Motivations for Promoting Clean Diesels

Dr. James J. Eberhardt, Chief Scientist FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy
Presented at the EPA Region 5 Diesel Conference Chicago, IL September 6-7, 2006
FCVT Program Mission To develop more energy efficient and environmentally friendly highway transportation technologies that enable America to use less petroleum. --EERE Strategic Plan, October 2002--

Outline Our Oil Situation Rationale for Clean Diesels Progress in Reducing Diesel Emissions Summary

Are We Running Out Of Oil?

It took us 125 years to use the first trillion barrels of oil.

Well use the next trillion in 30.

Source: www.willyoujoinus.com

The Magnitude of Our Energy Problem

In 2004 the U.S. crude oil consumption would have filled over 10.5 million tank cars which would stretch between Miami and Seattle (3,300 miles) over 36 times.

U.S. Oil Dependence is Driven By Transportation U.S. Transportation Oil Use

2003 Total = 13.6 mbpd
22 20 18
Actual Projection

Million Barrels per day

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Off-road Rail
(2.465)

Domestic Production

(1.045)

Air

Marine

Ve eavy

s hicle

(3.232)

Light Trucks

(4.416)

Cars

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

2025

Sources: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 25-2006, ORNL-6974, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2006, February 2006.

Our Oil Situation Oil Consumption by End-Use Sector, 2004

Transportation
96% Oil Dependent 67%

Electric Power Residential and Commercial

3% Oil Dependent 3% 21% Oil Dependent

6% 24%

Industry

Source: DOE/EIA Annual Energy Review 2004, August 2005

43% Oil Dependent

Our Oil Situation 19.2 Millions of barrels per day (2005)

Crude Oil & Petroleum Products Gross Imports 64% Domestic 36%

Canada 1.98 (10.3%)

Other Non-OPEC 3.14 (16.4%)

US Domestic 6.83

U.K. 0.36 (1.9%) Other OPEC 0.81 (4.2%)

Data for January December 2005

Mexico 1.38 (7.2%)

Venezuela 1.49 (7.8%)

Saudi Arabia 1.52 (7.9%) Iraq Nigeria 0.52 (2.7%) 1.15 (6.0%)

Source: Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, EIA Petroleum Supply Monthly, February 2006.

Energy Density of Fuels

1,200

1058
1,000

990

950

922 785 690 683 679 633 562 483

Thousand Btu per ft3

800

600

400

270 266
200

*Battery maintained between 20-80%SOC

174 (104*) 68 16

. l ) l e e ol ch ble si) el no Biodiesel in Butanol E85 pan LPG LNG hano Ethanol DME Methanol id H 2 CNG3626 ano H2 psi 3626 ttery tan FuDiesel s sel ewa sel asol 6p nn op e n 6 ha o l u 2 r t 2 Et Bu Ba Pr se 36 io 36 r-T Di iore Die G Liq Me LiDie che @ MH (@ ( B Ni G H2 Fis CN

Clean Diesel were diesel engines were diesel engines to account for even to account for even one-third of all vehicle one-third of all vehicle miles traveled, miles traveled, itit would save one would save one million barrels of oil million barrels of oil per day in the U.S. per day in the U.S. equivalent to the equivalent to the amount imported from amount imported from Iraq before the war. Iraq before the war.

Clean Diesel? Clean diesel is a catchphrase much in vogue in Washington, D.C. these days. Margo Oge, director of the EPAs Office of Transportation and Air Quality, has been one of the governments most vocal advocates of the new generation of diesels and has gone on record comparing their environmental friendliness with that of the cleanest gasoline and alternative-fueled engines. She has noted that, were diesel engines to account for even onethird of all vehicle miles traveled (VMT), it would save one million barrels of oil per day in the U.S. equivalent to the amount imported from Iraq before the war.

Source: Aluminum Now Online, Vol. 7, No. 4, July/August 2005

http://www.aluminum.org/ANTemplate.cfm?IssueDate=07/01/2005&Template=/Content Management/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8774

State of the Union Address January 31, 2006

Breakthroughs will help us reach another great goal: to replace more than 75 percent of our oil imports from the Middle East by 2025. this country can move beyond a petroleum-based economy, and make our dependence on Middle Eastern oil a thing of the past.

President Bush during his State of the Union Address at the Capitol, January 31, 2006. White House photo.
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/print/ 20060131-10.html)

Energy Secretary Bodman at the 2006 SAE Congress

If we could convert just one-third of our automotive fleet in the U.S. to clean diesel power, we could save 1.4 million barrels of oil a day.

Source: http://www.sae.org/automag/techbriefs/06-2006

World Oil Disposition

The world uses just about 83 million barrels of oil a day, and theres about 85 million worth of production, so theres a very tight excess supply For decades to come, were going to be based on fossil fuels providing energy. - James
Mulva, Chairman and CEO, ConocoPhillips Corporation, Meet the Press, June 18, 2006.

