FLUID STATICS

FLUIDS ARE AT REST OR MOVING IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THERE IS NO

RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN ADJACENT PARTICLES
NO SHEAR STRESSES IN THE FLUID AT REST
PRESSURE IS THE ONLY FORCE DEVELOPED
PRESSURE AT A POINT
Pressure normal force per unit area at a given point acting on a given
plane within the fluid mass of interest
How the pressure at a point varies with the orientation of the plane passing
through the point ?
s x P
s
o o
x
y
z
z x P
y
o o
y x P
z
o o
x o
y o
z o
2
z y x
g
o o o

FORCES ON AN ARBITRARY WEDGE SHAPED ELEMENT OF FLUID

THE PRESSURE AT A POINT IN A FLUID AT REST, OR IN MOTION, IS
INDEPENDENT OF DIRECTION AS LONG AS THERE ARE NO SHEARING
STRESSES PRESENT PASCALS LAW
os
s
z
sin
o
o
u =
s
y
cos
o
o
u =
u o o Sin s z =
u o o Cos s y =

=
y y
a m F
y x y
a
2
z y x
Sin s x P z x P
o o o
u o o o o =
y x y
a
y
P P
2
o
=

=
z z
a m F
z
x z
a
2
z y x
2
z y x
g Cos s x P y x P
o o o

o o o
u o o o o
=

( ) g a
2
z
P P
z x z
+ =
o

Taking the limit ox, oy, oz approch zero while maintaining u

z y s
P P P = =
IN THE ABSENCE OF SHEARING STRESSES, PRESSURE AT ANY POINT IN
A FLUID IS INDEPENDENT OF DIRECTION PASCALS LAW
PASCAL BLAISE 1623 1662 39 YEARS
1642 - invented the first mechanical adding machine
Pascal proved by experimentation in 1648 that the level of the mercury column in a
barometer is determined by an increase or decrease in the surrounding atmospheric
pressure rather than by a vacuum, as previously believed.
His methodology reflected his emphasis on empirical experimentation as opposed to
analytical, a priori methods, and he believed that human progress is perpetuated by
the accumulation of scientific discoveries resulting fromsuch experimentation.
o y
o z
o x
z x
2
y
y
P
P o o |
.
|

\
| c
c
c

z x
2
y
y
P
P o o |
.
|

\
| c
c
c
+
y x
2
z
z
P
P o o |
.
|

\
| c
c
c

y x
2
z
z
P
P o o |
.
|

\
| c
c
c
+
z y
2
x
x
P
P o o |
.
|

\
| c
c
c

z y
2
x
x
P
P o o |
.
|

\
| c
c
c
+
BASIC EQUATION FOR THE PRESSURE FIELD
How does the pressure in a fluid in which there are no shearing
stresses vary frompoint to point ?
j
i
K
( ) z , y , x P
( ) ( ) T . O . H ....... x
x
) x ( f
2
1
x
x
) x ( f
) x ( f x x f
2
2
2
+
c
c
Z
+
c
c
+ = + o o o
Neglecting all higher order terms
z y x
y
P
F
y
o o o o
c
c
=
T . O . H .....
2
y
y
P
2
1
2
y
y
P
P P
2
2
2
2
y
y
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
Z
+
c
c
+ =
+
o o
o
2
y
y
P
P P
2
y
y
o
o
c
c
+ =
+
z x
2
y
y
P
P z x
2
y
y
P
P F
y
o o
o
o o
o
o |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
z y x
x
P
F
x
o o o o
c
c
=
z y x
z
P
F
z
o o o o
c
c
=
k

