Anatomical Organization of the Human Body

Dr.Ravindra Kumar B Anatomy Lecturer

International Medical School,
Shah Alam Campus

An Introduction to Human Anatomy

Definition: Its a study of the structures in the Human Body. Divisions of Anatomy: General Anatomy Gross Anatomy (Macro-Scopic) Histological Anatomy (Micro-Scopic) Developmental Anatomy (Embryology) Surface Anatomy, Radiological Anatomy Neuro Anatomy Etc.

Early Anatomists

Aristotle
One

of the earliest to write about anatomy textbook was the basis for teaching for 1500 years

Claudius Galen
Medical

The Birth of Modern Anatomy

Andreus Vesalius
Pioneer

of modern anatomy Published the first atlas of anatomy

De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)

The Discovery of Microscopic Anatomy

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723)

Invented a microscope capable of visualizing single cells

Developed the first practical compound microscope Observed cells Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist) - cell theory

Robert Hooke (1635 1703)

Microscopes were improved in the 19th century

The Nature of Human Life What Is a Human?

Primate characteristics

4 upper and lower incisors A pair of clavicles Only 2 mammary glands Forward-facing eyes with stereoscopic vision Flat nails Opposable thumbs Large brains Complex speech Tool making Bipedalism

Hominid characteristics

Levels of Structural Organization

Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organs Systems Organism

Levels of Organization
Molecule water molecule, glucose Macromolecule protein molecule, DNA Organelle mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus Cell muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue loose connective tissue, muscle Organ skin, femur Organ System skeletal system, digestive Organism - human

Levels of Organization

Characteristics of Life

Cellular organization Adaptations that result from evolution Respond to maintain homeostasis Energy is used to fuel metabolism Ecological value to an ecosystem Reproduction (passes on heredity)

Maintaining Life

We must move. We must respond to changes We must digest food We must metabolize (break down substances and use nutrients, oxygen, and produce ATP). We must excrete We must find a way to reproduce We must find a way to grow

Homeostasis

Homeostasis: A dynamic state of equilibrium. A balance in which internal conditions change and vary, but always within relatively narrow limits. Negative feedback mechanisms

Ex: If you are hot, you sweat. If you are cold, you shiver. Ex: Blood clotting and child birth

Positive Feedback mechanisms

Survival Needs

Nutrients Oxygen Water Body Temperature (37 degrees Celsius) Atmospheric Pressure

Organ Systems

Integumentary System: SKIN

Waterproofs, cushions, protects, regulates temp. Bones, cartilage, ligaments, & joints provides framework and protection. Contract to provide mobility

Skeletal System: BONES

Muscular System: MUSCLES

Organ systems continued

Nervous system: NERVES.

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors that respond to irritants or stimuli and send messages. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes release hormones to control actives, such as growth, reproduction, and food in the body.

Endocrine system: HORMONES

Organ systems continued

Cardiovascular system: <3

The heart and blood vessels use blood to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissues. Lymph vessels and nodes (spleens and tonsils), return leaked blood, clean blood and house the cells involved in immunity. Remove the CO2 and give O2

Lymphatic system: Lymph Nodes

Respiratory system: Just Breath

Organ systems continued

Digestive System: Feed Me!

Breaks down food and delivers products to cells. The removing nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushing them from the body in urine. (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) Also maintains water and salt balance (acid/base) The purpose of this system is to reproduce.

Urinary System: I gotta go =)

Reproductive System: Life must go on!!!

Body Cavities

Serous Membranes

Visceral layer covers an organ Parietal layer lines a cavity or body wall Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum

Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium

Body Cavities

Integumentary System

External covering of the body

skin

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment. Maintains posture and produces heat.

Skeletal Muscles

Nervous System:

Fast- acting control system of body, responds to external and internal changes by activating appropriate muscles.

Brain, Sensory Receptor, Spinal Cord, Nerves

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones control body activities.

Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Testis (male), Ovary (female).

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels that transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc.. Heart pumps blood.

Heart and Blood Vessels

Lymphatic System

Picks up fluid that has leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Houses WBCs.

Thoracic Duct, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with Oxygen and removes Carbon Dioxide.

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Left Lung

Urinary System

Eliminates Nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acidbase balance of blood.

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Reproductive Systems

Produce offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.

Male (Seminal vesicles, Prostate Gland, Penis, Vas Deferens, Testis, Scrotum) Female (Mammary glands, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina)

Basics of Medical Terminology

Cephalic Cervical Thoracic Abdominal Inguinal Lumbar Brachial Femoral Abdominopelvic areas

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Terms of Relative Position Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsilateral versus Contralateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep

Terms

Superior (above)-inferior (below) Lateral (outside)-Medial (middle) Proximal (closest to midline)-Distal (distant from midline) Superficial (surface)- Deep Anterior (front)-Posterior (back) Coronal (head)

Planes

Sagittal- down middle so you have equal left and left Frontal/Coronal- cut down side so you have a front and back Transverse- Top and bottom, perpendicular to long axis.

Body Regions

Any..??????