Synchronous Generators: Operation

We consider:
isolated generator generator connected in parallel with a large system two generators connected in parallel
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 1

Isolated generator
Control prime mover throttle to control speed
speed governor measures speed and uses a control loop to regulate it to generate 60 Hz (for example) average load power met (up to the system limits)
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 2

 Control exciter to control terminal voltage

voltage regulator measures armature voltage and uses a control loop to regulate it to generate at rated voltage the reactive power needs of the load are met (up to system limits)
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 3

EA

jXS

IA V A Load
EA jXSIA VA

IA
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 4

EA XSIA d q g IA VA

q EAsin(d) =XSIAcos(q)

EAcos(d)-VA =XSIAsin(q)

3VAE A sin( d) P = 3VA I A cos(q) = XS 3VA (E A cos( d)- VA ) Q = 3VA I A sin(q) = XS

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 5

 Since the speed and |VA| are regulated:

Load average power (P) increases cause increased values of d (caused by increased power input) Load reactive power (Q) increases cause |EA| to increase (by increased field current)
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 6

Increase P at constant Q

EA d q g IA
Spring 2002

XSIA VA

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation

Increase Q at constant P
XSIA VA

EA d q g IA
Spring 2002

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation

Increase |S| at constant pf

EA d q g IA
Spring 2002

XSIA VA
9

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation

Generator in parallel with a large system

Infinite bus = generator with infinite inertia and zero internal reactance = ideal ac voltage source
approximate representation of a large power system
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 10

Governor characteristic
f [Hz] fnl sp=-DP/Df P [kW]
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 11

f [Hz] fnl

bus load

gen

PB [kW] PB1
Spring 2002

Pload

PG1

PG [kW]
12

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation

f [Hz] fnl Pload Pload PB [kW] PB1 PB2 PG1 PG2 PG [kW] Raise

Spring 2002

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation

13

Two generators in parallel

f [Hz] f Pload P1 [kW] P1
Spring 2002

P2
ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation

P2 [kW]
14

Same load, raise unit 2, f increases, load shifts from 1 to 2 f [Hz] f Pload P1 [kW] P1
Spring 2002

Raise

P2
ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation

P2 [kW]
15

VT [kV] Vnl

Excitation system characteristic

sq=-DQ/DV Q [kVAr]
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Operation 16