F j

F i

F F
z y x s
o o o o + + =
( ) z y x k

z
P
j

y
P
i

x
P
F
s
o o o o |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
( ) z y x P F
s
o o o o V =
pressure of gradient V
Total forces = Surface forces (pressure) + Body forces (weight)
k

z y x k

W o o o o =
BODY FORCE
z y x P F
s
o o o o V =
SURFACE FORCE
By Newtons Second Law,
om a = Surface forces (pressure) + Body forces (weight)
a m F
( ) ( ) ( ) a z y x k

z y x z y x P o o o o o o o o o = V
a k

P
General equation of motion for a fluid no shearing stress
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A FLUID AT REST
=
dz
dp
For liquids or gases at rest the pressure gradient in the vertical
direction at any point in a fluid depends only on the specific weight of
the fluid at that point
a k

p
l P Z
0 a ;
z
p
; 0
y
p
; 0
x
p
= =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID
=
dz
dp
} }
=
2
1
2
1
z
z
p
p
dz dp
) z z ( p p
1 2 2 1
=
This pressure distribution HYDROSTATIC DISTRIBUTION
h g h P P
2 1
Hg of mm 760
81 . 9 1000 6 . 13
10 325 . 101
g
P P
h
3
2 1
=


=

P
AB
= h + P
o
PRESSURE IN A HOMOGENOUS, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID
AT REST
depends on the depth of the fluid relative to some
reference plane
not influenced by the size of shape of the tank in which
the fluid is held
F
1
= (A
1
/A
2
)F
2
A
1
<< A
2
Large mechanical advantage can be developed
Small force applied at the smaller piston can be used to develop A
large force at the larger piston
Hydraulic jacks, lifts, presses
Hydraulic controls on aircraft
Heavy machinery
F
1
<< F
2
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
=
dz
dp
} }
=
2
z
1
z
2
p
1
p
dz dp
Gases are compressible
g
T R
p
g
dz
dp
= =
=
2
z
1
z
2
p
1
p
T
dz
R
g
p
dp
=
2
z
1
z
1
2
T
dz
R
g
p
p
ln
z f T =
For isothermal condition
o
1 2
1
2
T R
) z z ( g
p
p
ln

= (

=
o
1 2
1
2
T R
) z z ( g
exp
p
p
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
T = 15
0
C (288.15 K)
p = 101.33 kPa (abs)
= 1.225 kg/m
3
= 12.014 N/m
3
v = 1.789 10
-5
Pa.s
FOR TROPOSPHERE
m / K 0065 . 0
z T T
a
=
=
|
|
Airplanes
=
2
z
1
z
1
2
T
dz
R
g
p
p
ln
z f T =
m / K 0065 . 0
z T T
a
=
=
|
|
}

=
2
z
1
z
a 1
2
z T
dz
R
g
p
p
ln
|
( ) z T ln
1
R
g
p
p
ln
a
1
2
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
| |
|
|
R
g
a
1
2
z T ln
p
p
ln =
Graphical Representation of Pressure
ABSOLUTE PRESSURES POSITIVE
GAGE PRESSURES POSITIVE & NEGATIVE
P
abs
= P
atm
P
gage
BAROMETER
vapor atm
p h p + =
For mercury at 20
o
C,
pa p
vapor
158585 . 0 =
h p
atm
~
Evangelista Torricelli - 1644
PIEZOMETER TUBE
Simple and accurate
Suitable only for pressure
greater than atmospheric
pressure
Pressure measured to be
reasonably small height will
be large
Capillarity effects are negligible
for large bore tube ie.,
diameters greater than 30 mm
atm A
p h P
U-TUBE MANOMETER
0
2 2 1 1
= + h h p
a

1 1 2 2 a
h h p =
If A contains gas,
2 2
h p
a
=
Capillarity effects are
negligible for large bore
tube ie., diameters
greater than 30 mm
DIFFERENTIAL U-TUBE MANOMETER
3 3 2 2 b 1 1 a
h h p h p
Capillarity effects cancel
INCLINED TUBE MANOMETER
3 3 2 2 b 1 1 a
h sin l p h p u + + = +
1 1 3 3 2 2
sin h h l p p
b a
u + =
If A and B contain gas
u sin
2
2
b a
p p
l

=
Amplification is
u sin
1
u
u u
sin
1
sin
Pressure Gage
Pressure gages