Speculative Investments Raise Price of Oil Futures

Press Releases Press Releases

June 27, 2006

LEVIN-COLEMAN REPORT FINDS SPECULATION ADDING TO OIL PRICES: PUT THE COP BACK ON THE BEAT

WASHINGTON Senators Carl Levin (D-Mich.) and Norm Coleman (RMinn.), Ranking Minority Member and Chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, today released a Subcommittee staff report finding that market speculation has contributed to rising oil and gasoline prices, and that too many energy trades are occurring without regulatory oversight. The report recommends that Congress enact legislation to close a major loophole in federal oversight of oil and gas traders, slipped into law in 2000 at the behest of Enron and other large energy traders. Many analysts believe these speculative investments have significantly raised the price of oil futures. While it is not possible to determine the precise dollar increase in the price of oil attributable to market speculation, some analysts have estimated that speculation has added as much as $20$25 to the price of each barrel of oil, thereby pushing up oil from about $50 to around $70 per barrel. As former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan recently stated, with the demand from the investment community, oil prices have moved up sooner than they would have otherwise.

speculation has speculation has added as much as added as much as $20 $25 to the $20 --$25 to the price of each barrel price of each barrel of oil pushing up of oil pushing up oil from about $50 oil from about $50 to around $70 per to around $70 per barrel. barrel.

Source: http://hsgac.senate.gov

Engine Technologies Combustion Engines -- Still the Most Viable for Transportation Especially for Heavy-Duty Applications

New Combustion Regimes Promise High Efficiency and Low Emissions.

Why Clean Diesels? Highest efficiency engine today (44 percent efficient versus 32 percent for production gasoline engines). Can be made more efficient (up to 55 percent efficient) High efficiency is important for greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) Engine-of-choice for heavy vehicles (trucks) -- offers power, efficiency, durability, reliability.

Why Clean Diesels?

Extensive application in rail, marine, and off-highway vehicles. Runs on alternative fuels (natural gas, DME, DEE, F-T diesel, biodiesel). Production infrastructure in place. CAN BE VERY LOW EMISSIONS.

Diesel, the Practical Commercial Engine On- and Off- Highway

Long-haul tractor-trailer trucks are almost exclusively diesel Emissions have been reduced by 88% in the last 12 years

Off-road, diesels nearly 100 percent of the off-road equipment used in construction In less than a decade (19962003) PM reduced by 63% NOX reduced by 28%

Light-Duty Clean Diesels This is not your Daddys Diesel! High Efficiency(44 vs. 32 percent for production gasoline engines) Rate shaped direct fuel injection to reduce clatter No smoke Turbocharged for high power density (small engine) Rapid acceleration (0-60 mph in under 8 seconds) Fun to drive
Source: DEER Conference, Ride and Drive

Cummins anticipates that Cummins anticipates that this diesel engine will this diesel engine will provide an average of 30 provide an average of 30 percent fuel savings, percent fuel savings, over gasoline-powered over gasoline-powered engines for comparable engines for comparable vehicles. vehicles. The concept for this product The concept for this product is the result of nine-year is the result of aanine-year partnership between partnership between Cummins and the U.S. Cummins and the U.S. Department of Energy. Department of Energy.
Source: http://www.cummins.com

Cummins to Produce HighPerformance, Light-Duty Diesel Engines

Cummins Press Release
Wednesday July 26, 8:32 am ET Company to Partner with Major Automotive Manufacturer COLUMBUS, Ind.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--July 26, 2006-Cummins Inc. (NYSE:CMI - News) today announced it has reached agreement with a major automotive manufacturer serving the North American market to produce and market a light-duty, diesel-powered engine. For competitive reasons, Cummins' original equipment manufacturer partner in the venture has asked to remain confidential. As part of the agreement, Cummins will develop and manufacture a family of high-performance, light-duty diesel engines for a variety of automotive applications in vehicles below 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight, including standard pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles. Certain bus, marine and industrial applications also will be served by this engine family. The first vehicles with this engine are expected to be ready for market by the end of the decade. Cummins anticipates that this diesel engine will provide an average of 30 percent fuel savings, depending on the drive cycle, over gasolinepowered engines for comparable vehicles. The concept for this product is the result of a nine-year partnership between Cummins and the U. S. Department of Energy. The DOE contract began in 1997 because of the federal agency's ongoing interest in energy efficiency in the automotive market. "This agreement gives the driving public an even greater opportunity to experience the benefits of a new class of vehicles powered by a high-performance, fuel-efficient, clean diesel engine made by Cummins," said Tim Solso, Cummins Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

The Road to Clean Diesels

Aug 96 Mar 98

DOE initiates Light Truck Clean Diesel Engine Program; issues NOPI

DOE initiates Diesel Emission Control Sulfur Effects (DECSE) Program; EPA collaborates with DOE on DECSE
Mar 99

EPA announces ANPRM on diesel fuel sulfur

EPA announces NPRM to limit diesel fuel sulfur levels EPA 2007-2010 HD diesel emissions final rule EPA final rule limiting Jan 01 diesel fuel sulfur to 15 ppm beginning in 2006
Dec 00

May 00

Jul 06

Cummins announces agreement with major automaker to produce light-duty diesel engines for vehicles marketed by 2010

HD Diesel Engine Emissions Are Approaching Near Zero

Oxides of Nitrogen (g/bhp-hr) 20
Steady State Test NOx + HC NOx (Unregulated) Transient Test NOx + HC PM (Unregulated) NOx NOx

2.0
2002/4 EPA

Particulate Matter (g/bhp hr)

15

2007-10 Final Rule

[0.20 g/bhp-hr NOx 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM]

1.5

10

1.0

0.5
PM
NOx + NMHC

Urban Bus PM

0 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

DOE starts Diesel Emission Control Sulfur Effects (DECSE) Program, (March 1998) *Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

0.0 2005 2010 Model Year

EPA final rule on 2007-2010 HD diesel engine emissions and limiting diesel fuel sulfur to 15 ppm beginning in 2006 (Jan. 2001).

