-crossing detection can be achieved using in-series resistor, Hall sensor, or coupled inductor. For transition current mode control method, the inductor current and duty are shown in Fig 2. As shown in Fig.2, the power device is turned on as inductor
Fig.1 Conventional transition current mode controlled PFC converter

Fig. 2 Typical inductor current and duty waveforms

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Digital control is with some advantages, including less discrete-component count, no aging issue for the compensator components, higher flexibility and fast time-to-market. Therefore, digital power has received more and more attention for research and industrial applications [9]. In this paper, a novel control technique for digital-controlled power factor corrector to achieve transition current mode control without zero-current detection is proposed. The switching period to achieve zero current switching is predicted and the turn-on period is determined by the voltage controller. Experimental results derived from a DSP-based controller are presented for confirmation. II. PROPOSED DIGITAL-CONTROLLED TRANSITION CURRENT MODE Figure 3 shows the proposed digital-controlled transition current mode PFC boost converter system. As shown in Fig.3, the voltage error between the reference and its feedback value gives the on-time command via PI controller. The switching period will be predicted by proposed control method and the duty cycle can be determined according to predicted switching period and on-time command. (n) off-time shown in (3).
th

Toff [ n + 1] Toff [ n]

(3)

In order to achieve zero current switching, the control function can be derived from Fig.4:

I L [ n] + m1
where

Ton [n] m2Toff [ n] = 0 2

(4)

I L [ n] = the n th sampled average inductor current Ton [n] = the n th on time Toff [ n] = the n th off time m1 = on-time current slope m2 = off-time current slope
The (n)th off-time can be obtained by (4) as:

Toff [ n] =

1 m I L [ n] + 1 Ton [n] m2 2m2

(5)

According to (3) the (n+1)th off-time can be derived as:

Toff [ n + 1] =

1 m I L [ n] + 1 Ton [n] m2 2m2

(6)

The (n+1)th switching period can be determined by:

Ts [n + 1]

1 m I L [n ] + (1 + 1 )Ton [n ] m2 2m2

(7)

Fig. 3 Digital controlled PFC converter

In PFC boost converter, the current slopes are:

Fig.4 shows the relationship among sampled current ( IL[n] ), sampling instant and duty. As shown in Fig. 4, an error between the reference and inductor current (solid line) under transient condition can be removed by controlling the switching period properly. More details of the deduction of the predictive duty are as follows. Under steady state, the (n+1)th on-time command is the same as that of its previous one as shown by: (1) Ton [ n + 1] = Ton [n] Since the switching frequency for PFC control is greater than the line frequency, the following condition can be assumed as:

m1 = m2 =

Vin sin t Vin [ n ] = L L Vout Vin sin t Vout [ n] Vin [ n] = L L

(8)

(9)

Where

Vin = peak value of input voltage Vin [ n] = n th sampled input voltage Vout [ n] = n th sampled output voltage
L = input inductor
By (7)-(9), the switching period for transition current mode control is given by:

Ts [n + 1] Ts [ n]

(2)

By (1) and (2), the (n+1)th off-time is the same as that of the

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Ts [ n + 1] =

L I L [n] Vout [n] Vin [n]

Vin [ n] ] Ton [n] +[1 + 2(Vout [ n] Vin [n])

(10)

instant of carrier counter, tn+1, as shown in Fig.5. Therefore, the carrier command, Vm[n+1], derived by (10)-(12) can be rewritten as:

Vm [n + 1] =

As shown in (10), the predictive switching period is determined by input voltage ( Vin ), output voltage ( Vout ), input inductor ( L ) and average inductor current ( I L ).
m1 = Vin L

CLK Ts [n + 1] 2 CLK L = I L [ n] 2(Vout [n] Vin [ n]) +(1 + Vin [n] ) Ton _ com [n] 2(Vout [ n] Vin [ n])

(13)

m2 =

Vout Vin L

iL (t )

Fig. 4 Relationship between sampled current ( IL[n] ) and sampling instant under transition current mode

IV.

DSP-BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED CONTROL TECHNIQUE

Fig.5 Relationship between carrier, duty, inductor current and sampling instant under transition current mode

In this section, the maximum value of carrier will be defined. Fig.5 shows the relationship among carrier, duty, inductor current and sampling instant under transition current mode. As shown is Fig.5, triangular modulation is used to produce the duty cycle and the peak value of carrier for triangular modulation is:

V. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM AND RESULTS The specifications of the digital-controlled AC/DC converter are shown in Table I. The input voltage is 100 V AC and the output voltage is 400 V DC. The switching frequency varies from 30 kHz to 100 kHz. Fig. 6 shows the block diagram of the experimental system and the photo of the experimental system. A digital signal processor is used as the digital controller to realize the transition current mode PFC control in software.
Table I Specifications of PFC converter

Vm [n] =

CLK Ts [ n] 2

(11)

The on-time command derived from the voltage loop control is:

Ton _ com [n] =

Where

CLK Ton [n] 2

(12) Specification
Input Voltage Output Voltage Output Power Switching Frequency Inductor value Capacitor value Control device 100Vac/50Hz 400Vdc 250W 30kHz ~ 100kHz 410H 330F TMS320F2812

Ton [n] = on-time value, the nth sample Ton _ com [n] = on-time command, the nth sample Vm [n] = DPWM counter peak value, the nth sample CLK = DSP clock frequency = 150MHz
For DSP-based implementation, the carrier command, Vm, and on-time command, Ton_com, should be calculated by the restart

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(A) Block diagram

(A)

(B) Photo of experimental system Fig. 6 Experimental system

(B)

Fig. 7(A) shows the experimental results, including input voltage, inductor current and PWM signal waveforms under half load condition. As shown in Fig. 7 (B), the main switch is turned on as inductor current is zero. As shown in Fig. 7 (C), the input current and voltage are in phase confirming good power factor. Similarly, Fig. 8 shows the experimental results under full load condition confirming the effectiveness of the proposed digital-controlled TCM PFC. The measured power factor is shown in Fig. 9 (A). As shown in Fig. 9 (A), the power factor is greater than 0.99 under full load condition. Fig. 9 (B) shows the measured results of efficiency. The efficiency is greater than 93% under various kinds of load conditions. Fig. 9(C) shows the measured results of current THD. The current THD is smaller than 4% under full load condition. These experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed digital-controlled TCM PFC converter.

(C)
Fig.7 Experimental results, Ch1: Input voltage, Ch2: Inductor current, Ch3: Switching signal for (A) and (B); Ch1: Input voltage, Ch3: Input current, Ch4: Output voltage for (C) (Vin=100V, Vout=400V, Pout=125W)

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1.02 1 Power factor 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 50 100 150 200 Output power (W) 250

(A) Power factor (A)

98 97 Efficiency (%) 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 50 100 150 200 Output power (W)

(B) Efficiency

250

16
(B)

14 12 THDi(%) 10 8 6 4 2 0 50 100 150 Output power (W)

(C) THDi Fig.9 Experimental results

200

250

(C) Fig.8 Experimental results, Ch1: Input voltage, Ch2: Inductor current, Ch3: Switching signal for (A) and (B); Ch1: Input voltage, Ch3: Input current, Ch4: Output voltage for (C) (Vin=100V, Vout=400V, Pout=250W)

VI. CONCLUSION This paper proposes a predictive control technique for digital-controlled power factor corrector to achieve transition current mode control. The special features of the proposed predictive control technique includes not requiring

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zero-crossing detection of current and no need of fast A/D converter and sampling of current for current sensing. Moreover, an on-time compensation technique is also proposed in this paper to cope with the current sharing issue caused by the parameter variation between interleaved TMCPFC. Experimental results derived from a DSP-based controller are presented for confirmation. The power factor corrector is with 100 V/AC input and 400 V/DC output. Experimental results show that for single phase, the power factor is higher than 0.98, efficiency is greater than 94% and current total harmonics distortion (THDi) is less than 4% under full load condition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work is sponsored by Hitachi Computer Peripheral Co. Ltd. and Hitachi Research Lab., Japan. REFERENCE
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