EPA collaborates with DOE in DECSE Program

EPA initiates ANPRM* on sulfur content in diesel fuel

Diesel Emission Control Technology Engine combustion control strategies are making impressive progress Will reduce aftertreatment requirements NOx solutions are available for ultra-low emissions Selective catalytic reduction (urea SCR) cold temperature and secondary emission issues are being addressed Lean-NOx traps (LNT) performing well (about 60 to 70% efficiency) Diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems show continuous improvement Very sophisticated regeneration control strategies
Source: T. Johnson, Corning, Diesel Emission Control Technology Review, 2006 DEER Conference, Detroit, MI, August 20 24, 2006.

Future Engine Technologies Engine combustion technology processes are changing

Stoichiometric lean burn (gasoline) GDI
(compression ignition)

CIDI (diesel)
HCCI

HCCI LTC PCI

Diesel

(spark ignition)

Gasoline

(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)

hot flame region: NOx rich core: smoke

hot flame region: NOx

Low temperature, well-mixed combustion ultra low NOx and smoke !!

GDI gasoline direct injection CIDI compression ignition direct injection

LTC low temperature combustion PCI pre-mixed compression ignition

Meeting 2010 HD Diesel Emissions Standards

Apply incremental technologies to U.S. 2007 compliant engines and add appropriate NOx control in addition to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) Reduce NOx from 1.0 g/bhp-hr to nominally 0.7 g/bhp-hr 80 85% NOx efficiency urea SCR can reduce NOx levels of 1.0 to 1.3 g/bhp-hr engine out to 2010 compliance levels
Source: T. Johnson, Corning, Diesel Emission Control Technology Review, 2006 DEER Conference, Detroit, MI, August 20 24, 2006.

Meeting 2010 HD Diesel Emissions Standards

More advanced engine combustion technology may be able to drive NOx down to 0.5 g/bhp-hr (engine out) High exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), very high pressure fuel injection equipment (FIE), high efficiency turbo boost, control systems Requires 60 percent NOx control (LNT) SCR will allow 1.0 1.3 g/bhp-hr engine out NOx, with fuel economy gains
Source: T. Johnson, Corning, Diesel Emission Control Technology Review, 2006 DEER Conference, Detroit, MI, August 20 24, 2006.

Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter

Exhaust Out

e e

Cell Plugs

Carbon Dioxide

Exhaust in Soot t Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons

Ceramic Honeycomb With Wall Support Catalyst Cell Plug Trapped Soot

0ENG6

33

Catalyzed Soot Filter Removes Diesel PM CSF cleans up exhaust Number concentration of very smallest particles may increase Micro-analysis indicates CSF particles are not soot carbon and are volatile Dilution tunnel affects size distribution Smallest particles approach size of gas clusters as dilution increases

Engine out

CSF out

Collected mass reduced by 75%-90% No extractable organics on downstream filter All soot (elemental) carbon removed
Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Diesel Particulate Filters

Very Effective in Reducing Heavy Truck PM Emissions Year long evaluation of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and diesel particulate filters on six truck and bus fleets Over 90% PM reduction with essentially no PM filter deterioration 1.4 Led to commercialization of 1.2 ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and 1.0 CARB verification in California 0.8 DECSE Partners: DOE, 0.6 ARCO/BP, Detroit Diesel, 0.4 0.2 International, Cummins, 0.0 Engelhard, Johnson Matthey, Ford, CARB, EPA, SCAQMD, CEC
Emissions, g/mile

Average Grocery Truck Emissions, After 1 Year and 100,000 miles per truck

Control Vehicles, CARB Fuel (150ppmS) Test Vehicles, ECD Fuel (<10ppmS) Test Vehicles, ECD Fuel & DPX Filter Test Vehicles, ECD Fuel & CRT Filter
0.506 0.265

CO/10

NOx/100

HC

PM

0.014 0.001

0.002 0.000

Summary
U.S. oil dependence is driven by the transportation sector. Combustion engines are still the most viable for transportation considering the advantages of petroleum fuels over other alternative energy sources. There are fuel economy, durability, and other advantages offered by diesels over gasoline engines that motivate work on clean diesels. Progress in diesel emissions control will continue to make heavy duty clean diesels viable for commercial applications and light duty diesels viable for passenger cars and light trucks. New low temperature combustion regimes promise even higher diesel efficiency and lower engine-out emissions.